Aubrey Dettman, Sandhiya Thiagarajan, Amanda S. Koh
Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene, (SEBS), is a thermoplastic elastomer that has applications in robotics and shock absorption. While SEBS as a bulk material as well as an additive to solid composites has been extensively studied, this work focuses on developing SEBS-based beads to enhance material, particularly fluid, elasticity; the first time this has been seen in literature. SEBS bead mixtures were developed by mixing SEBS elastomer, water, and surfactant (Triton X-100) at high temperature. Stability, rheology, and microscopy of SEBS bead mixtures were studied as a function of neat SEBS concentration in SEBS elastomer, SEBS elastomer concentration, and surfactant concentration. Resulting bead mixtures were classified as creamed, homogenous and stable, or aggregated bead mixtures based on the mixture's tendency to separate into layers and ability to disperse in excess water. Microscopic studies suggest that while bead mixtures exhibit size polydispersity, the average bead size is a strong function of neat SEBS, SEBS elastomer, and surfactant concentrations. Rheological studies suggest that all the bead mixtures exhibit shear thinning behavior, and the overall viscosity of a given bead mixture is a function of both SEBS elastomer and surfactant concentration. The developed SEBS elastic beads can be used as additives to enhance the viscoelastic properties of fluid-based systems like magnetorheological and damping fluids.
{"title":"Bead Size and Rheological Properties of SEBS-Based Elastic Beads","authors":"Aubrey Dettman, Sandhiya Thiagarajan, Amanda S. Koh","doi":"10.5254/rct-d-24-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct-d-24-00011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene, (SEBS), is a thermoplastic elastomer that has applications in robotics and shock absorption. While SEBS as a bulk material as well as an additive to solid composites has been extensively studied, this work focuses on developing SEBS-based beads to enhance material, particularly fluid, elasticity; the first time this has been seen in literature. SEBS bead mixtures were developed by mixing SEBS elastomer, water, and surfactant (Triton X-100) at high temperature. Stability, rheology, and microscopy of SEBS bead mixtures were studied as a function of neat SEBS concentration in SEBS elastomer, SEBS elastomer concentration, and surfactant concentration. Resulting bead mixtures were classified as creamed, homogenous and stable, or aggregated bead mixtures based on the mixture's tendency to separate into layers and ability to disperse in excess water. Microscopic studies suggest that while bead mixtures exhibit size polydispersity, the average bead size is a strong function of neat SEBS, SEBS elastomer, and surfactant concentrations. Rheological studies suggest that all the bead mixtures exhibit shear thinning behavior, and the overall viscosity of a given bead mixture is a function of both SEBS elastomer and surfactant concentration. The developed SEBS elastic beads can be used as additives to enhance the viscoelastic properties of fluid-based systems like magnetorheological and damping fluids.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141271490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The viscoelastic properties of rubber polymer–based compounds are crucial for further applications but challenging in the manufacturing process using additive manufacturing techniques. The fact that the first layer is attached to the printing bed restricts free relaxation after extrusion and the part shows a strong contraction along the printing direction after release and especially after vulcanization. In this study, the molar mass distribution and the acrylonitrile (ACN) content of an NBR-based compound for the fabrication of O-rings for rod seal applications were varied to demonstrate the different degree of contraction resulting from three-dimensional printing. An ACN content of 34% and an average molar mass of 2.47·105 g·mol−1 with a dispersity index of 2.6 was found to be a suitable compromise between the degree of contraction and compression set as a criterion for the application as O-ring as the inner part of rod seals.
