Scandinavian journal of psychology最新文献

Policies and legislation regarding paternity leave influence parental roles and the division of household and childcare responsibilities. However, the impact of paternity leave, particularly how it is shared between parents, on fathers' long-term involvement in childcare remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to examine how fathers' absolute and relative paternity leave durations predict their long-term involvement in childcare. A sample of 985 first-time fathers was assessed using online surveys when their children were 10 months, 19 months, and 4 years old. Two key predictors were analyzed: absolute leave duration (total weeks) and the relative distribution of leave between fathers and mothers. Multiple regression analyses controlled for relevant confounders. Fathers' absolute and relative leave durations were modestly associated with higher involvement in childcare at 10 months (non-linear effects). Relative leave was positively associated with involvement at 19 months (linear effect). No significant associations were observed at 4 years. Fathers who shared leave more equally with their partner were also more equally engaged in subsequent childcare early (10 months) and persisting into toddlerhood (19 months), with a larger association observed at 10 months among fathers with shorter leave duration. These findings support theoretical frameworks of "father transformation" and "couples' bargaining" and underscore the potential of non-transferable paternity leave policies to promote more equitable caregiving roles.

Experience plays a role in belief development. We present a method to evaluate the experiential basis of a belief and investigate whether belief-change interventions are more effective if the qualities of an intervention experience more closely match the experience that might have led to the belief. Psychology department research pool participants (total N = 1102) were in either a read-only or experience-based intervention for three beliefs: that they can detect stares from unseen others, that pyramids have remarkable powers of preservation, and that pyramids produce concentration benefits for people meditating under them. Stare detection and pyramid effects on concentration were diagnosed as experience-based beliefs and were both more strongly affected by experience-based interventions. Pyramid preservation power did not have the properties of an experience-based belief, and intervention type had no effect on that belief. Potential improvements in evaluating experience and implications for more consequential belief change research are discussed.

This is a cross-sectional study investigating the validity of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) as a tool for assessing HiTOP spectra. In Study 1, a nonclinical sample of 1659 Brazilian participants (65.4% females, with ages ranging from 18 to 70 years) was utilized to evaluate the internal structure of the IDCP-2 and its alignment with the HiTOP framework, according to four experts' independent ratings. Given the disparities in expert ratings regarding the conscientiousness scales of IDCP-2, we conducted exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to identify the optimal placement for the anankastia factor within our model. Study 2 involved 641 nonclinical participants (87.17% females, with ages ranging from 18 to 82 years) and examined the external validity of the IDCP-2 factors that are shown to be representative of the HiTOP spectra by correlating its scales with the PID5BF + M domains. The findings indicate the IDCP-2's robust internal consistency and factorial validity as a tool for assessing the HiTOP spectra and confirming its external validity based on the significant moderate to high correlations with the PID5BF + M domain. Additionally, our results suggest anankastia to be a separate sixth factor within the HiTOP framework. These results underscore the IDCP-2's value in capturing a wide range of pathological traits, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of personality and psychopathology. Future research should focus on further validating the IDCP-2 in clinically diverse populations, to enhance its clinical applicability according to global healthcare developments, and to support the broader implementation of the HiTOP model globally.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) presents challenges that both influence and are influenced by the child's environment. While non-pharmacological interventions exist for youth and parents, brief and accessible programmes that also engage the wider social network are lacking. This study evaluated the feasibility of the psychoeducational programme SKILLS for the child's Social Network (SKILLS-SN), focusing on implementation, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes. One hundred participants-including parents, grandparents, stepparents, and others in the child's network-attended the two-session intervention at two sites, online or in person. Following the intervention, demographic data and satisfaction ratings were collected. Participants also completed pre- and post-ratings of perceptions of the youth's ADHD, treatment, and challenges. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and with non-parametric tests; an open-ended response regarding opinions about SKILLS-SN was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Attendance was high, with over 97% completing both sessions; 17% of participants were non-parents. Most rated SKILLS-SN as good or excellent, and 99% would recommend it to others. Increased knowledge about ADHD was most valued. No significant changes were observed in participants' attitudes towards ADHD or treatment. The qualitative analysis identified three themes: programme strengths (e.g., useful as basic training), suggestions for improvement (e.g., more discussion time), and experienced impact (e.g., increased knowledge). SKILLS-SN appears to be a feasible and acceptable brief psychoeducational programme for the child's social network. Future work should enhance participant interaction, broaden inclusion to school personnel and other key individuals, and further evaluate effectiveness and long-term outcomes.

Environmental decisions are often framed as win-lose trade-offs between nature and humanity, where gains for the environment are considered losses for humanity, and vice-versa. These zero-sum beliefs regarding the relationship between nature and humanity (ZSB-NH) may have implications for life satisfaction, given that zero-sum beliefs in human relationships are known to negatively impact life satisfaction. Furthermore, several related constructs overlap with both ZSB-NH and life satisfaction. This study predicted that ZSB-NH would negatively predict life satisfaction and would do so after also accounting for related constructs. Australian adults (N = 363, 59% female, M_age = 60.86) completed an online survey containing measures of ZSB-NH, zero-sum beliefs in human relations, connectedness to nature, connectedness to humanity, nature exposure, demographics, and life satisfaction. Unexpectedly, ZSB-NH was found to be a nonsignificant predictor of life satisfaction when considered alone. When accounting for the related constructs, ZSB-NH emerged as a significant positive predictor of life satisfaction (β = 0.15, p = 0.01), with the bivariate effects of connectedness to nature and to humanity diminishing. Additional analyses revealed connectedness to humanity and nature exposure, but not connectedness to nature, were suppressing the bivariate relationship between ZSB-NH and life satisfaction. Overall, the study concludes that holding zero-sum beliefs about the human nature relationship may not be inherently detrimental to life satisfaction, and may in fact enhance it; however, promoting these beliefs may come with negative consequences for prosocial or pro-environmental behaviors. As such, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers alike should consider developing strategies which address this, ensuring that interventions effectively promote life satisfaction in the context of social and environmental decision-making.

