Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949709373045
D. Roskos-Ewoldsen, R. Fazio
A widespread technique of persuasion involves altering attitudes by modifying beliefs. Information integration models of attitudes posit that an individual's beliefs about an object are related to the attitude toward that object. This study examined the hypothesis that for attitude formation, those beliefs that are more accessible from memory exert a greater influence on the resulting attitude. Knowledge structures involving three positive, three negative, and three neutral beliefs were created toward four novel altitude objects. The accessibility of either the positive or negative beliefs was manipulated. As predicted, the resulting attitudes were more strongly affected by accessible beliefs. These findings demonstrate that belief accessibility influences attitude formation. Implications for persuasion are discussed.
{"title":"The role of belief accessibility in attitude formation","authors":"D. Roskos-Ewoldsen, R. Fazio","doi":"10.1080/10417949709373045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949709373045","url":null,"abstract":"A widespread technique of persuasion involves altering attitudes by modifying beliefs. Information integration models of attitudes posit that an individual's beliefs about an object are related to the attitude toward that object. This study examined the hypothesis that for attitude formation, those beliefs that are more accessible from memory exert a greater influence on the resulting attitude. Knowledge structures involving three positive, three negative, and three neutral beliefs were created toward four novel altitude objects. The accessibility of either the positive or negative beliefs was manipulated. As predicted, the resulting attitudes were more strongly affected by accessible beliefs. These findings demonstrate that belief accessibility influences attitude formation. Implications for persuasion are discussed.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125245559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949709373048
Wilfred E. Major, E. Schiappa
In a recent essay, Mark A. Smeltzer finds in Gorgias’ speeches a theory of arrangement that has two components: a four‐part division of the speech as a whole and a three‐step pattern of individual argument construction. In response we argue: 1) the four‐part division is not apparent in Gorgias’ speeches; 2) the three‐step pattern is characteristic of “ring composition” rather than an explicit theory of composition; 3) recognizable patterns of composition do not constitute proof of a theory at work; and 4) writing about the history of rhetoric would be enhanced by recognizing the concept of an “undeclared” theory.
在最近的一篇文章中，Mark a . Smeltzer在戈尔吉亚的演讲中发现了一种安排理论，它有两个组成部分:演讲作为一个整体的四部分划分和个人论点构建的三步模式。对此，我们认为:1)四部分划分在戈尔吉亚的演讲中并不明显;2)三步模式是“环形构成”的特征，而不是明确的构成理论;3)可识别的构图模式并不构成起作用的理论的证据;4)如果认识到“未公开”理论的概念，修辞学史的写作将会得到加强。
{"title":"Gorgias’ “undeclared” theory of arrangement: A postscript to Smeltzer","authors":"Wilfred E. Major, E. Schiappa","doi":"10.1080/10417949709373048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949709373048","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent essay, Mark A. Smeltzer finds in Gorgias’ speeches a theory of arrangement that has two components: a four‐part division of the speech as a whole and a three‐step pattern of individual argument construction. In response we argue: 1) the four‐part division is not apparent in Gorgias’ speeches; 2) the three‐step pattern is characteristic of “ring composition” rather than an explicit theory of composition; 3) recognizable patterns of composition do not constitute proof of a theory at work; and 4) writing about the history of rhetoric would be enhanced by recognizing the concept of an “undeclared” theory.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126510077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949609373040
William L. Benoit, K. Anderson
This essay analyzes the exchange between Dan Quayle and the popular television character Murphy Brown (played by Candice Bergen), a fascinating example of the intersection between politics and entertainment, fantasy and reality. Quayle accused Hollywood, the news media, and Murphy Brown in particular of mocking the importance of fathers and portraying a single parenting as merely “another life‐style choice.” After the speech, he charged that Hollywood “glamorized” single parenting. Murphy Brown responded with three image repair strategies: denial, attacking the accuser, and bolstering. Our evaluation of this speech set (kategoria and apologia) argues that Murphy Brown's defense was developed more effectively than Quayle's attack.
{"title":"Blending politics and entertainment: Dan Quayle versus Murphy Brown","authors":"William L. Benoit, K. Anderson","doi":"10.1080/10417949609373040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949609373040","url":null,"abstract":"This essay analyzes the exchange between Dan Quayle and the popular television character Murphy Brown (played by Candice Bergen), a fascinating example of the intersection between politics and entertainment, fantasy and reality. Quayle accused Hollywood, the news media, and Murphy Brown in particular of mocking the importance of fathers and portraying a single parenting as merely “another life‐style choice.” After the speech, he charged that Hollywood “glamorized” single parenting. Murphy Brown responded with three image repair strategies: denial, attacking the accuser, and bolstering. Our evaluation of this speech set (kategoria and apologia) argues that Murphy Brown's defense was developed more effectively than Quayle's attack.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134473343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949609373037
W. J. McMullen
As the frontier myth is a powerful myth that shapes American consciousness, it is important for rhetorical critics to identify ephemeral points of evolution in the myth. This examination of the film Witness examines changes from an Old West to a New West characterized by technologically less‐advanced cultures. This analysis shows that the change in scene does not subvert the myth because the values of individualism and community inherent in the myth are reaffirmed; but the myth nevertheless remains a patriarchal one in which women are dominated by men and the quest of the archetypal hero in the New West remains outer‐ rather than inner‐directed.
