Z. Szira, Erika Varga, Tibor László Csegődi, Gábor Milics
Abstract Precision farming, or precision agriculture, represents a paradigm shift in modern agriculture, integrating advanced technologies and data-driven techniques to optimize crop production processes. This paper provides an overview of precision farming, discussing its historical evolution, key technologies, benefits, challenges, and potential regulatory questions. The adoption of precision farming practices holds promise for enhancing resource efficiency, increasing crop yields, and promoting environmental sustainability. Additionally, this paper delves into the economic, environmental, and social implications of precision farming, highlighting its potential to shape the future of agriculture.
{"title":"The Benefits, Challenges and Legal Regulation of Precision Farming in the European Union","authors":"Z. Szira, Erika Varga, Tibor László Csegődi, Gábor Milics","doi":"10.2478/eual-2023-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2023-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Precision farming, or precision agriculture, represents a paradigm shift in modern agriculture, integrating advanced technologies and data-driven techniques to optimize crop production processes. This paper provides an overview of precision farming, discussing its historical evolution, key technologies, benefits, challenges, and potential regulatory questions. The adoption of precision farming practices holds promise for enhancing resource efficiency, increasing crop yields, and promoting environmental sustainability. Additionally, this paper delves into the economic, environmental, and social implications of precision farming, highlighting its potential to shape the future of agriculture.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"25 4","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139190276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The importance of addressing the effective functioning of competence execution in the construction sector primarily lies in its impact on the efficiency and quality of these competences. Currently, in Slovakia (SR), municipalities exercise the competences of spatial planning and building regulations within their transferred competence from the state. Through the government’s program statement for the years 2020–2024, the SR government committed to abolish municipal building authorities. With the new legislation that becomes effective on April 1, 2024, there will be a reverse transfer of construction competence from municipalities to state administration, to the newly created Office for Spatial Planning and Construction of the Slovak Republic and regional building authorities.The authors take a critical approach to the original construction legislation (de lege lata) as well as to the newly adopted laws on construction and spatial planning in terms of substantive and procedural provisions, noting the exclusion of the application of Administrative Code in spatial and building proceedings. Through our research on this issue, we suggest de lege ferenda two alternatives regarding the exercise of construction competences at the municipal and state levels and the preservation of dual jurisdiction in building proceedings according to the current administrative procedure.
{"title":"Construction Legislation – Current and Future in the Legal System of the Slovak Republic","authors":"E. Marišová, Kristian Hodossy, Ladislav Mura","doi":"10.2478/eual-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The importance of addressing the effective functioning of competence execution in the construction sector primarily lies in its impact on the efficiency and quality of these competences. Currently, in Slovakia (SR), municipalities exercise the competences of spatial planning and building regulations within their transferred competence from the state. Through the government’s program statement for the years 2020–2024, the SR government committed to abolish municipal building authorities. With the new legislation that becomes effective on April 1, 2024, there will be a reverse transfer of construction competence from municipalities to state administration, to the newly created Office for Spatial Planning and Construction of the Slovak Republic and regional building authorities.The authors take a critical approach to the original construction legislation (de lege lata) as well as to the newly adopted laws on construction and spatial planning in terms of substantive and procedural provisions, noting the exclusion of the application of Administrative Code in spatial and building proceedings. Through our research on this issue, we suggest de lege ferenda two alternatives regarding the exercise of construction competences at the municipal and state levels and the preservation of dual jurisdiction in building proceedings according to the current administrative procedure.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"238 ","pages":"22 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139195276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The specific nature of agriculture, and in particular its natural conditions, imply the occurrence of specific risks leading increasingly to crisis situations. These result in agricultural producers being unable to cope on their own with worsening production and consequently living conditions, and in extreme cases abandoning agricultural activity. A recurrent negative phenomenon in recent years that causes many losses is drought. Its occurrence is a certain challenge for the legislator, who, by eans of specific legal norms, at least to a limited extent, can shape the existence of agricultural producers and protect them from abandoning agricultural activity. The aim of this article is to assess the legal norms adopted at EU and national level which affect agricultural producers in the context of the occurrence of drought. Furthermore, it aims to answer the question of whether and to what extent the legislator protects their livelihoods. The approach of the national and EU legislator with regard to the forms of support provided should be assessed positively. The national legislator, on the basis of the dispositions contained in the EU law, supports agricultural producers in the face of the occurrence of crisis situations, however, it should take into account the necessity of adopting additional, special solutions in this respect strengthening the livelihood of producers.