橡胶聚合物基化合物的粘弹性能对进一步的应用至关重要，但在使用增材制造技术的制造过程中却面临挑战。第一层附着在打印床上的事实限制了挤出后的自由松弛，部件在脱模后，特别是在硫化后沿打印方向显示出强烈的收缩。在这项研究中，为了证明三维印刷产生的不同收缩程度，我们改变了用于制造棒状密封 O 形圈的 NBR 基化合物的摩尔质量分布和丙烯腈（ACN）含量。结果发现，ACN 含量为 34%，平均摩尔质量为 2.47-105 g-mol-1，分散指数为 2.6，在作为棒状密封件内部 O 形圈应用标准的收缩和压缩程度之间取得了适当的折衷。
{"title":"RELAXATION BEHAVIOR OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTED NBR-BASED RUBBER O-RINGS AS THE INNER PART OF ROD SEALS","authors":"Lion Sundermann, B. Klie, Ulrich Giese","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.00036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.00036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The viscoelastic properties of rubber polymer–based compounds are crucial for further applications but challenging in the manufacturing process using additive manufacturing techniques. The fact that the first layer is attached to the printing bed restricts free relaxation after extrusion and the part shows a strong contraction along the printing direction after release and especially after vulcanization. In this study, the molar mass distribution and the acrylonitrile (ACN) content of an NBR-based compound for the fabrication of O-rings for rod seal applications were varied to demonstrate the different degree of contraction resulting from three-dimensional printing. An ACN content of 34% and an average molar mass of 2.47·105 g·mol−1 with a dispersity index of 2.6 was found to be a suitable compromise between the degree of contraction and compression set as a criterion for the application as O-ring as the inner part of rod seals.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141104904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silica is a reinforcing filler commonly used in the production of environmentally friendly tires, as tires reinforced with silica have lower rolling resistance, which translates into reduced energy consumption and improved fuel economy. However, achieving the optimal dispersion of silica within the rubber matrix is crucial for maximizing its reinforcing effects. In this study, a three- dimensionally networked silica (NS) was introduced in various amounts to rubber inks to improve their tensile strength and increase miscibility to enable their use in additive manufacturing. The results show that synthetic rubber ink with a high content of styrene–butadiene rubber (90%) and reinforced by NS possesses adequate viscosity for use in the direct ink write (DIW) process. NS was confirmed to have an impact on the rheological properties and printability of the rubber ink as well as to improve the tensile strength of the printed parts. Different formulations were tested to study and facilitate the vulcanization process and identify the optimal curing conditions as well as the print parameters to use in DIW printing. The successful printing and vulcanization of various printed structures demonstrates the potential for using the developed printable ink in additive manufacturing. This study opens up new possibilities for creating rubber products (such as tire treads) with adequate flexibility and high tensile strength.
{"title":"Additive manufacturing of synthetic rubber ink with high solid content reinforced by networked silica","authors":"Bahareh Tavousi Tabatabaei, Bipendra Basnet, Jae-Won Choi","doi":"10.5254/rct-d-24-00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct-d-24-00008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Silica is a reinforcing filler commonly used in the production of environmentally friendly tires, as tires reinforced with silica have lower rolling resistance, which translates into reduced energy consumption and improved fuel economy. However, achieving the optimal dispersion of silica within the rubber matrix is crucial for maximizing its reinforcing effects. In this study, a three- dimensionally networked silica (NS) was introduced in various amounts to rubber inks to improve their tensile strength and increase miscibility to enable their use in additive manufacturing. The results show that synthetic rubber ink with a high content of styrene–butadiene rubber (90%) and reinforced by NS possesses adequate viscosity for use in the direct ink write (DIW) process. NS was confirmed to have an impact on the rheological properties and printability of the rubber ink as well as to improve the tensile strength of the printed parts. Different formulations were tested to study and facilitate the vulcanization process and identify the optimal curing conditions as well as the print parameters to use in DIW printing. The successful printing and vulcanization of various printed structures demonstrates the potential for using the developed printable ink in additive manufacturing. This study opens up new possibilities for creating rubber products (such as tire treads) with adequate flexibility and high tensile strength.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140988245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The viscoelastic properties of rubber polymer-based compounds are crucial for further applications but challenging in the manufacturing process using additive manufacturing techniques. The fact that the first layer is attached to the printing bed restricts free relaxation after extrusion, that the part shows a strong contraction along the printing direction after release and especially after vulcanization. In this study, the molar mass distribution and acrylonitrile (ACN) content of an NBR-based compound for the fabrication of O-rings for rod seal applications was varied to demonstrate the different degree of contraction resulting from 3D printing. An ACN content of 34% and an average molar mass Mw of 2.47·105 g·mol−1 with a dispersity index D of 2.6 was found to be a suitable compromise between the degree of contraction and compression set as a criterion for the application as O-ring as inner part of rod seals.
