Abstract Consumer protection has been included among the EU policies by the Maastricht Treaty and has become one of the EU dominant policies. A consumer is considered as a weaker party in the private legal relationships and therefore should be protected against a stronger contract party. However, the question “who is a consumer” arises very often. The judicature of the Court of Justice of the EU proves that the notion of consumer is still not clearly defined in the secondary law of the EU. The present paper brings the overview how the notion of consumer has developed in the EU secondary law and in the judicature of the Court of Justice of the EU and it points out actual issues related to the notion of consumer.
{"title":"The Notion of Consumer in the EU Law","authors":"J. Lazíková, Ľ. Rumanovská","doi":"10.1515/eual-2016-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2016-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Consumer protection has been included among the EU policies by the Maastricht Treaty and has become one of the EU dominant policies. A consumer is considered as a weaker party in the private legal relationships and therefore should be protected against a stronger contract party. However, the question “who is a consumer” arises very often. The judicature of the Court of Justice of the EU proves that the notion of consumer is still not clearly defined in the secondary law of the EU. The present paper brings the overview how the notion of consumer has developed in the EU secondary law and in the judicature of the Court of Justice of the EU and it points out actual issues related to the notion of consumer.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128609790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The goal of the present paper is to draw attention to some key rules and principles of the purchase contract. After the specification of this contract type we will deal in more details with the defective performance and the procedure of its complaint. As suggest the first assessment and reviews of the application of new legislation in its practical use and by the case law, in the achievement of the objective desired by the NCC - to increase the transparency of the procedure of complaints - the new legislation stacked in the middle of the way. The paper compares the impact of the new the previous and the current regulations, We will use the method of functional analysis as well as the method of legal formalistic comparison. It is obvious that the new rules respect the former régime of commercial contracts. The business sphere has undoubtedly welcomed this feature of the legal regime as the merchandisers are familiar with these rules. The second issue is, however, how this modification in the general regulation meets the expectations of the to provide sufficient legal certainty in the interpretation of contractual provisions and in the access to the protection of their interests by courts in the event of disputes.
{"title":"Legal Rules on the Purchase Contract under the Czech new Civil Code – – Selected Problems / Právní Úprava Kupní Smlouvy Ve Světle Nového Občanského Zákoníku Čr – – Vybrané Problémy","authors":"Martin Janků, Karel Marek","doi":"10.1515/eual-2016-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2016-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The goal of the present paper is to draw attention to some key rules and principles of the purchase contract. After the specification of this contract type we will deal in more details with the defective performance and the procedure of its complaint. As suggest the first assessment and reviews of the application of new legislation in its practical use and by the case law, in the achievement of the objective desired by the NCC - to increase the transparency of the procedure of complaints - the new legislation stacked in the middle of the way. The paper compares the impact of the new the previous and the current regulations, We will use the method of functional analysis as well as the method of legal formalistic comparison. It is obvious that the new rules respect the former régime of commercial contracts. The business sphere has undoubtedly welcomed this feature of the legal regime as the merchandisers are familiar with these rules. The second issue is, however, how this modification in the general regulation meets the expectations of the to provide sufficient legal certainty in the interpretation of contractual provisions and in the access to the protection of their interests by courts in the event of disputes.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121722840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Consumer protection is a dominant policy of the EU. Despite this fact, the article 169 of the Treaty on Functioning of the European Union does not enable to adopt the binding legal laws on consumer protection per se. The binding legal laws could be adopted only within the context of other politics and activities on the internal market of the EU. The paper addresses the consumer policy and its status in the EU law by the historical development and legal analysis of the article 169 of the Treaty, secondary law development of consumer protection, jurisprudence, and judicature of the Court of the Justice of the EU.
{"title":"The Consumer Policy in the Eu Law / Spotrebiteľská Politika V Práve Eú","authors":"Jarmila Lazíková","doi":"10.1515/eual-2016-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2016-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Consumer protection is a dominant policy of the EU. Despite this fact, the article 169 of the Treaty on Functioning of the European Union does not enable to adopt the binding legal laws on consumer protection per se. The binding legal laws could be adopted only within the context of other politics and activities on the internal market of the EU. The paper addresses the consumer policy and its status in the EU law by the historical development and legal analysis of the article 169 of the Treaty, secondary law development of consumer protection, jurisprudence, and judicature of the Court of the Justice of the EU.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126661165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The issue of labour relations between a cooperative and its members is a quite few frequent subject of interest in the area of scientific public. Specificities of previous legislation of the position of members of cooperatives whose members’ relations are determined by the labour - law relations are also reflected in the current regulation. There absent rational reason of different approach. In the paper we deal with a short consideration of coherence between the Labour Code and the Commercial Code of the Slovak republic, highlighting the importance of the statutes of the cooperative. We also deal with the theoretical and practical issues resulting from analyzed acts with the effort to appeal to the necessity of unification the legislation of labour relations of nonmembers of cooperative with relations of members of cooperative. The basic consideration de lege ferenda is to constitute the conformity of current regulation to prevent the application uncertainty.