{"title":"Agricultural Crises – Selected Legal Aspects of Drought","authors":"Izabela Lipińska","doi":"10.2478/eual-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The specific nature of agriculture, and in particular its natural conditions, imply the occurrence of specific risks leading increasingly to crisis situations. These result in agricultural producers being unable to cope on their own with worsening production and consequently living conditions, and in extreme cases abandoning agricultural activity. A recurrent negative phenomenon in recent years that causes many losses is drought. Its occurrence is a certain challenge for the legislator, who, by eans of specific legal norms, at least to a limited extent, can shape the existence of agricultural producers and protect them from abandoning agricultural activity. The aim of this article is to assess the legal norms adopted at EU and national level which affect agricultural producers in the context of the occurrence of drought. Furthermore, it aims to answer the question of whether and to what extent the legislator protects their livelihoods. The approach of the national and EU legislator with regard to the forms of support provided should be assessed positively. The national legislator, on the basis of the dispositions contained in the EU law, supports agricultural producers in the face of the occurrence of crisis situations, however, it should take into account the necessity of adopting additional, special solutions in this respect strengthening the livelihood of producers.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"123 ","pages":"8 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139195479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract On May 1, 2021, Act No. 151/2021 Coll., amending Act No. 504/2003 Coll. on the lease of agricultural land, agricultural business and forest land and on the amendment of certain laws as amended by later regulations, which amend Act of the Slovak National Council No. 330/1991 Coll. on land adjustments, arrangement of land ownership, land offices, land fund and on land communities as amended (hereinafter referred to as “Amendment No. 151/2021 Coll.”) entered into force. Amendment No. 151/2021 Coll. fundamentally changes the rules and obligations of the municipality as the owner of agricultural land when leasing agricultural land to other persons. The paper clearly explains the most important institutes related to the lease of agricultural land by the municipality and points out the new legal regime of the lease of municipal agricultural land effective from 1 May 2021.
{"title":"New Legislation on the Lease of Agricultural Land by the Municipality","authors":"Jozef Tekeli, Judita Mereššová","doi":"10.2478/eual-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract On May 1, 2021, Act No. 151/2021 Coll., amending Act No. 504/2003 Coll. on the lease of agricultural land, agricultural business and forest land and on the amendment of certain laws as amended by later regulations, which amend Act of the Slovak National Council No. 330/1991 Coll. on land adjustments, arrangement of land ownership, land offices, land fund and on land communities as amended (hereinafter referred to as “Amendment No. 151/2021 Coll.”) entered into force. Amendment No. 151/2021 Coll. fundamentally changes the rules and obligations of the municipality as the owner of agricultural land when leasing agricultural land to other persons. The paper clearly explains the most important institutes related to the lease of agricultural land by the municipality and points out the new legal regime of the lease of municipal agricultural land effective from 1 May 2021.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"80 3-4","pages":"15 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139190792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Szira, Erika Varga, Tibor László Csegődi, Gábor Milics
Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, have rapidly transformed from niche gadgets to versatile tools with widespread applications across various sectors. This paper investigates the regulatory landscape of drones within the European Union (EU) and its intricate balance between fostering technological innovation and addressing safety, privacy, security, and environmental concerns. Drones’ exponential growth in Europe’s airspace has prompted the EU to establish a legal framework that addresses their multifaceted implications. While drones offer unprecedented opportunities in areas like disaster response and remote sensing, they also pose challenges such as airspace congestion, potential privacy breaches, and ecological disturbances. This paper examines the evolving legal frameworks, policy developments, and technological advancements that characterize drone regulation in the EU. The study delves into key considerations including air traffic management, data protection, privacy preservation, environmental sustainability, and international collaboration. By analysing EU regulations, such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) standards, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and European initiatives on unmanned aircraft systems, this paper uncovers the complex interplay of legal, technical, and ethical dimensions.