橡胶聚合物基化合物的粘弹性能对进一步的应用至关重要，但在使用增材制造技术的制造过程中却面临挑战。由于第一层附着在打印床上，因此挤压后的自由松弛受到限制，部件在脱模后，尤其是在硫化后会沿打印方向出现强烈收缩。在这项研究中，我们改变了一种用于制造棒状密封件 O 形环的 NBR 基化合物的摩尔质量分布和丙烯腈（ACN）含量，以证明 3D 打印会产生不同程度的收缩。结果发现，ACN 含量为 34%、平均摩尔质量 Mw 为 2.47-105 g-mol-1、分散指数 D 为 2.6 时，是作为棒状密封件内部 O 形圈应用标准的收缩和压缩程度之间的适当折衷。
{"title":"RELAXATION BEHAVIOR OF 3D PRINTED NBR-BASED RUBBER O-RINGS AS INNER PART OF ROD SEALS","authors":"Lion Sundermann, B. Klie, Ulrich Giese","doi":"10.5254/rct-d-23-00036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct-d-23-00036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The viscoelastic properties of rubber polymer-based compounds are crucial for further applications but challenging in the manufacturing process using additive manufacturing techniques. The fact that the first layer is attached to the printing bed restricts free relaxation after extrusion, that the part shows a strong contraction along the printing direction after release and especially after vulcanization. In this study, the molar mass distribution and acrylonitrile (ACN) content of an NBR-based compound for the fabrication of O-rings for rod seal applications was varied to demonstrate the different degree of contraction resulting from 3D printing. An ACN content of 34% and an average molar mass Mw of 2.47·105 g·mol−1 with a dispersity index D of 2.6 was found to be a suitable compromise between the degree of contraction and compression set as a criterion for the application as O-ring as inner part of rod seals.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140989554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Lukas, Sebastian Leineweber, B. Reitz, Ludger Overmeyer, Alexander Aschemann, B. Klie, Ulrich Giese
Rubber mixing is a complex manufacturing process that poses challenges for process control due to the high number of control variables including mixing parameter settings, rheological behaviour, compound viscosity and batch-dependent material variations. Already small deviations from the control variables can influence the compound properties, leading to increased scrap rates. To address these challenges, this paper introduces an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based approach to enhance process control in rubber mixing by predicting mixing temperatures from input variables. The proposed method utilizes Feedforward Neural Networks (FFN) to enable early identification of batch-specific temperature deviations, enabling systematic improvements with each new application. The FFN was trained on a diverse dataset encompassing various rubber recipes and batches. Post-training, the FFN demonstrated remarkable accuracy, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 1.00% on the training dataset and 1.44% on the validation dataset, thereby showcasing its efficacy in predicting temperature fluctuations within the mixing process. Consequently, the FFN can determine the relevant input variables necessary to achieve specific mixing temperatures, providing a foundation for an automated control system in rubber mixing process. This paper outlines the system architecture of the FFN tailored for rubber mixing and provides a comprehensive overview of the experimental results.