{"title":"Reconstruction of the frontier myth in witness","authors":"W. J. McMullen","doi":"10.1080/10417949609373037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949609373037","url":null,"abstract":"As the frontier myth is a powerful myth that shapes American consciousness, it is important for rhetorical critics to identify ephemeral points of evolution in the myth. This examination of the film Witness examines changes from an Old West to a New West characterized by technologically less‐advanced cultures. This analysis shows that the change in scene does not subvert the myth because the values of individualism and community inherent in the myth are reaffirmed; but the myth nevertheless remains a patriarchal one in which women are dominated by men and the quest of the archetypal hero in the New West remains outer‐ rather than inner‐directed.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125095937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949609373036
Kenneth S. Zagacki
In the post‐cold war clamor, Czech President Vaclav Havel's “rhetoric of folly” encouraged an unusual reversal of thinking. Havel's discourse, characterized by irony, humility, and empathy, was foremost concerned with the folly of the human endeavor, with people restrained and frequently made ridiculous by their limitations or attempts to overcome them. Yet, Havel's rhetoric urged that folly is a kind of lived wisdom, a motivation for overcoming despair and moving toward hopeful human action during a difficult transitional period in European history.
{"title":"Vaclav Havel and the rhetoric of folly","authors":"Kenneth S. Zagacki","doi":"10.1080/10417949609373036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949609373036","url":null,"abstract":"In the post‐cold war clamor, Czech President Vaclav Havel's “rhetoric of folly” encouraged an unusual reversal of thinking. Havel's discourse, characterized by irony, humility, and empathy, was foremost concerned with the folly of the human endeavor, with people restrained and frequently made ridiculous by their limitations or attempts to overcome them. Yet, Havel's rhetoric urged that folly is a kind of lived wisdom, a motivation for overcoming despair and moving toward hopeful human action during a difficult transitional period in European history.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114535409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949609373038
Leroy Dorsey
Some presidents have found it problematic to employ war myths in peaceful, nonmilitary situations. This essay argues that John Kennedy's construction of a war myth for peaceful ends made his public campaign for the Peace Corps compelling. Specifically, Kennedy succeeded because he contextualized the myth of war within one of the country's premiere sacred stories—the Frontier Myth—altering the Myth's structural elements in the process. He portrayed the Peace Corps’ volunteers in the heroic spirit of traditional frontier warriors who now combated mythically‐endowed, yet real, enemies to achieve an attainable peace consistent with mythic war.
{"title":"The myth of war and peace in presidential discourse: John Kennedy's “new frontier” myth and the peace corps","authors":"Leroy Dorsey","doi":"10.1080/10417949609373038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949609373038","url":null,"abstract":"Some presidents have found it problematic to employ war myths in peaceful, nonmilitary situations. This essay argues that John Kennedy's construction of a war myth for peaceful ends made his public campaign for the Peace Corps compelling. Specifically, Kennedy succeeded because he contextualized the myth of war within one of the country's premiere sacred stories—the Frontier Myth—altering the Myth's structural elements in the process. He portrayed the Peace Corps’ volunteers in the heroic spirit of traditional frontier warriors who now combated mythically‐endowed, yet real, enemies to achieve an attainable peace consistent with mythic war.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"161 14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130508231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-12-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949609373039
D. Levasseur, Kevin W. Dean
What explains the conflict between the media spin, empirical studies, and the common characterization of Robert Dole's 1976 vice‐presidential debate in the communication field? This essay suggests that scholars have recontextualized Dole's 1976 debate performance and evaluated him in a context which differs markedly from the rhetorical situation he actually faced. By recontextualizing Dole's rhetoric, our field has judged his performance unfairly and has propagated what we shall call the “Dole humor myth.” The debunking of such myths is important if we are to maintain the integrity of communication scholarship.