{"title":"The Development of Drone Techology and its Regulation in the European Union","authors":"Z. Szira, Erika Varga, Tibor László Csegődi, Gábor Milics","doi":"10.2478/eual-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, have rapidly transformed from niche gadgets to versatile tools with widespread applications across various sectors. This paper investigates the regulatory landscape of drones within the European Union (EU) and its intricate balance between fostering technological innovation and addressing safety, privacy, security, and environmental concerns. Drones’ exponential growth in Europe’s airspace has prompted the EU to establish a legal framework that addresses their multifaceted implications. While drones offer unprecedented opportunities in areas like disaster response and remote sensing, they also pose challenges such as airspace congestion, potential privacy breaches, and ecological disturbances. This paper examines the evolving legal frameworks, policy developments, and technological advancements that characterize drone regulation in the EU. The study delves into key considerations including air traffic management, data protection, privacy preservation, environmental sustainability, and international collaboration. By analysing EU regulations, such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) standards, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and European initiatives on unmanned aircraft systems, this paper uncovers the complex interplay of legal, technical, and ethical dimensions.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"63 2","pages":"35 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139193130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Recent changes in concentration in the EU markets affected also the organisation of the food supply chains. These significant changes severely impacted especially small and medium–sized enterprises which are likely to be exposed to unfair trading practices. Imbalances in bargaining power between large and small enterprises lead to competition inequalities and unfair trade practices that need a specific legislation governance. This paper provides an overview of the Slovak and EU legislation regulating unfair trade practices in agro–food sector. The main aim of both the European and Slovak legal acts regulating unfair trading practices is to ensure protection and fair income for businesses and quality and wider choice for consumers. In addition, the article also brings the overview of the EU directive transposition to the legal framework of individual EU member states.
{"title":"Legal Regulation of Unfair Trade Practices in Food Supply Chain","authors":"Michaela Arpášová, M. Rajcaniova","doi":"10.2478/eual-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent changes in concentration in the EU markets affected also the organisation of the food supply chains. These significant changes severely impacted especially small and medium–sized enterprises which are likely to be exposed to unfair trading practices. Imbalances in bargaining power between large and small enterprises lead to competition inequalities and unfair trade practices that need a specific legislation governance. This paper provides an overview of the Slovak and EU legislation regulating unfair trade practices in agro–food sector. The main aim of both the European and Slovak legal acts regulating unfair trading practices is to ensure protection and fair income for businesses and quality and wider choice for consumers. In addition, the article also brings the overview of the EU directive transposition to the legal framework of individual EU member states.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124546587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Agricultural land, as a component of the environment, is one of the irreplaceable natural resources and, at the same time, through its functions, is an integral part of the quality of human lives. Several international institutions or scientists point to problems with land loss or decline in quality and, ultimately, to the increased need for soil protection, based on which governments implement various tools. The aim of the paper is therefore to compile a general overview of existing tools for the protection of agricultural land in Slovakia and to analyse selected strategies for land protection in the EU. The main source of information was represented by literary sources of publications by scientific researchers, Slovak and European bodies or institutions, and, last but not least, legal acts. The paper points to a wide range of existing tools and innovative strategies for the protection of agricultural land in Slovakia and the EU.
{"title":"An Overview of Selected Tools and Strategies for Agricultural Land Protection in Slovakia and the European Union","authors":"Zina Machničová","doi":"10.2478/eual-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Agricultural land, as a component of the environment, is one of the irreplaceable natural resources and, at the same time, through its functions, is an integral part of the quality of human lives. Several international institutions or scientists point to problems with land loss or decline in quality and, ultimately, to the increased need for soil protection, based on which governments implement various tools. The aim of the paper is therefore to compile a general overview of existing tools for the protection of agricultural land in Slovakia and to analyse selected strategies for land protection in the EU. The main source of information was represented by literary sources of publications by scientific researchers, Slovak and European bodies or institutions, and, last but not least, legal acts. The paper points to a wide range of existing tools and innovative strategies for the protection of agricultural land in Slovakia and the EU.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131147814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract As part of the negotiations for EU accession, the Republic of Serbia through Chapter 27 (Poglavlje 27 u Srbiji: Napredak pod ključem(1)), has begun the process of establishing a waste management system and adapting it to the goals and acquis communautaire(2). The key document in Serbia that aims for environmental awareness is called the Waste Management Program of the Republic of Serbia. Followed by the Waste Management Program of the Republic of Serbia, the Regional Waste Management Plan for 2019–2028 has been created and is addressing waste management and establishing a Regional Centre in the city of Novi Sad for Waste Management. Furthermore, the Local Waste Management Plan for the self–government unit of Bački Petrovac has been adopted in May 2021.