{"title":"Minimizing Temperature Deviations in Rubber Mixing Process using Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"Marco Lukas, Sebastian Leineweber, B. Reitz, Ludger Overmeyer, Alexander Aschemann, B. Klie, Ulrich Giese","doi":"10.5254/rct.24.00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.24.00003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Rubber mixing is a complex manufacturing process that poses challenges for process control due to the high number of control variables including mixing parameter settings, rheological behaviour, compound viscosity and batch-dependent material variations. Already small deviations from the control variables can influence the compound properties, leading to increased scrap rates. To address these challenges, this paper introduces an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based approach to enhance process control in rubber mixing by predicting mixing temperatures from input variables. The proposed method utilizes Feedforward Neural Networks (FFN) to enable early identification of batch-specific temperature deviations, enabling systematic improvements with each new application. The FFN was trained on a diverse dataset encompassing various rubber recipes and batches. Post-training, the FFN demonstrated remarkable accuracy, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 1.00% on the training dataset and 1.44% on the validation dataset, thereby showcasing its efficacy in predicting temperature fluctuations within the mixing process. Consequently, the FFN can determine the relevant input variables necessary to achieve specific mixing temperatures, providing a foundation for an automated control system in rubber mixing process. This paper outlines the system architecture of the FFN tailored for rubber mixing and provides a comprehensive overview of the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141000783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluoroelastomers (FKM) are beneficial materials with desirable properties such as resistance to chemical environments, aging, fluid, and high temperatures. However, FKM processing is restricted to using conventional tooling equipment to produce goods, where energy-intensive procedures including mixing, shaping, and vulcanization are a part of manufacturing. Because fossil fuels are used as the main energy source, these processes are carbon intensive. Our strategy is predicated on utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) as a tool-less manufacturing process exhibiting customizability, flexibility, and sustainability. AM machines consume energy only while building objects in contrast to energy-intensive machinery. Thus, our plan of action is to combine AM with a newly developed FKM ink that can be 3D15 printed with a direct ink write (DIW) process. The rheological characteristics, printing parameters, and mechanical properties of the formulated ink are investigated. We believe that this adaptable method will make it easier to produce 3D-printed FKM components with DIW, which could have a wide range of applications in engineering and consumer goods.
{"title":"ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING OF FLUOROELASTOMER LATEX: A DIRECT-INK-WRITING APPROACH","authors":"Sarath Suresh Kamath, Jae-Won Choi","doi":"10.5254/rct.24.00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.24.00002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Fluoroelastomers (FKM) are beneficial materials with desirable properties such as resistance to chemical environments, aging, fluid, and high temperatures. However, FKM processing is restricted to using conventional tooling equipment to produce goods, where energy-intensive procedures including mixing, shaping, and vulcanization are a part of manufacturing. Because fossil fuels are used as the main energy source, these processes are carbon intensive. Our strategy is predicated on utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) as a tool-less manufacturing process exhibiting customizability, flexibility, and sustainability. AM machines consume energy only while building objects in contrast to energy-intensive machinery. Thus, our plan of action is to combine AM with a newly developed FKM ink that can be 3D15 printed with a direct ink write (DIW) process. The rheological characteristics, printing parameters, and mechanical properties of the formulated ink are investigated. We believe that this adaptable method will make it easier to produce 3D-printed FKM components with DIW, which could have a wide range of applications in engineering and consumer goods.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140701129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The commercialization of Taraxacum kok-saghyz (rubber dandelion) as an alternative rubber crop requires fundamental knowledge of latex and rubber yield and quality. Rubber particles are formed in the root laticifers from Golgi bodies via the vesicular trafficking system in the cytosol and are then translocated into the vacuoles for storage. However, when freshly harvested roots are processed to extract the latex (an aqueous suspension of rubber particles), much of the latex has already coagulated into solid rubber reducing the commercial viability of latex extraction from this species. The process of in vivo loss of the latex fraction was investigated histologically, by transmission electron microscopy, in roots of plants grown in soil or hydroponically. In both root types, some rubber particles agglomerated in the cytosol as a precursor to coagulation. Other rubber particles agglomerated then coagulated after rubber particles were translocated into vacuoles, and also after the cell internal cytoplasmic structure degraded. Uniquely large rubber particles were formed in the vacuoles of hydroponically-grown plants by particle coalescence but were not found in soil-grown roots. Eventually, some root laticifers of both root types filled with solid rubber. The instability of the aqueous latex phase post-ontogeny through rubber particle agglomeration, coalescence and coagulation suggests that commercial processes likely would involve root drying to convert residual latex into solid rubber followed by aqueous- or solvent-based extraction.