{"title":"Labour Relations of Members of Cooperatives in the Slovak Republic / Pracovné Vzťahy Členov Družstiev Na Slovensku","authors":"Monika Seilerová","doi":"10.1515/eual-2016-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2016-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The issue of labour relations between a cooperative and its members is a quite few frequent subject of interest in the area of scientific public. Specificities of previous legislation of the position of members of cooperatives whose members’ relations are determined by the labour - law relations are also reflected in the current regulation. There absent rational reason of different approach. In the paper we deal with a short consideration of coherence between the Labour Code and the Commercial Code of the Slovak republic, highlighting the importance of the statutes of the cooperative. We also deal with the theoretical and practical issues resulting from analyzed acts with the effort to appeal to the necessity of unification the legislation of labour relations of nonmembers of cooperative with relations of members of cooperative. The basic consideration de lege ferenda is to constitute the conformity of current regulation to prevent the application uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121344326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Article 4 of the Unified Customs and Practices of Documentary Letters of Credit establishes the notion of autonomy principle by separating credit from underlying contract between account party and beneficiary. Article 5 by recognizing the autonomy principle confirms that effectuate the payment under credit, banks only deal with documents and not with goods. As a result, while documentary letters of credit are meant to facilitate the process of international trade, their sole dependency on compliance of presented documents to bank by beneficiary to actualize the payment will increase the risk of fraud and forgery in the course of their operation. Interestingly, UCP (currently UCP600) takes a silent status regarding the problem of fraud in international LC operation and leaves the ground open for national laws to provide remedies to affected parties by fraudulent beneficiary. National Laws have different approaches to the problem of fraud in general and fraud in international LC operation in particular which makes the access of affected parties to possible remedies complicated and difficult. Current paper tries to find answer to the questions of (i) what available remedies are provided to affected parties in international LC fraud by different legal systems? (ii) And what are conditions for benefiting from such remedies under different legal systems? In achieving its objective, paper will be divided in two main parts to study remedies provided by intentional legal frameworks as well as the ones offered by national laws. Part one will study the position of UCP and UNCITRAL Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit (UNCITRAL Convention) and remedies, which they provide to LC fraud in international trade. Part two in contrary will study available remedies to LC fraud and condition for access them under English and American legal system.
《跟单信用证统一惯例》第4条将信用证与受益人之间的基础合同分离开来，确立了自主原则的概念。第5条通过承认自主原则，确认了在信用证项下，银行只处理单据而不处理货物。因此，虽然跟单信用证的目的是促进国际贸易的进程，但它们完全依赖于受益人向银行提交的单据的一致性来实现付款，这将增加其操作过程中欺诈和伪造的风险。有趣的是，UCP(目前为UCP600)对国际信用证操作中的欺诈问题保持沉默，并为国家法律为欺诈受益人的受影响方提供救济留下了空间。各国法律对一般欺诈问题和国际信用证操作中的欺诈问题有不同的处理方法，这使得受影响方获得可能的补救措施变得复杂和困难。本文试图找到以下问题的答案:(i)不同法律制度为国际信用证欺诈中受影响的当事人提供了哪些可用的补救措施?(ii)在不同的法律制度下，受惠于这些补救措施的条件是什么?为了实现其目标，本文将分为两个主要部分，以研究故意法律框架提供的补救措施以及国家法律提供的补救措施。第一部分将研究UCP和UNCITRAL《独立担保和备用信用证公约》(UNCITRAL Convention on Independent guarantee and Standby信用证)在国际贸易中对信用证欺诈所提供的地位和救济。第二部分则相反，将研究英美法系下信用证欺诈的救济措施及其适用条件。
{"title":"Remedies to Fraud in Documentary Letters of Credit: A Comparative Perspective / Opravné Opatrenia Pri Podvodoch S Dokumentárnymi Akreditívami: Komparatívna Perspektíva","authors":"H. Alavi","doi":"10.1515/eual-2016-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2016-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Article 4 of the Unified Customs and Practices of Documentary Letters of Credit establishes the notion of autonomy principle by separating credit from underlying contract between account party and beneficiary. Article 5 by recognizing the autonomy principle confirms that effectuate the payment under credit, banks only deal with documents and not with goods. As a result, while documentary letters of credit are meant to facilitate the process of international trade, their sole dependency on compliance of presented documents to bank by beneficiary to actualize the payment will increase the risk of fraud and forgery in the course of their operation. Interestingly, UCP (currently UCP600) takes a silent status regarding the problem of fraud in international LC operation and leaves the ground open for national laws to provide remedies to affected parties by fraudulent beneficiary. National Laws have different approaches to the problem of fraud in general and fraud in international LC operation in particular which makes the access of affected parties to possible remedies complicated and difficult. Current paper tries to find answer to the questions of (i) what available remedies are provided to affected parties in international LC fraud by different legal systems? (ii) And what are conditions for benefiting from such remedies under different legal systems? In achieving its objective, paper will be divided in two main parts to study remedies provided by intentional legal frameworks as well as the ones offered by national laws. Part one will study the position of UCP and UNCITRAL Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit (UNCITRAL Convention) and remedies, which they provide to LC fraud in international trade. Part two in contrary will study available remedies to LC fraud and condition for access them under English and American legal system.