作为加入欧盟谈判的一部分，塞尔维亚共和国通过第27章(Poglavlje 27 u Srbiji: Napredak pod klju em(1))，已经开始建立废物管理系统并使其适应目标和获得共同体(2)的过程。塞尔维亚旨在提高环境意识的关键文件被称为塞尔维亚共和国废物管理计划。继《塞尔维亚共和国废物管理方案》之后，还制定了《2019-2028年区域废物管理计划》，该计划正在处理废物管理问题，并在诺维萨德市建立了一个废物管理区域中心。此外，2021年5月通过了ba基石油公司自治单位的《地方废物管理计划》。
{"title":"Implementation of Waste Management Program: Case Study of Self–Government Unit of Bački Petrovac in Serbia","authors":"Marina Valenćiková","doi":"10.2478/eual-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As part of the negotiations for EU accession, the Republic of Serbia through Chapter 27 (Poglavlje 27 u Srbiji: Napredak pod ključem(1)), has begun the process of establishing a waste management system and adapting it to the goals and acquis communautaire(2). The key document in Serbia that aims for environmental awareness is called the Waste Management Program of the Republic of Serbia. Followed by the Waste Management Program of the Republic of Serbia, the Regional Waste Management Plan for 2019–2028 has been created and is addressing waste management and establishing a Regional Centre in the city of Novi Sad for Waste Management. Furthermore, the Local Waste Management Plan for the self–government unit of Bački Petrovac has been adopted in May 2021.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133691069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The common agricultural policy and the implementation of this policy represent a relatively high part of the costs in the EU budget. From this point of view, the content of the common agricultural policy is important to meet both the primary objective (production of agricultural products) and the secondary objectives (sustainable development, soil protection, consumer and environmental protection).
{"title":"Common Agricultural Policy in the EU and the Ministry of Agriculture in the Czech Republic with a Focus on Environmental and Consumer Protection and Support for Smes","authors":"R. Jurčík","doi":"10.2478/eual-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The common agricultural policy and the implementation of this policy represent a relatively high part of the costs in the EU budget. From this point of view, the content of the common agricultural policy is important to meet both the primary objective (production of agricultural products) and the secondary objectives (sustainable development, soil protection, consumer and environmental protection).","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123189881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Lazíková, Ivan Takáč, Eric Rendón Schneir, Ľ. Rumanovská
Abstract Quinoa is known in the EU as superfood due to the high level of protein, fibre, micronutrients, and amino acids. It is come from South America; however, quinoa is currently grown in various parts of the world. Nevertheless, the domestic continent, especially countries such as Peru and Bolivia, is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of quinoa. One third of Peru’s quinoa production is imported to European Union. Despite the conclusion of an agreement with Peru and Bolivia that eliminated quinoa tariffs, there are many legal regulations of the EU that affects import of quinoa into the EU countries including the food safety and quality, food labelling, organic labels and nutrition and health claims, food packaging and shipment. The article deals with the most important EU legal norms of quinoa imports that must be complied with when importing quinoa.
{"title":"Legal Aspects of the Quinoa Imports Into the EU","authors":"J. Lazíková, Ivan Takáč, Eric Rendón Schneir, Ľ. Rumanovská","doi":"10.2478/eual-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Quinoa is known in the EU as superfood due to the high level of protein, fibre, micronutrients, and amino acids. It is come from South America; however, quinoa is currently grown in various parts of the world. Nevertheless, the domestic continent, especially countries such as Peru and Bolivia, is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of quinoa. One third of Peru’s quinoa production is imported to European Union. Despite the conclusion of an agreement with Peru and Bolivia that eliminated quinoa tariffs, there are many legal regulations of the EU that affects import of quinoa into the EU countries including the food safety and quality, food labelling, organic labels and nutrition and health claims, food packaging and shipment. The article deals with the most important EU legal norms of quinoa imports that must be complied with when importing quinoa.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127166439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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