{"title":"LATEX AGGLOMERATION AND COAGULATION IN LATICIFERS OF LIVE TARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ (RUBBER DANDELION) ROOTS","authors":"Muhammad Akbar Abdul Ghaffar, Katrina Cornish","doi":"10.5254/rct.24.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.24.00007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The commercialization of Taraxacum kok-saghyz (rubber dandelion) as an alternative rubber crop requires fundamental knowledge of latex and rubber yield and quality. Rubber particles are formed in the root laticifers from Golgi bodies via the vesicular trafficking system in the cytosol and are then translocated into the vacuoles for storage. However, when freshly harvested roots are processed to extract the latex (an aqueous suspension of rubber particles), much of the latex has already coagulated into solid rubber reducing the commercial viability of latex extraction from this species. The process of in vivo loss of the latex fraction was investigated histologically, by transmission electron microscopy, in roots of plants grown in soil or hydroponically. In both root types, some rubber particles agglomerated in the cytosol as a precursor to coagulation. Other rubber particles agglomerated then coagulated after rubber particles were translocated into vacuoles, and also after the cell internal cytoplasmic structure degraded. Uniquely large rubber particles were formed in the vacuoles of hydroponically-grown plants by particle coalescence but were not found in soil-grown roots. Eventually, some root laticifers of both root types filled with solid rubber. The instability of the aqueous latex phase post-ontogeny through rubber particle agglomeration, coalescence and coagulation suggests that commercial processes likely would involve root drying to convert residual latex into solid rubber followed by aqueous- or solvent-based extraction.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140702470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lining Gao, Li Li, Rui He, Xinqiu Zheng, Ruihao Qin
The recycling of waste rubber is very important for environmental protection, but the compatibility problem restricts the recycling and application of waste rubber powder. Devulcanization of waste rubber powder (WRP) has been proven to be an effective method to improve the solubilization effect. The use of environmentally friendly non-toxic solvents can not only improve the devulcanization effect, but also avoid secondary pollution. Thus, in this paper, an environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) is first prepared, and then applied to the devulcanization treatment of WRP. The results show that the prepared DES has a positive devulcanization effect, and the devulcanization rate can reach 50%. The devulcanization mechanism can be divided into two aspects. Firstly, adsorption and removal of sulfur- containing low molecular compounds. Secondly, destruction of the crosslinking structure and improvement of the fluidity. The microstructure observation showed that the rougher the surface of the desulfurized rubber powder was, the more conducive to the crosslinking reaction with the matrix material to form a uniform whole. The devulcanization mechanism of DES is divided into destroying the sulfur-containing cross-linked structure and adsorbing the sulfur-containing low molecular compounds. The surface of WRP after DES treatment is rougher and more porous, which is beneficial to the cross-linking reaction with the matrix material. Finally, the optimum process conditions for the decrosslinking effect are determined by orthogonal test as follows: liquid-solid ratio 15∶1, temperature 120°C, time 0.5 h.
废橡胶的回收利用对环境保护非常重要，但相容性问题限制了废橡胶粉的回收和应用。实践证明，废橡胶粉（WRP）的脱硫化是提高增溶效果的有效方法。使用环保无毒溶剂不仅能提高脱硫效果，还能避免二次污染。因此，本文首先制备了一种环境友好型深共晶溶剂（DES），然后将其应用于水再生资源的脱硫化处理。结果表明，制备的 DES 具有积极的脱硫化效果，脱硫化率可达 50%。脱硫机理可分为两个方面。首先，吸附和去除含硫的低分子化合物。第二，破坏交联结构，改善流动性。微观结构观察表明，脱硫胶粉表面越粗糙，越有利于与基体材料发生交联反应，形成一个均匀的整体。DES 的脱硫化机理分为破坏含硫交联结构和吸附含硫低分子化合物两种。经 DES 处理后的 WRP 表面更加粗糙多孔，有利于与基体材料发生交联反应。最后，通过正交试验确定了脱交联效果的最佳工艺条件：液固比 15∶1、温度 120°C、时间 0.5 小时。