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114516347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Estonian immigration policies have been largely influenced by its historical development. The figures from 1989 show that the population was only 61.5 percent Estonian by origin with the remaining 38.5 percent belonging to other ethnic backgrounds. Remarkably, 26 percent of the Estonian population were foreign born.(1) After joining the European Union in 2004, Estonia faced a high rate of outward migration, which was connected, inter alia, to the higher average salaries of the other Member States. The rapid expansion of the Estonian economy and growth of employment coupled with the negative population growth contributed to the need of foreign skilled labour.(2) Besides, the recent reform in the education system accounts for shortage of technical specialists in some labour areas.(3) It is thus not surprising that Estonian government employs focused, selective and demand-based immigration strategies to fight the ‘global war for talents’.(4),(5) The objective of the restrictive immigration policy is to attract first and foremost highly qualified professionals in the strategic economic areas while avoiding uncontrolled immigration and increase the sustainability and competitiveness of the Estonian economy. First part of current paper provides an overview of who falls under the classification of a ‘skilled’ worker and the Estonian perspective on talent attraction and retention. The second part lays down the existing legal framework, which covers the conditions and procedures of knowledge-worker’s immigration to Estonia. Particularly, this includes the relatively recent amendments to the Aliens Act 2004, which came into force in 2008 and set forth a facilitated approach towards entry and residence requirements. Abstrakt Historicky vyvoj v Estonsku sa vo veľkej miere prejavil aj na formulacii miestnej imigračnej politiky. Štatisticke data z roku 1989 dokazuju, že len 61,5% populacie malo estonsky povod a zvyšnych 38,5% malo ine etnicke pozadie. Až 26% populacie Estonska sa narodilo v inej krajine(1). Po vstupe Estonska do Europskej unie v roku 2004, bola zaznamenana masivna migracia z krajiny, ktora bola prevažne spojena s vyššimi priemernymi mzdami v ostatnych členskych štatoch. Rychla expanzia estonskej ekonomiky a rast zamestnanosti, sprevadzane negativnym rastom populacie, prispeli k potrebe po kvalifi kovanej zahraničnej pracovnej sile(2). Navyše, nedavna reforma systemu vzdelavania sa prejavila v nedostatku technickych odbornikov v niektorych oblastiach(3). A teda nie je prekvapujuce, že estonska vlada zaviedla sustredenu, selektivnu, dopytovo zameranu imigračnu strategiu v “globalnom boji o talent”(4),(5). Cieľom reštriktivnej imigračnej politiky je ziskať hlavne kvalifi kovanych expertov v strategickych ekonomickych oblastiach, vyhnuť sa nekontrolovanej imigracii a tiež prispieť k udržateľnosti a konkurencieschopnosti estonskej ekonomiky. Prva časť predkladaneho prispevku poskytuje prehľad o tom, na koho sa vzťahuje klasifi kacia “kvali
爱沙尼亚的移民政策在很大程度上受到其历史发展的影响。1989年的数字表明，人口中只有61.5%是爱沙尼亚人，其余38.5%属于其他种族背景。值得注意的是，26%的爱沙尼亚人口是在外国出生的。(1)2004年加入欧盟后，爱沙尼亚面临着向外移民的高比率，这与其他成员国较高的平均工资有关。爱沙尼亚经济的迅速扩张和就业的增长，加上人口的负增长，促成了对外国熟练劳工的需求。(2)此外，最近教育制度的改革造成了一些劳工领域技术专家的短缺。(3)因此，爱沙尼亚政府雇用重点、限制性移民政策的目标首先是吸引战略经济领域的高素质专业人员，同时避免不受控制的移民，增加爱沙尼亚经济的可持续性和竞争力。(4)，(5)当前论文的第一部分概述了谁属于“熟练”工人的分类以及爱沙尼亚对人才吸引和保留的看法。第二部分规定了现有的法律框架，其中包括知识工人移民爱沙尼亚的条件和程序。特别是，这包括对2004年《外国人法》相对较新的修正案，该修正案于2008年生效，为入境和居住要求提出了便利的办法。[摘要]历史上的vyvoj v Estonsku sa vo veľkej miere prejavil aj na formulacii miestnej emigra nej政治]。Štatisticke数据z roku 1989 dokazuju， že len 61,5%的人口malo estonsky povod和zvyšnych 38,5%的malo ine etnicke pozadie。26%的人口爱沙尼亚sa narodilo和inej krajine(1)。Po vstupe Estonska do europskjunie v roku 2004, bola zaznamenana masivna migracia z krajiny, ktora bola prevažne spojena s vyššimi priemernymi mzdami v ostatnych lenskych štatoch。松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香松香(2)。Navyše, nedavna改革系统vzdelavania sa prejavila v nedostatku technickich obornikov v nedotorich oblastiach(3)。[1] [footnoteref: 1] [footnoteref: 1] [[estonska vlada zaviedla sustredenu]， [selektivu]， [footnoteref: 1] [footnoteref: 1]。Cieľom reštriktivnej imigra nej政治je ziskaetv hlavne kvalifi kovanych专家v战略经济学，kvalifi kovanych专家战略经济学，vyhnuovi专家战略经济学，vyhnuovi战略经济学，vyhnuovi战略经济学，vyhnuovi政策经济学udržateľnosti a konkurencieschopnosti estonskej经济。Prva askv predkladaneho pripevku poskytuje prehľad o tom, na koho sa vzťahuje klasifi kacia“kvalifi kovanej”pracovnej silily a tieevestonsky pohľad na ziskavanie a udržanie talentov。爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人在爱沙尼亚的爱沙尼亚人。2004年9月，俄罗斯与俄罗斯之间的关系出现了变化，俄罗斯与俄罗斯之间的关系出现了变化，俄罗斯与俄罗斯之间的关系出现了变化。
