ABSTRACT A new three-dimensional tire ring on elastic foundation model in rolling contact has been proposed and verified. The motivation is to apply this new physical model to the three-dimensional forces’ estimation for intelligent tires, a current research challenge in the automotive industry. The core contribution is the analytical solution of the three-dimensional tire deformation, stress, and forces in complex rolling contact. This new physical model is universal and efficient in linking intelligent tire signals with the solution results, thereby providing a powerful theoretical tool for intelligent tire modeling. Furthermore, the results have been validated by sensitivity analysis of key structural parameters on tire performance. In summary, through modeling, verification, and application in case studies, it has been shown that the proposed methodology can be used for real, practical three-dimensional forces estimation, offering the potential to simplify the vehicle state observer and benefit autonomous vehicles.
{"title":"A THREE-DIMENSIONAL TIRE RING ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION MODEL IN ROLLING CONTACT WITH APPLICATION TO INTELLIGENT TIRES","authors":"Delei Min, Yintao Wei","doi":"10.5254/rct-d-23-00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct-d-23-00018","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A new three-dimensional tire ring on elastic foundation model in rolling contact has been proposed and verified. The motivation is to apply this new physical model to the three-dimensional forces’ estimation for intelligent tires, a current research challenge in the automotive industry. The core contribution is the analytical solution of the three-dimensional tire deformation, stress, and forces in complex rolling contact. This new physical model is universal and efficient in linking intelligent tire signals with the solution results, thereby providing a powerful theoretical tool for intelligent tire modeling. Furthermore, the results have been validated by sensitivity analysis of key structural parameters on tire performance. In summary, through modeling, verification, and application in case studies, it has been shown that the proposed methodology can be used for real, practical three-dimensional forces estimation, offering the potential to simplify the vehicle state observer and benefit autonomous vehicles.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135857475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corners concentrate elastic fields and often initiate fracture. For small deformations, it is well established that the elastic field around a corner is power-law singular. For large deformations, we show here that the elastic field around a corner is concentrated but bounded. We conduct computation and an experiment on the lap shear of a highly stretchable material. A rectangular sample was sandwiched between two rigid substrates, and the edges of the stretchable material met the substrates at 90° corners. The substrates were pulled to shear the sample. We computed the large-deformation elastic field by assuming several models of elasticity. The theory of elasticity had no length scale, and lap shear was characterized by a single length, the thickness of the sample. Consequently, the field in the sample was independent of any length once the spatial coordinates were normalized by the thickness. We then lapped shear samples of a polyacrylamide hydrogel of various thicknesses. For all samples, the fracture initiated from the corners, at a load independent of thickness. These experimental findings agree with the computational prediction that large-deformation elastic fields at corners are concentrated but bounded.
{"title":"ELASTIC FIELDS AT CORNERS OF HIGHLY STRETCHABLE MATERIALS ARE CONCENTRATED BUT BOUNDED","authors":"S. Hassan, J. Steck, Z. Suo","doi":"10.5254/rct.2376991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.2376991","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Corners concentrate elastic fields and often initiate fracture. For small deformations, it is well established that the elastic field around a corner is power-law singular. For large deformations, we show here that the elastic field around a corner is concentrated but bounded. We conduct computation and an experiment on the lap shear of a highly stretchable material. A rectangular sample was sandwiched between two rigid substrates, and the edges of the stretchable material met the substrates at 90° corners. The substrates were pulled to shear the sample. We computed the large-deformation elastic field by assuming several models of elasticity. The theory of elasticity had no length scale, and lap shear was characterized by a single length, the thickness of the sample. Consequently, the field in the sample was independent of any length once the spatial coordinates were normalized by the thickness. We then lapped shear samples of a polyacrylamide hydrogel of various thicknesses. For all samples, the fracture initiated from the corners, at a load independent of thickness. These experimental findings agree with the computational prediction that large-deformation elastic fields at corners are concentrated but bounded.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42114523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“Cure mapping” takes the complementary viscous and elastic outputs of cure rheometry and plots them against each other, so that the resultant plot is no longer in the time domain. Such outputs are routinely available for rubber vulcanization, and in this paper we explore the cure maps for a series of peroxide cures on EPDM. The cure map from moving die rheometer outputs is a plot of viscous torque against elastic torque, and the variables explored herein include the levels of peroxide and coagent. The plot follows the conversion of viscous to elastic character, and its slope can be considered to reflect the balance of reactions that promote or impede this conversion. By this approach, the effect of the above-mentioned cure variables on the competitive reactions of cure is explored. The dominant reactions can be revealed, to provide a fresh perspective on the changes occurring during an industrial rubber vulcanization. But the value of cure mapping extends beyond mechanistic insights: this study has shown the vulcanization cure maps to be particularly sensitive to batch effects. A coherent picture emerges to reveal how routine cure data can be productively exploited to characterize process history and cure.