{"title":"Effect of Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment on Devulcanization of Waste Rubber Powder","authors":"Lining Gao, Li Li, Rui He, Xinqiu Zheng, Ruihao Qin","doi":"10.5254/rct-d-23-00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct-d-23-00049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The recycling of waste rubber is very important for environmental protection, but the compatibility problem restricts the recycling and application of waste rubber powder. Devulcanization of waste rubber powder (WRP) has been proven to be an effective method to improve the solubilization effect. The use of environmentally friendly non-toxic solvents can not only improve the devulcanization effect, but also avoid secondary pollution. Thus, in this paper, an environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) is first prepared, and then applied to the devulcanization treatment of WRP. The results show that the prepared DES has a positive devulcanization effect, and the devulcanization rate can reach 50%. The devulcanization mechanism can be divided into two aspects. Firstly, adsorption and removal of sulfur- containing low molecular compounds. Secondly, destruction of the crosslinking structure and improvement of the fluidity. The microstructure observation showed that the rougher the surface of the desulfurized rubber powder was, the more conducive to the crosslinking reaction with the matrix material to form a uniform whole. The devulcanization mechanism of DES is divided into destroying the sulfur-containing cross-linked structure and adsorbing the sulfur-containing low molecular compounds. The surface of WRP after DES treatment is rougher and more porous, which is beneficial to the cross-linking reaction with the matrix material. Finally, the optimum process conditions for the decrosslinking effect are determined by orthogonal test as follows: liquid-solid ratio 15∶1, temperature 120°C, time 0.5 h.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140748654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Versteeg, Ariq Raharjanto, Daniele Parisi, Francesco Picchioni
Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) rubbers stand as one of the most frequently employed thermoplastic elastomers globally. The upper operating temperature of SBS is limited by the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polystyrene, circa 100 °C. This study demonstrates a noteworthy enhancement in the properties of SBSs by introducing a diblock copolymer consisting of styrene and α-methylene-γ- butyrolactone (α-MBL). Polymers derived from α-MBL exhibit exceptional thermal stability, attributable to a glass transition temperature of 195 °C. Notably, α-MBL, also recognized as Tulipalin A, is a bio-renewable compound naturally found in tulips. This investigation encompasses both crosslinked and non-crosslinked blends of poly(styrene)-b-poly(α- methylene-γ-butyrolactone) diblock copolymer (PS-PMBL) and poly(styrene)-b-poly(butadiene)-b- poly(styrene) triblock copolymer, within the 0-20 wt.% PS-PMBL range. Thorough examination employing thermal analysis and linear shear rheology reveals that all blends surpass the properties of their pure SBS counterparts. Specifically, blending at 200 °C induces crosslinking between the polymers, yielding heightened Young’s modulus and complex viscosity, thereby resulting in a robust and rigid material compared to non-crosslinked blends. For non-crosslinked blends, an increase in strength is observed while maintaining commendable rubbery properties. Notably, the non-crosslinked blends permit the recycling of components (SBS and PS- PMBL) through the re-dissolving of rubber in tetrahydrofuran (THF). These findings present a promising avenue for the enhancement of rubbers through the incorporation of bio-renewable compounds.