{"title":"Immigration of Highly–Skilled Workers to Estonia: Current Trends and Legislative Framework / Imigrácia Kvalifikovanej Pracovnej Sily Do Estónska: Súčasné Trendy A Právny Rámec","authors":"H. Alavi, T. Khamichonak","doi":"10.1515/eual-2015-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2015-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Estonian immigration policies have been largely influenced by its historical development. The figures from 1989 show that the population was only 61.5 percent Estonian by origin with the remaining 38.5 percent belonging to other ethnic backgrounds. Remarkably, 26 percent of the Estonian population were foreign born.(1) After joining the European Union in 2004, Estonia faced a high rate of outward migration, which was connected, inter alia, to the higher average salaries of the other Member States. The rapid expansion of the Estonian economy and growth of employment coupled with the negative population growth contributed to the need of foreign skilled labour.(2) Besides, the recent reform in the education system accounts for shortage of technical specialists in some labour areas.(3) It is thus not surprising that Estonian government employs focused, selective and demand-based immigration strategies to fight the ‘global war for talents’.(4),(5) The objective of the restrictive immigration policy is to attract first and foremost highly qualified professionals in the strategic economic areas while avoiding uncontrolled immigration and increase the sustainability and competitiveness of the Estonian economy. First part of current paper provides an overview of who falls under the classification of a ‘skilled’ worker and the Estonian perspective on talent attraction and retention. The second part lays down the existing legal framework, which covers the conditions and procedures of knowledge-worker’s immigration to Estonia. Particularly, this includes the relatively recent amendments to the Aliens Act 2004, which came into force in 2008 and set forth a facilitated approach towards entry and residence requirements. Abstrakt Historicky vyvoj v Estonsku sa vo veľkej miere prejavil aj na formulacii miestnej imigračnej politiky. Štatisticke data z roku 1989 dokazuju, že len 61,5% populacie malo estonsky povod a zvyšnych 38,5% malo ine etnicke pozadie. Až 26% populacie Estonska sa narodilo v inej krajine(1). Po vstupe Estonska do Europskej unie v roku 2004, bola zaznamenana masivna migracia z krajiny, ktora bola prevažne spojena s vyššimi priemernymi mzdami v ostatnych členskych štatoch. Rychla expanzia estonskej ekonomiky a rast zamestnanosti, sprevadzane negativnym rastom populacie, prispeli k potrebe po kvalifi kovanej zahraničnej pracovnej sile(2). Navyše, nedavna reforma systemu vzdelavania sa prejavila v nedostatku technickych odbornikov v niektorych oblastiach(3). A teda nie je prekvapujuce, že estonska vlada zaviedla sustredenu, selektivnu, dopytovo zameranu imigračnu strategiu v “globalnom boji o talent”(4),(5). Cieľom reštriktivnej imigračnej politiky je ziskať hlavne kvalifi kovanych expertov v strategickych ekonomickych oblastiach, vyhnuť sa nekontrolovanej imigracii a tiež prispieť k udržateľnosti a konkurencieschopnosti estonskej ekonomiky. Prva časť predkladaneho prispevku poskytuje prehľad o tom, na koho sa vzťahuje klasifi kacia “kvali","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130281043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract EU agrarian policy is one of the most extensive policies of the EU. The aim of this paper is to analyse the EU agrarian policy legal framework from the point of view of law & development concept. Final remarks are based on an analysis of three topics: (1st) law & development concept, (2nd) agrarian policies and development, and (3rd) EU concept of development. Results show position of the EU agrarian policy legal framework in the EU development practice. The EU agrarian policy legal framework might be labelled as “law in development”. Several instruments have been implemented, but their impact on development is not unequivocal. There is no doubt about role of law in development as well as that the EU agricultural policy is core policy for development of the EU regions. Based on interconnections and justification we can argue that the EU agrarian policy legal framework is a substantial part of internal EU development concept and practice. Abstrakt Agrarna politika patri k najrozsiahlejšim politikam Europskej unie. Cieľom prispevku je analyzovať pravny ramec agrarnej politiky EU z pohľadu konceptu prava a rozvoja. Zhrnutie prispevku je založene na analyze troch tem a to: (prva) koncept prava a rozvoja, (druha) agrarne politiky a rozvoj a (tretia) europsky koncept rozvoja. Vysledky poukazuju na poziciu pravneho ramca agrarnej politiky EU v ramci rozvojovej praxe EU. Pravny ramec pre agrarnu politiku EU može byť označovany ako „pravo v rozvoji“. Napriek tomu, že doteraz bolo implementovanych niekoľko nastrojov, ich dopad na rozvoj nie je jednoznačny. Na druhej strane však neexistuju pochybnosti o tom, že pravo zohrava vyznamnu ulohu pri rozvoji, rovnako ako o tom, že polnohospodarska politika EU je zakladnou politikou pre rozvoj regionov v EU. Na zaklade vzajomneho prepojenia a zdovodnenia možno argumentovať, že pravny ramec agrarnej politiky je podstatnou sučasťou vnutorneho konceptu a rozvojovej praxe EU.