The present research examined whether analytic thinking and valuing rationality predict pro-science beliefs and skepticism toward alternative medicine. We hypothesized that analytic thinking would be more strongly positively associated with pro-science beliefs and skepticism toward alternative medicine among people who strongly (vs. weakly) value being rational. In two studies, participants (N_S1 = 470 and N_S2 = 512) completed measures of analytic thinking, valuing rationality, pro-science belief, and skepticism toward alternative medicine. We used hierarchical regression analyses to test our hypotheses. In Study 1, there was a stronger association between analytic thinking and both science beliefs and skepticism toward alternative medicine among those who strongly (vs. weakly) value being rational. In Study 2, the stronger association between analytic thinking and skepticism toward alternative medicine among those who strongly (vs. weakly) value being rational remained, but we did not replicate results from Study 1 on science beliefs. Pooled analyses across the two studies provided support for both of our hypotheses. Analytic thinking is particularly strongly associated with pro-science beliefs and skepticism toward alternative medicine among people who value being rational. These findings highlight that both motivational and cognitive factors contribute to evidence-based beliefs.

The link between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and reduced quality of life (QoL) has been well established. The current study examines the role of procrastination in explaining this link, providing a new focus for research and therapy. This study examines the involvement of procrastination in accounting for ADHD-related reduced QoL. Adult participants (N = 132) completed an online survey consisting of validated scales to assess ADHD symptoms, procrastination levels, and QoL. An indirect pathway between ADHD and quality of life through procrastination was examined. Higher levels of ADHD symptoms correlated with higher procrastination and lower quality-of-life scores. Indirect pathways between ADHD symptoms and poor QoL through levels of procrastination were identified. These results shed further light on ADHD and its association with reduced QoL and account for this link by the negative impact of procrastination on day-to-day functioning. Future research is warranted to design effective interventions for consumers with ADHD-related procrastination, targeting different aspects of quality of life.

This article presents an empirical model examining the explanatory relationship between three constructs: populism, conspiracy beliefs, and extremist attitudes-defined as attitudes of rejection and destruction toward democratic systems, manifested through violent acts, and even terrorism. The research was conducted in an emerging economy country, using a representative sample of 400 citizens in full exercise of their civil rights. Data were analyzed using correlational analysis and a mediation model to test the influence of populist attitudes on extremist attitudes, mediated by conspiracy beliefs. Findings indicate that populist attitudes influence extremist attitudes, mediated by conspiracy beliefs. This suggests that individuals with populist attitudes are more prone to general extremism, amplified by conspiracy theories. An increase in populist attitudes may heighten inclinations toward violent extremism. Additionally, populist attitudes were found to explain both right- and left-wing radicalism, mediated by conspiracy beliefs. However, contrary to findings in Europe and the United States, populism exhibited a highly significant relationship with left-wing radicalism in this context. The study concludes that populism poses a greater risk than traditional ideologized radicalisms due to its ability to directly influence extremist attitudes, potentially translating into violent and even terrorist behaviors. This finding underscores the urgency of addressing populism as a sociopolitical phenomenon capable of exacerbating extremist dynamics in contemporary contexts.

Most previous work examining relations between social withdrawal and social cognition has focused primarily on empathy-related behaviors in shy children. However, there are different underlying reasons to withdraw from social interactions, which may be differentially related to aspects of social cognition throughout the lifespan. The present study investigated relations among the different motivations for social withdrawal (i.e., shyness, avoidance, and unsociability) and indices of social cognition, including cognitive (i.e., perspective taking) and affective (i.e., empathic concern and personal distress) empathy, and prosocial behavior during emerging adulthood. Participants included 588 Canadian undergraduate students (M_age = 18.91 years; 80% female), who completed self-report questionnaires assessing social withdrawal and empathy, and participated in the Dictator Game to assess sharing behavior. A series of multiple linear regressions revealed that the different motivations for social withdrawal were differentially associated with the three components of empathy and prosocial behavior. Shyness was positively associated with empathic concern and personal distress, whereas avoidance was negatively associated with empathic concern, perspective taking, and prosocial behavior. Unsociability was positively associated with perspective taking and negatively associated with personal distress. These findings have implications for our understanding of the different motivations for social withdrawal, and how each motivation influences how individuals connect with, relate to, and understand others.

Personality can be described by referring to the so-called Big Five traits, that is, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. These dimensions contribute to explaining individual differences not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Although many authors used adult or other-report instruments to assess the Big Five in young people, others developed or adapted specific self-report measures for them. A systematic overview of research articles developing or validating self-report questionnaires to measure the Big Five traits in children and/or adolescents is currently absent. Accordingly, a review of the literature seems necessary to better guide practitioners and researchers interested in this assessment. We consulted PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus. We extracted 20 articles from the initial 1449 records and another 4 articles by consulting their references. They described 10 questionnaires developed for 7-18-year-olds (with one exception). We provided detailed summaries of their language, trait labels, facets, length, item types, response scale, and item development or selection procedure. The structural validity and internal consistency of the selected questionnaires were evaluated by adapting the COSMIN guideline. All the questionnaires reflect an attempt to consider the cognitive skills and individual experiences that characterize children and/or adolescents. However, our findings highlighted some limitations in the validity or reliability of some of them. These results can provide guidance for selecting the most appropriate instrument depending on the contextual needs and for developing or adapting new questionnaires for this age group.