{"title":"A novel SBS compound via blending with PS-b-PMBL diblock copolymer for enhanced mechanical properties","authors":"F. Versteeg, Ariq Raharjanto, Daniele Parisi, Francesco Picchioni","doi":"10.5254/rct-d-23-00037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct-d-23-00037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) rubbers stand as one of the most frequently employed thermoplastic elastomers globally. The upper operating temperature of SBS is limited by the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polystyrene, circa 100 °C. This study demonstrates a noteworthy enhancement in the properties of SBSs by introducing a diblock copolymer consisting of styrene and α-methylene-γ- butyrolactone (α-MBL). Polymers derived from α-MBL exhibit exceptional thermal stability, attributable to a glass transition temperature of 195 °C. Notably, α-MBL, also recognized as Tulipalin A, is a bio-renewable compound naturally found in tulips. This investigation encompasses both crosslinked and non-crosslinked blends of poly(styrene)-b-poly(α- methylene-γ-butyrolactone) diblock copolymer (PS-PMBL) and poly(styrene)-b-poly(butadiene)-b- poly(styrene) triblock copolymer, within the 0-20 wt.% PS-PMBL range. Thorough examination employing thermal analysis and linear shear rheology reveals that all blends surpass the properties of their pure SBS counterparts. Specifically, blending at 200 °C induces crosslinking between the polymers, yielding heightened Young’s modulus and complex viscosity, thereby resulting in a robust and rigid material compared to non-crosslinked blends. For non-crosslinked blends, an increase in strength is observed while maintaining commendable rubbery properties. Notably, the non-crosslinked blends permit the recycling of components (SBS and PS- PMBL) through the re-dissolving of rubber in tetrahydrofuran (THF). These findings present a promising avenue for the enhancement of rubbers through the incorporation of bio-renewable compounds.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140750706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lion Sundermann, Benjamin Klie, Heike Wittek, Thomas Ebel, Kathrin Ottink, Ulrich Giese
Rubber-based polymers with high carbon black content can be three-dimensionally (3D) printed using the additive manufacturing of elastomers process. However, high-viscosity materials limit printing resolution, making it difficult to produce fine structures and high-precision parts, especially two-component (2K) parts. The viscosity of a rubber compound used for rod seal applications was reduced and adjusted using Nipol® 1312 liquid rubber and the alkyl sulfonic phenyl ester Mesamoll® II as plasticizers to lower the torque level during extrusion when a reduced nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm is used in 3D printing. In addition, the flowability of the compound was enhanced prior to vulcanization of the part, which could increase the layer–layer bond and thus reduce the mechanical anisotropy typically induced by fused filament fabrication. Using a viscosity-optimized rubber compound, a 2K rod seal consisting of a thermoplastic polyurethane with elastomeric properties and an acrylonitrile rubber-based O-ring was produced and dynamically tested for leakage.
碳黑含量高的橡胶基聚合物可通过弹性体增材制造工艺进行三维（3D）打印。然而，高粘度材料限制了打印分辨率，难以生产精细结构和高精度零件，尤其是双组分（2K）零件。使用 Nipol® 1312 液体橡胶和烷基磺酰基苯基酯 Mesamoll® II 作为增塑剂，降低并调整了用于杆密封的橡胶复合物的粘度，从而在 3D 打印中使用直径缩小至 0.4 毫米的喷嘴时，降低了挤出过程中的扭矩水平。此外，在部件硫化之前，化合物的流动性也得到了增强，这可以增加层与层之间的结合力，从而降低熔融长丝制造通常会引起的机械各向异性。利用粘度优化的橡胶复合物，生产出了由具有弹性特性的热塑性聚氨酯和丙烯腈橡胶基 O 形圈组成的 2K 棒状密封件，并对其进行了泄漏动态测试。
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF THE MIXTURE VISCOSITY ON MECHANICAL ANISOTROPY AND PROCESSABILITY OF AN NBR-BASED RUBBER MIXTURE FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING","authors":"Lion Sundermann, Benjamin Klie, Heike Wittek, Thomas Ebel, Kathrin Ottink, Ulrich Giese","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.228315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.228315","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rubber-based polymers with high carbon black content can be three-dimensionally (3D) printed using the additive manufacturing of elastomers process. However, high-viscosity materials limit printing resolution, making it difficult to produce fine structures and high-precision parts, especially two-component (2K) parts. The viscosity of a rubber compound used for rod seal applications was reduced and adjusted using Nipol® 1312 liquid rubber and the alkyl sulfonic phenyl ester Mesamoll® II as plasticizers to lower the torque level during extrusion when a reduced nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm is used in 3D printing. In addition, the flowability of the compound was enhanced prior to vulcanization of the part, which could increase the layer–layer bond and thus reduce the mechanical anisotropy typically induced by fused filament fabrication. Using a viscosity-optimized rubber compound, a 2K rod seal consisting of a thermoplastic polyurethane with elastomeric properties and an acrylonitrile rubber-based O-ring was produced and dynamically tested for leakage.</p>","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140595372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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