欧盟农业政策是欧盟最广泛的政策之一。本文旨在从法律与发展观的角度对欧盟土地政策法律框架进行分析。最后的评论是基于对三个主题的分析:(1)法律与发展理念;(2)农业政策与发展;(3)欧盟发展理念。结果表明欧盟土地政策法律框架在欧盟发展实践中的地位。欧盟的农业政策法律框架可以被称为“发展中的法律”。已经执行了若干文书，但它们对发展的影响并不明确。法律在发展中的作用是毋庸置疑的，欧盟农业政策是欧盟地区发展的核心政策。基于相互联系和正当性，我们可以认为欧盟土地政策法律框架是欧盟内部发展理念和实践的重要组成部分。[摘要]农业政治研究与发展najrozsiahlejšim欧洲政治研究。Cieľom pripevku je analyzovova pravny框架农业政治EU z pohľadu概念prava a rozvoja。Zhrnutie pripevku je založene na分析troch tem a:(prva)概念prava a rozvoja， (druha) agrarne politica rozvoja， (tretia) europsky概念rozvoja。Vysledky poukazuju na poziciu pravneho ramca agrarnej political EU v ramci rozvojovej praxe EU。Pravny框架preagrarnu politiku EU može by * ozna ovany ako " pravo v rozvoji "。Napriek tomu， že doteraz bolo implementation tovanych niekoľko nastrojov, ich dopad na rozvoj nie je jednozna ny。Na druhej strane však neexistuju pochybnosti to tom， že pravo zohrava vyznamnu ulohu pri rozvoji, rovnako ako o tom， že polnohospodarska politika EU je zakladnou politikou prerozvoj regionov v EU。Na zaklade vzajomneho prepojenia a zdovodnenia možno argumentovavov， že pravny框架农业政治je podstatnou sučasťou vnutorneho概念和rozvojovej实践EU。
{"title":"Eu Agrarian Policy Legal Framework as a Part of the Eu Development Practice / Právny Rámec Agrárnej Politiky Eú Ako Súčasť Eú Rozvojovej Praxe","authors":"Tomáš Malatinec","doi":"10.1515/eual-2015-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2015-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract EU agrarian policy is one of the most extensive policies of the EU. The aim of this paper is to analyse the EU agrarian policy legal framework from the point of view of law & development concept. Final remarks are based on an analysis of three topics: (1st) law & development concept, (2nd) agrarian policies and development, and (3rd) EU concept of development. Results show position of the EU agrarian policy legal framework in the EU development practice. The EU agrarian policy legal framework might be labelled as “law in development”. Several instruments have been implemented, but their impact on development is not unequivocal. There is no doubt about role of law in development as well as that the EU agricultural policy is core policy for development of the EU regions. Based on interconnections and justification we can argue that the EU agrarian policy legal framework is a substantial part of internal EU development concept and practice. Abstrakt Agrarna politika patri k najrozsiahlejšim politikam Europskej unie. Cieľom prispevku je analyzovať pravny ramec agrarnej politiky EU z pohľadu konceptu prava a rozvoja. Zhrnutie prispevku je založene na analyze troch tem a to: (prva) koncept prava a rozvoja, (druha) agrarne politiky a rozvoj a (tretia) europsky koncept rozvoja. Vysledky poukazuju na poziciu pravneho ramca agrarnej politiky EU v ramci rozvojovej praxe EU. Pravny ramec pre agrarnu politiku EU može byť označovany ako „pravo v rozvoji“. Napriek tomu, že doteraz bolo implementovanych niekoľko nastrojov, ich dopad na rozvoj nie je jednoznačny. Na druhej strane však neexistuju pochybnosti o tom, že pravo zohrava vyznamnu ulohu pri rozvoji, rovnako ako o tom, že polnohospodarska politika EU je zakladnou politikou pre rozvoj regionov v EU. Na zaklade vzajomneho prepojenia a zdovodnenia možno argumentovať, že pravny ramec agrarnej politiky je podstatnou sučasťou vnutorneho konceptu a rozvojovej praxe EU.","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132878893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Growing renewable energy plants on agricultural land and its further energy usage presents a significant importance for implementing long-term strategy of Slovakia in the area of acquisition and use of renewable energy sources (RES). Renewable energy plants together fulfil the objectives of Europe 2020 strategy and contributes to diversification of energy resources. The paper draws on the EU and national legislation regulating RES. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC are analysed. Broadly, the topic of the renewable energy resources is integrated in Rural Development Program 2014 - 2020. More specifically, Biomass Action Plan 2008- 2013, Strategy of higher use of the renewable energy resources in Slovakia and Strategy of energy security of Slovakia till 2030 have been adopted. Sustainable use of agricultural land, its management and use, as well as the protection of its quality and functions are regulated by Act No. 220/2004 Coll. on the protection and use of agricultural land and amending the Act no. 245/2003 Coll. on integrated prevention and control of environmental pollution and amending certain acts as amended which came into the force 1. May 2004. Act. No. 57/2013 Coll. with is in effect from 1 April 2013, establishes