{"title":"CURE MAPPING IN RUBBER VULCANIZATION: PEROXIDE CURES OF EPDM","authors":"M. Bennett, Michael Hough, B. Willoughby","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76953","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 “Cure mapping” takes the complementary viscous and elastic outputs of cure rheometry and plots them against each other, so that the resultant plot is no longer in the time domain. Such outputs are routinely available for rubber vulcanization, and in this paper we explore the cure maps for a series of peroxide cures on EPDM. The cure map from moving die rheometer outputs is a plot of viscous torque against elastic torque, and the variables explored herein include the levels of peroxide and coagent. The plot follows the conversion of viscous to elastic character, and its slope can be considered to reflect the balance of reactions that promote or impede this conversion. By this approach, the effect of the above-mentioned cure variables on the competitive reactions of cure is explored. The dominant reactions can be revealed, to provide a fresh perspective on the changes occurring during an industrial rubber vulcanization. But the value of cure mapping extends beyond mechanistic insights: this study has shown the vulcanization cure maps to be particularly sensitive to batch effects. A coherent picture emerges to reveal how routine cure data can be productively exploited to characterize process history and cure.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44105752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thioaldehydes are explored as enophiles in Alder-ene reactions for modification and crosslinking of cis-1,4-polyisoprene. The highly reactive thioaldehydes were generated from thiosulfinates in conventional rubber processing equipment. Monofunctional thiosulfinates were used to graft ester and amide functional groups to cis-1,4-polyisoprene. Oligomeric thiosulfinates were used to crosslink cis-1,4-polyisoprene under mild conditions. The networks formed using these new crosslinking agents are characterized. Good mechanical properties were obtained under optimized crosslinking conditions.
{"title":"THIOSULFINATE-DERIVED THIOALDEHYDES AS ENOPHILES FOR MODIFICATION AND VULCANIZATION OF CIS-1,4-POLYISOPRENE VIA ALDER-ENE REACTIONS","authors":"L. Jia, Nathan D. Schmitz","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Thioaldehydes are explored as enophiles in Alder-ene reactions for modification and crosslinking of cis-1,4-polyisoprene. The highly reactive thioaldehydes were generated from thiosulfinates in conventional rubber processing equipment. Monofunctional thiosulfinates were used to graft ester and amide functional groups to cis-1,4-polyisoprene. Oligomeric thiosulfinates were used to crosslink cis-1,4-polyisoprene under mild conditions. The networks formed using these new crosslinking agents are characterized. Good mechanical properties were obtained under optimized crosslinking conditions.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45824571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rong Zhang, Shiqi Li, Ran Xu, Chang-Cheng Wang, Yinghan Wang, Guangsu Huang, Maoz hu Tang, Yun-Xiang Xu
Terminal phospholipid groups contribute considerably to the excellent comprehensive properties of NR, but their aggregation behaviors and influence on polyisoprene properties during storage and use have not yet been revealed at the molecular level. To begin to address these phenomena, two sequentially different polyisoprene copolymers were suspended with phosphorylcholine groups to disclose their influence on phase separation, network dynamics, mechanical properties, and crystallization differences. Phosphorylcholine groups attached to polymer chains can form aggregates that increase the storage modulus of rubbers, and this process is accelerated at elevated temperatures due to faster chain movement. In addition, phosphorylcholine groups act as crosslinking points in unvulcanized and vulcanized rubbers and increase mechanical properties by promoting strain-induced crystallization (SIC). By contrast, the polymers with pendant hydroxyl groups present sequence-dependent SIC properties that are ascribed to their non-aggregation nature.