{"title":"The Dole humor myth and the risks of recontextualizing rhetoric","authors":"D. Levasseur, Kevin W. Dean","doi":"10.1080/10417949609373039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949609373039","url":null,"abstract":"What explains the conflict between the media spin, empirical studies, and the common characterization of Robert Dole's 1976 vice‐presidential debate in the communication field? This essay suggests that scholars have recontextualized Dole's 1976 debate performance and evaluated him in a context which differs markedly from the rhetorical situation he actually faced. By recontextualizing Dole's rhetoric, our field has judged his performance unfairly and has propagated what we shall call the “Dole humor myth.” The debunking of such myths is important if we are to maintain the integrity of communication scholarship.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126088503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949609373025
D. H. Miller, Cal M. Logue, Cindy Jenefsky
This study analyzes the communicative behaviors and discourse of women in Georgia during the Civil War to determine how women were able to broaden and extend their rhetorical influence during this period. We argue that women increased their authority and impact in communities by strategically balancing what might be considered an “unfeminine” degree of self‐assertion with other, seemingly conciliatory behaviors that appeared to satisfy societal expectations. Faced with the contradictory demands of a society that insisted upon their helplessness while demanding their participation, these women made a unique rhetorical contribution both to the war itself, and to the rhetorical history from which they have too often been excluded.
{"title":"Civil liberties: The expansion of white women's communicative activities from the antebellum south through the civil war","authors":"D. H. Miller, Cal M. Logue, Cindy Jenefsky","doi":"10.1080/10417949609373025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949609373025","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the communicative behaviors and discourse of women in Georgia during the Civil War to determine how women were able to broaden and extend their rhetorical influence during this period. We argue that women increased their authority and impact in communities by strategically balancing what might be considered an “unfeminine” degree of self‐assertion with other, seemingly conciliatory behaviors that appeared to satisfy societal expectations. Faced with the contradictory demands of a society that insisted upon their helplessness while demanding their participation, these women made a unique rhetorical contribution both to the war itself, and to the rhetorical history from which they have too often been excluded.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132140981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949609373029
David E. Schneider, Russell A. Beaubien
The main purpose of the present investigation was to identify actual compliance‐gaining strategies used by doctors while interacting with patients. Five doctors were observed while interacting with 105 patients in two medical care facilities. Findings of the present naturalistic investigation suggest that the traditional Marwell and Schmitt typology (1967) is not entirely appropriate for studying compliance‐gaining strategies between doctors and patients. Further, through content analysis, three additional compliance‐gaining strategies were identified: legitimacy, intermediaries, and procrastination. Doctors’ range of strategies were primarily limited to three techniques. Positive expertise, legitimacy, and liking accounted for 83.55 % of all attempts employed by doctors. Future directions for compliance‐gaining research in the field of health communication are discussed.
{"title":"A naturalistic investigation of compliance‐gaining strategies employed by doctors in medical interviews","authors":"David E. Schneider, Russell A. Beaubien","doi":"10.1080/10417949609373029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949609373029","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of the present investigation was to identify actual compliance‐gaining strategies used by doctors while interacting with patients. Five doctors were observed while interacting with 105 patients in two medical care facilities. Findings of the present naturalistic investigation suggest that the traditional Marwell and Schmitt typology (1967) is not entirely appropriate for studying compliance‐gaining strategies between doctors and patients. Further, through content analysis, three additional compliance‐gaining strategies were identified: legitimacy, intermediaries, and procrastination. Doctors’ range of strategies were primarily limited to three techniques. Positive expertise, legitimacy, and liking accounted for 83.55 % of all attempts employed by doctors. Future directions for compliance‐gaining research in the field of health communication are discussed.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115353083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10417949609373026
P. Erickson
In the winter of 1859 through the summer of 1860, Henry David Thoreau delivered three speeches about John Brown, whose recent raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, stirred controversy throughout the Union. In his speeches, Thoreau addressed Brown and his deeds, celebrating their justice and defending them from attacks by more compromising abolitionists. Examining Thoreau's work in the context of nineteenth century attitudes towards heroism in general and rhetorical heroism in particular (as expressed by Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson), I argue that Thoreau did not celebrate Brown as a hero of abolitionism, but transfigured him into a demi‐god for Thoreau's own brand of transcendentalism. Furthermore, I argue that in his treatment of John Brown, Thoreau effectively made himself a rhetorical hero of transcendentalism, a hero linked to Carlyle's Hero as Man of Letters.
{"title":"Henry David Thoreau's apotheosis of John Brown: A study of nineteenth century rhetorical heroism","authors":"P. Erickson","doi":"10.1080/10417949609373026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949609373026","url":null,"abstract":"In the winter of 1859 through the summer of 1860, Henry David Thoreau delivered three speeches about John Brown, whose recent raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, stirred controversy throughout the Union. In his speeches, Thoreau addressed Brown and his deeds, celebrating their justice and defending them from attacks by more compromising abolitionists. Examining Thoreau's work in the context of nineteenth century attitudes towards heroism in general and rhetorical heroism in particular (as expressed by Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson), I argue that Thoreau did not celebrate Brown as a hero of abolitionism, but transfigured him into a demi‐god for Thoreau's own brand of transcendentalism. Furthermore, I argue that in his treatment of John Brown, Thoreau effectively made himself a rhetorical hero of transcendentalism, a hero linked to Carlyle's Hero as Man of Letters.","PeriodicalId":212800,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Communication","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120955410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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