the principles and procedure for the establishment of plantations of fast-growing trees on agricultural land. Slovak legislation introduced a register for fast-growing trees in Slovak territories at each district office, Land and Forest Department in Slovakia (72). The survey at registers shows that this legislation promoted the farmers to start to use marginal land for fast-growing trees. Abstrakt Pestovanie energetickych rastlin a drevin na poľnohospodarskej pode a ďalšie využitie ich energie predstavuje zasadny vyznam pre realizaciu dlhodobej strategie Slovenska v oblasti ziskavania a využivania obnoviteľnych zdrojov energie (OZE). Energeticke rastliny spĺňaju ciele strategie Europa 2020 a prispievaju k diverzifi kacii energetickych zdrojov. Prispevok vychadza z pravnych predpisov EU a narodnej legislativy upravujucej OZE. Analyzovane su Smernica 2009/28/ES Europskeho parlamentu a Rady z 23. aprila 2009 o podpore využivania energie z obnoviteľnych zdrojov a o zmene a naslednom zrušeni smernic 2001/77/ES a 2003/30/ES. Tema obnoviteľnych zdrojov energie je integrovana do Programu rozvoja vidieka 2014 - 2020. Konkretne Akčny plan pre biomasu 2008-2013, Strategia vyššieho využitia obnoviteľnych zdrojov energie na Slovensku a Strategia energetickej bezpečnosti Slovenska bola prijata až do roku 2030. Trvalo udržateľne využivanie poľnohospodarskej pody, jeho riadenie a využivanie, ako aj ochrana jeho kvality a funkcie su upravene zakonom č 220/2004 Zb. o ochrane a využivani poľnohospodarskej pody a ktorym sa meni zakon č. 245/2003 Zb., o i
在农业用地上种植可再生能源植物及其进一步的能源使用对于斯洛伐克在可再生能源(RES)的获取和使用领域实施长期战略具有重要意义。可再生能源工厂共同实现了欧洲2020战略的目标，并有助于能源的多样化。本文借鉴了欧盟和各国监管res的立法，分析了2009年4月23日欧洲议会和理事会关于促进可再生能源使用以及修订和随后废除指令2001/77/EC和2003/30/EC的2009/28/EC指令。从广义上讲，可再生能源的主题被纳入了2014 - 2020年农村发展计划。更具体地说，通过了《2008- 2013年生物质行动计划》、《斯洛伐克提高可再生能源利用战略》和《斯洛伐克至2030年能源安全战略》。第220/2004 Coll号法令规定了农业用地的可持续利用、管理和使用以及对其质量和功能的保护。农业用地保护与利用及修改第2号法。245/2003的科尔。关于环境污染综合防治及部分法律修订实施的问题1。2004年5月。的行为。第57/2013号公告自2013年4月1日起生效，规定了在农业用地上建立速生树木种植园的原则和程序。斯洛伐克立法在斯洛伐克土地和林业部的每个区办事处设立了斯洛伐克领土上的速生树木登记册(72)。登记处的调查显示，这项立法促使农民开始利用边缘土地种植速生树木。摘要/ abstract摘要:pesstovanie energetickych - rastne驱动的poľnohospodarskej pod - ďalšie využitie丰富的能源preprestavuje zasadny vzznam预实现的战略斯洛文尼亚v oblasti ziskavania和využivania obnoviteľnych zdrojov能源(OZE)。大力发展spĺňaju大力发展战略欧罗巴2020年一个pripievaju k多样化的kaci大力发展zdrojov。pripevok vychadza - pravnych predpisov - EU - narodnej立法机构对OZE的立法。分析信号，2009/28/ES，欧洲议会，2009年3月。2009年4月o podpore využivania energie z obnoviteľnych zdrojov a o zmene a naslednom zrušeni smernic 2001/77/ES a 2003/30/ES。Tema obnoviteľnych zdrojov energy je integrgrovana do Programu rozvoja vidieka 2014 - 2020。Konkretne akny plan pre biomasu 2008-2013, Strategia vyššieho využitia obnoviteľnych zdrojov energie na Slovensku a Strategia energetickej bezpenosti Slovenska bola prijata azudo roku 2030。Trvalo udržateľne využivanie poľnohospodarskej pody, jeho riadenie a využivanie, ako ajochrana jeho kvality a funkcie su upavene zakonom [220/2004] Zb。O ochrane a využivani poľnohospodarskej pody a ktorym sa meni zakon。Zb 245/2003。[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]，[1]。玛雅2004年。Zakonč。Zb 57/2013。1.我很高兴见到你。2013年4月，stanovuje zasady的一个postup zriaďovania plantaži rychlorastucich驱动一个poľnohospodarskej pode。Slovenska pravna uprava zaviedla register rychlo rastucich drivin na každom okresnom urade (72)， na pozemkovom and lesnom odbore na Slovensku。Prieskum tychto registrov ukazuje， že tato pravna uprava podporuje poľnohospodarov, aby zaali použivať marginalne pody prerychlo rasviniy。
{"title":"Legislation of Renewable Energy Sources In Slovakia / Legislatívna Úprava Obnoviteľných Zdrojov Energie Na Slovensku","authors":"Eleonóra Marišová, Zuzana Ilková, Lucia Palšová, Kristína Mandalová","doi":"10.1515/eual-2015-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2015-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Growing renewable energy plants on agricultural land and its further energy usage presents a significant importance for implementing long-term strategy of Slovakia in the area of acquisition and use of renewable energy sources (RES). Renewable energy plants together fulfil the objectives of Europe 2020 strategy and contributes to diversification of energy resources. The paper draws on the EU and national legislation regulating RES. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC are analysed. Broadly, the topic of the renewable energy resources is integrated in Rural Development Program 2014 - 2020. More specifically, Biomass Action Plan 2008- 2013, Strategy of higher use of the renewable energy resources in Slovakia and Strategy of energy security of Slovakia till 2030 have been adopted. Sustainable use of agricultural land, its management and use, as well as the protection of its quality and functions are regulated by Act No. 220/2004 Coll. on the protection and use of agricultural land and amending the Act no. 245/2003 Coll. on integrated prevention and control of environmental pollution and amending certain acts as amended which came into the force 1. May 2004. Act. No. 57/2013 Coll. with is in effect from 1 April 2013, establishes the principles and procedure for the establishment of plantations of fast-growing trees on agricultural land. Slovak legislation introduced a register for fast-growing trees in Slovak territories at each district office, Land and Forest Department in Slovakia (72). The survey at registers shows that this legislation promoted the farmers to start to use marginal land for fast-growing trees. Abstrakt Pestovanie energetickych rastlin a drevin na poľnohospodarskej pode a ďalšie využitie ich energie predstavuje zasadny vyznam pre realizaciu dlhodobej strategie Slovenska v oblasti ziskavania a využivania obnoviteľnych zdrojov energie (OZE). Energeticke rastliny spĺňaju ciele strategie Europa 2020 a prispievaju k diverzifi kacii energetickych zdrojov. Prispevok vychadza z pravnych predpisov EU a narodnej legislativy upravujucej OZE. Analyzovane su Smernica 2009/28/ES Europskeho parlamentu a Rady z 23. aprila 2009 o podpore využivania energie z obnoviteľnych zdrojov a o zmene a naslednom zrušeni smernic 2001/77/ES a 2003/30/ES. Tema obnoviteľnych zdrojov energie je integrovana do Programu rozvoja vidieka 2014 - 2020. Konkretne Akčny plan pre biomasu 2008-2013, Strategia vyššieho využitia obnoviteľnych zdrojov energie na Slovensku a Strategia energetickej bezpečnosti Slovenska bola prijata až do roku 2030. Trvalo udržateľne využivanie poľnohospodarskej pody, jeho riadenie a využivanie, ako aj ochrana jeho kvality a funkcie su upravene zakonom č 220/2004 Zb. o ochrane a využivani poľnohospodarskej pody a ktorym sa meni zakon č. 245/2003 Zb., o i","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124939875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Distilling industry is among the traditional sectors of the food industry. It is a significant producers of agricultural primary production and the most stable component of demand in the labour market. Among all the sectors of the food industry, however, it is subject to the greatest extent of the regulation of the business by state, when a crucial component of regulation is the legal regulation of the selection of the excise tax on alcohol. Given the considerable degree of regulation of excise taxes on alcoholic beverages by one of the secondary law of the EU, it is considered appropriate to assess the level of transposition of basic elements of excise tax on alcohol, as defined by literature, into the legal order of the Slovak Republic. Abstrakt Liehovarnicky priemysel patri medzi tradične odvetvia potravinarskeho priemyslu. Je vyznamnym spracovateľom poľnohospodarskej prvovyroby a stabilnou zložkou dopytu na trhu prace. Z pomedzi všetkych odvetvi potravinarskeho priemyslu však podlieha najvyššej miere regulacie podnikania zo strany štatu, keď rozhodujucou zložkou regulacie je pravna uprava vyberu spotrebnej dane z liehu. Vzhľadom na značnu mieru regulacie spotrebnych dani z alkoholickych napojov sekundarnym pravom EU považujeme za vhodne zhodnotiť uroveň transpozicie zakladnych prvkov spotrebnej dane z liehu, tak ako ich vymedzuje odborna literatura, do pravneho poriadku SR
蒸馏工业是食品工业的传统部门之一。它是农业初级产品的重要生产者，也是劳动力市场需求中最稳定的组成部分。然而，在食品工业的所有部门中，它受到国家对业务的最大程度的监管，而监管的一个关键组成部分是对酒精消费税选择的法律监管。鉴于欧盟的一项二级法律对酒精饮料消费税有相当程度的管制，认为有必要评估文献所界定的酒精消费税基本要素在斯洛伐克共和国法律秩序中的转变程度。[摘要]Liehovarnicky priysel patri medzi tradinne odvetvia potravinarskeho priemyslu。Je vyznamnym spracovateľom poľnohospodarskej provvyrom a stable now zložkou dopyytu na tru实践。Z pomedzi všetkych ovetvi potravinarskeho priemyslu však podlieha najvyššej miere regulacie podnikania zo strany štatu, keke rozhdujucou zložkou regulacie je pravna uprava vyberu spotrebnej dane Z liehu。Vzhľadom na zna mieru regulacie spotrebnych dani z alkoholickych napojov sekundarnym pravom EU považujeme za vhodne zhdnotilovovekov transpozicie zakladnych prvkov spotrebnej dane z liehu, tak ako ich vymedzuje odborna literature, do pravneho poriadku SR