{"title":"AGGREGATION BEHAVIORS OF PENDANT PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE GROUPS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON POLYISOPRENE PROPERTIES","authors":"Rong Zhang, Shiqi Li, Ran Xu, Chang-Cheng Wang, Yinghan Wang, Guangsu Huang, Maoz hu Tang, Yun-Xiang Xu","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76948","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Terminal phospholipid groups contribute considerably to the excellent comprehensive properties of NR, but their aggregation behaviors and influence on polyisoprene properties during storage and use have not yet been revealed at the molecular level. To begin to address these phenomena, two sequentially different polyisoprene copolymers were suspended with phosphorylcholine groups to disclose their influence on phase separation, network dynamics, mechanical properties, and crystallization differences. Phosphorylcholine groups attached to polymer chains can form aggregates that increase the storage modulus of rubbers, and this process is accelerated at elevated temperatures due to faster chain movement. In addition, phosphorylcholine groups act as crosslinking points in unvulcanized and vulcanized rubbers and increase mechanical properties by promoting strain-induced crystallization (SIC). By contrast, the polymers with pendant hydroxyl groups present sequence-dependent SIC properties that are ascribed to their non-aggregation nature.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46936366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many natural organisms use “protein rubbers” to store and release an imposed strain energy with high efficiency to make motion easier. Protein rubbers exist in a complicated environment surrounded by water and other molecules such as sugars, implying that amino acid composition and its environment are important in protein rubber behavior. Here, gelatin, the hydrolysis product of animal collagen, is hydrated or “plasticized” with water, ethylene glycol, glycerol, corn syrup, and aqueous solutions of sorbitol, glucose, and fructose. The rubber formed is “dry”, that is, is not fully immersed in liquid, and has the appearance and feel of a soft rubber band. The mechanical and thermodynamic behavior of each rubber is characterized with low strain dynamic and high strain tensile experiments with good agreement between the two. Plasticized gelatin rubbers are incompressible and follow the neo-Hookean model for rubber elasticity up to moderate extension ratios. Higher molecular weight polyols with more hydrogen bond donors and acceptors create gelatin networks with lower crosslink density. Ethylene glycol–, glycerol-, sorbitol syrup–, and fructose syrup–plasticized gelatin rubbers have similar molecular relaxation mechanisms and are the most efficient rubbers when probed in the rubbery plateau region prior to approaching the glass transition. The other plasticizers have different molecular relaxation mechanisms that detract from the efficiency of energy storage and return that is not related to network formation but perhaps the individual solvation ability of each plasticizer.
{"title":"EFFECT OF MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENT ON PROTEIN RUBBER PROPERTIES","authors":"Natasha Chauhan, J. Barone","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76957","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many natural organisms use “protein rubbers” to store and release an imposed strain energy with high efficiency to make motion easier. Protein rubbers exist in a complicated environment surrounded by water and other molecules such as sugars, implying that amino acid composition and its environment are important in protein rubber behavior. Here, gelatin, the hydrolysis product of animal collagen, is hydrated or “plasticized” with water, ethylene glycol, glycerol, corn syrup, and aqueous solutions of sorbitol, glucose, and fructose. The rubber formed is “dry”, that is, is not fully immersed in liquid, and has the appearance and feel of a soft rubber band. The mechanical and thermodynamic behavior of each rubber is characterized with low strain dynamic and high strain tensile experiments with good agreement between the two. Plasticized gelatin rubbers are incompressible and follow the neo-Hookean model for rubber elasticity up to moderate extension ratios. Higher molecular weight polyols with more hydrogen bond donors and acceptors create gelatin networks with lower crosslink density. Ethylene glycol–, glycerol-, sorbitol syrup–, and fructose syrup–plasticized gelatin rubbers have similar molecular relaxation mechanisms and are the most efficient rubbers when probed in the rubbery plateau region prior to approaching the glass transition. The other plasticizers have different molecular relaxation mechanisms that detract from the efficiency of energy storage and return that is not related to network formation but perhaps the individual solvation ability of each plasticizer.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47528604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhao Liguang, G. Hongxing, Yang Guang, Ding Li, Song Yazhong, Li Jianwei, Huang Honghai, Zhao Tao, Liu Weiqiang
The NR latex (NRL) industry contributes to ammonia pollution, a problem that is difficult to solve. To address this issue, N,N-methylenebismorpholine (MBM) was used to prepare ammonia-free concentrated NRL (CNRL). The effect of MBM on the preservation and properties of CNRL was studied through comparison with high-ammonia (HA) CNRL. Results showed that MBM had an excellent preservation effect on ammonia-free CNRL. When the MBM dosage exceeded 0.35%, the volatile fatty acid value of CNRL was relatively stable and was consistently less than 0.06 over 180 days of storage. The prepared ammonia-free CNRL had lower viscosity and pH, and its mechanical stability test (MST) was moderate. The control results of the stabilization system showed that sodium dodecyl sulfate can significantly reduce the viscosity and improve the MST of the ammonia-free CNRL. KOH can significantly improve the pH and thermal stability of latex, but has little effect on improving MST. The ammonia-free CNRL had a lower pH after prevulcanization, but higher MST than the HA latex. The viscosity of the ammonia-free prevulcanized latex increased rapidly. The physico-mechanical properties of the vulcanizate films were slightly different from those of the HA latex samples. In addition, the infrared spectrum of the ammonia-free CNRL dry film was basically consistent with that of HA latex dry film. The thermal degradation curve and characteristic temperature of the ammonia-free CNRL dry film were basically the same as those of the HA-preserved film. Biosafety tests showed that the cytotoxicity of the MBM-preserved, ammonia-free CNRL dry film was slightly higher than that of the HA latex film. However, both films did not irritate the skin. All of these results illustrate that MBM has an excellent preservation effect on CNRL and the prepared ammonia-free CNRL has good processability, environmental protection, and safety.
{"title":"PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA-FREE CONCENTRATED NR LATEX PRESERVED WITH N,N′-METHYLENEBISMORPHOLINE","authors":"Zhao Liguang, G. Hongxing, Yang Guang, Ding Li, Song Yazhong, Li Jianwei, Huang Honghai, Zhao Tao, Liu Weiqiang","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76959","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The NR latex (NRL) industry contributes to ammonia pollution, a problem that is difficult to solve. To address this issue, N,N-methylenebismorpholine (MBM) was used to prepare ammonia-free concentrated NRL (CNRL). The effect of MBM on the preservation and properties of CNRL was studied through comparison with high-ammonia (HA) CNRL. Results showed that MBM had an excellent preservation effect on ammonia-free CNRL. When the MBM dosage exceeded 0.35%, the volatile fatty acid value of CNRL was relatively stable and was consistently less than 0.06 over 180 days of storage. The prepared ammonia-free CNRL had lower viscosity and pH, and its mechanical stability test (MST) was moderate. The control results of the stabilization system showed that sodium dodecyl sulfate can significantly reduce the viscosity and improve the MST of the ammonia-free CNRL. KOH can significantly improve the pH and thermal stability of latex, but has little effect on improving MST. The ammonia-free CNRL had a lower pH after prevulcanization, but higher MST than the HA latex. The viscosity of the ammonia-free prevulcanized latex increased rapidly. The physico-mechanical properties of the vulcanizate films were slightly different from those of the HA latex samples. In addition, the infrared spectrum of the ammonia-free CNRL dry film was basically consistent with that of HA latex dry film. The thermal degradation curve and characteristic temperature of the ammonia-free CNRL dry film were basically the same as those of the HA-preserved film. Biosafety tests showed that the cytotoxicity of the MBM-preserved, ammonia-free CNRL dry film was slightly higher than that of the HA latex film. However, both films did not irritate the skin. All of these results illustrate that MBM has an excellent preservation effect on CNRL and the prepared ammonia-free CNRL has good processability, environmental protection, and safety.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43537718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subhradeep Mandal, A. Das, E. Euchler, S. Wiessner, G. Heinrich, Jun Sawada, Ryoji Matsui, T. Nagase, T. Tada
An intensive literature search shows that research in the field of self-healing rubbers is still in its infancy. By analyzing the various reviews and reports available, most of the results prove to be complicated; however, a few studies show promising self-healing properties of new elastomers. Most of these materials were prepared by relatively sophisticated chemical syntheses. Many of the studies on self-healing materials also deal with commercial rubbers, but the mechanical performance of these self-healing systems is very poor for practical application, perhaps because self-healing systems are usually prepared with an uncured or pseudo-crosslinked matrix structure. The poor mechanical properties are related to the highly viscous but inelastic nature of the uncured or only partially cured rubber compound. Importantly, most of the studies have been conducted on rubber systems without reinforcing fillers. For filler-reinforced rubber systems, the question is whether the working principle of reversible bonds is applicable. This literature review attempted to compile the current promising self-healing systems, describe their underlying chemical mechanisms, and discuss the self-healing concept from a thermodynamic perspective. In addition, this review is focused on the critical discussion of the principle and origin of self-healing behavior and finally draws conclusions on the applications and opportunities for further developments in this field.