{"title":"Excise Tax on Alcohol According to Legal Law of Slovak Republic In Terms Of Eu Secondary Law Transposition / Spotrebná Daň Z Liehu V Právnom Poriadku Slovenskej Republiky Z Hľadiska Transpozície Sekundárneho Práva Eú","authors":"Ondrej Beňuš","doi":"10.1515/eual-2015-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2015-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Distilling industry is among the traditional sectors of the food industry. It is a significant producers of agricultural primary production and the most stable component of demand in the labour market. Among all the sectors of the food industry, however, it is subject to the greatest extent of the regulation of the business by state, when a crucial component of regulation is the legal regulation of the selection of the excise tax on alcohol. Given the considerable degree of regulation of excise taxes on alcoholic beverages by one of the secondary law of the EU, it is considered appropriate to assess the level of transposition of basic elements of excise tax on alcohol, as defined by literature, into the legal order of the Slovak Republic. Abstrakt Liehovarnicky priemysel patri medzi tradične odvetvia potravinarskeho priemyslu. Je vyznamnym spracovateľom poľnohospodarskej prvovyroby a stabilnou zložkou dopytu na trhu prace. Z pomedzi všetkych odvetvi potravinarskeho priemyslu však podlieha najvyššej miere regulacie podnikania zo strany štatu, keď rozhodujucou zložkou regulacie je pravna uprava vyberu spotrebnej dane z liehu. Vzhľadom na značnu mieru regulacie spotrebnych dani z alkoholickych napojov sekundarnym pravom EU považujeme za vhodne zhodnotiť uroveň transpozicie zakladnych prvkov spotrebnej dane z liehu, tak ako ich vymedzuje odborna literatura, do pravneho poriadku SR","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116218039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Direct payments belong to one of the main supporting instruments of EU agricultural sector representing the support of farmers´ income. In the new programming period (2014-2020) there is a transition from full decoupling to targeting of direct payments. Strong emphasis will be given especially on environmental aspects representing by „greening“. The aim of the paper is to describe and review the Legal regulation of direct payments at both EU and Slovak republic level. Comparison of the amount of direct payments in 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 is also being presented. Finally selected problems in direct payments implementation are introduced and discussed Abstrakt Priame platby patria k jedným z hlavných podporných nástrojov poľnohospodárskeho sektora v EÚ, pričom predstavujú príjmovú podporu poľnohospodárov. V novom programovom období (2014- 2020) dochádza k prechodu od úplného oddelenia platieb od produkcie k tzv. zacieleniu priamych platieb. Silný dôraz sa bude klásť predovšetkým na environmentálne aspekty, ktoré sú súčasťou konceptu “ozeleneňovania”. Cieľom článku je popísať a recenzovať právnu úpravu priamych platieb na úrovni EÚ aj SR. Ďalej je zhodnotené porovnanie výšky priamych platieb v rokoch 2007-2013 a 2014-2020. V závere sú priblížené a diskutované vybrané problémy v systéme implementácie priamych platieb
{"title":"Legal Regulation of Direct Payments in EU and Slovak Republic in Programming Period 2014-2020 / Právna Úprava Priamych Platieb V Eú A Slovenskej Republike V Programovom Období 2014-2020","authors":"Lucia Palšová, P. Schwarcz","doi":"10.1515/eual-2015-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eual-2015-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Direct payments belong to one of the main supporting instruments of EU agricultural sector representing the support of farmers´ income. In the new programming period (2014-2020) there is a transition from full decoupling to targeting of direct payments. Strong emphasis will be given especially on environmental aspects representing by „greening“. The aim of the paper is to describe and review the Legal regulation of direct payments at both EU and Slovak republic level. Comparison of the amount of direct payments in 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 is also being presented. Finally selected problems in direct payments implementation are introduced and discussed Abstrakt Priame platby patria k jedným z hlavných podporných nástrojov poľnohospodárskeho sektora v EÚ, pričom predstavujú príjmovú podporu poľnohospodárov. V novom programovom období (2014- 2020) dochádza k prechodu od úplného oddelenia platieb od produkcie k tzv. zacieleniu priamych platieb. Silný dôraz sa bude klásť predovšetkým na environmentálne aspekty, ktoré sú súčasťou konceptu “ozeleneňovania”. Cieľom článku je popísať a recenzovať právnu úpravu priamych platieb na úrovni EÚ aj SR. Ďalej je zhodnotené porovnanie výšky priamych platieb v rokoch 2007-2013 a 2014-2020. V závere sú priblížené a diskutované vybrané problémy v systéme implementácie priamych platieb","PeriodicalId":213841,"journal":{"name":"EU agrarian Law","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128160117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：