{"title":"DYNAMIC REVERSIBLE NETWORKS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-HEALING RUBBERS: A CRITICAL REVIEW","authors":"Subhradeep Mandal, A. Das, E. Euchler, S. Wiessner, G. Heinrich, Jun Sawada, Ryoji Matsui, T. Nagase, T. Tada","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76967","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An intensive literature search shows that research in the field of self-healing rubbers is still in its infancy. By analyzing the various reviews and reports available, most of the results prove to be complicated; however, a few studies show promising self-healing properties of new elastomers. Most of these materials were prepared by relatively sophisticated chemical syntheses. Many of the studies on self-healing materials also deal with commercial rubbers, but the mechanical performance of these self-healing systems is very poor for practical application, perhaps because self-healing systems are usually prepared with an uncured or pseudo-crosslinked matrix structure. The poor mechanical properties are related to the highly viscous but inelastic nature of the uncured or only partially cured rubber compound. Importantly, most of the studies have been conducted on rubber systems without reinforcing fillers. For filler-reinforced rubber systems, the question is whether the working principle of reversible bonds is applicable. This literature review attempted to compile the current promising self-healing systems, describe their underlying chemical mechanisms, and discuss the self-healing concept from a thermodynamic perspective. In addition, this review is focused on the critical discussion of the principle and origin of self-healing behavior and finally draws conclusions on the applications and opportunities for further developments in this field.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45731454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the rubber industry turns its focus to sustainability, recovered carbon black (rCB) has emerged as a commercial candidate to replace conventional fossil-based fillers. Since rCB is a new class of rubber filler, much is still to be understood regarding which of its properties influence final applications performance. The research presented in this paper demonstrates the importance of controlling the aggregate size distribution, silica content, carbonaceous residue content, and organic residue content in producing a consistent rCB product. These parameters are also demonstrated to be the fundamental reasons behind the disparity in performance of rCB and carbon black of similar colloidal properties. The findings of this study also reveal that the properties of an rCB can be tailored for a given application with precise control of the process conditions.
{"title":"UNDERSTANDING RECOVERED CARBON BLACK","authors":"C. Norris, A. L. Cerdán, P. ter Haar","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.76956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.76956","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the rubber industry turns its focus to sustainability, recovered carbon black (rCB) has emerged as a commercial candidate to replace conventional fossil-based fillers. Since rCB is a new class of rubber filler, much is still to be understood regarding which of its properties influence final applications performance. The research presented in this paper demonstrates the importance of controlling the aggregate size distribution, silica content, carbonaceous residue content, and organic residue content in producing a consistent rCB product. These parameters are also demonstrated to be the fundamental reasons behind the disparity in performance of rCB and carbon black of similar colloidal properties. The findings of this study also reveal that the properties of an rCB can be tailored for a given application with precise control of the process conditions.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46641696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhaopeng Yu, Z. Zhao, Xuling Wei, Peng-Fei Yan, Ruofan Liu, Y. Jin, Guangbi Gong, Xinghang Xu, Yibo Wu
Cationic copolymerization of isobutylene and chlorostyrene was investigated using the Lewis acid initiator system. Titanium (IV) chloride (TiCl4) and ethylaluminum sesquichloride (AlEt1.5Cl1.5) were used as the co-initiators, and 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl) and H2O were used as the main initiators. The influences of monomer feeding ratio and reaction time were studied. The reaction mechanism was proposed by studying the reaction kinetics. It was found that when p-chloromethylstyrene (p-ClMSt) was used, benzyl chloride was easily involved in the initiation reaction stage, leading to the formation of branched polymer. When p-chlorostyrene (p-ClSt) was used as a co-monomer, living copolymerization was achieved and no branching structure formed. Isobutylene, isoprene, and p-ClSt were synthesized with the AlEt1.5Cl1.5 initiator system. The high-molecular-weight halogenated ternary copolymer was successfully prepared by one-step polymerization. Vulcanization and mechanical property studies were also performed.
{"title":"PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF CHLORINATED POLYISOBUTYLENE ELASTOMER BY ONE-STEP POLYMERIZATION","authors":"Zhaopeng Yu, Z. Zhao, Xuling Wei, Peng-Fei Yan, Ruofan Liu, Y. Jin, Guangbi Gong, Xinghang Xu, Yibo Wu","doi":"10.5254/rct.23.77969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.77969","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cationic copolymerization of isobutylene and chlorostyrene was investigated using the Lewis acid initiator system. Titanium (IV) chloride (TiCl4) and ethylaluminum sesquichloride (AlEt1.5Cl1.5) were used as the co-initiators, and 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl) and H2O were used as the main initiators. The influences of monomer feeding ratio and reaction time were studied. The reaction mechanism was proposed by studying the reaction kinetics. It was found that when p-chloromethylstyrene (p-ClMSt) was used, benzyl chloride was easily involved in the initiation reaction stage, leading to the formation of branched polymer. When p-chlorostyrene (p-ClSt) was used as a co-monomer, living copolymerization was achieved and no branching structure formed. Isobutylene, isoprene, and p-ClSt were synthesized with the AlEt1.5Cl1.5 initiator system. The high-molecular-weight halogenated ternary copolymer was successfully prepared by one-step polymerization. Vulcanization and mechanical property studies were also performed.","PeriodicalId":21349,"journal":{"name":"Rubber Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41477908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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