Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410560
D. Tholomier, S. Richards, A. Apostolov
Distance relays have been successfully used for many years as the most common type of protection of transmission lines. The development of electromechanical and solid state relays with mho characteristics can be considered as an important factor in the wide spread acceptance of this type of protection at different voltage levels all over the world. Zone 1 of distance relays is used to provide primary highspeed protection of a significant portion of the transmission line. Zone 2 is used to cover the rest of the protected line and provide some backup for the remote end bus. Zone 3 is the backup protection for all the lines connected to the remote end bus. The experience from the North American blackout in August 2003, as well as the recent European disturbance in November 2006 demonstrated the importance that the behavior of many distance relays had during the dynamic loading at different stages of the disturbance and the out-of-step conditions that followed in some areas The implementation of distance relays requires understanding of its operating principles, as well as the factors that affect the performance of the device under different abnormal conditions. The paper analyzes different methods for resolving the load encroachment of the apparent impedance into the distance characteristic as a result of dynamic loading and the detection of faults at that time. Another important issue is the operation of distance relays during stable or unstable out-of-step conditions. Depending on the location of the distance relays in the system and the type of event the relays may use blocking of the selected distance elements or tripping if separation is required.
{"title":"Advanced distance protection applications fot dynamic loading and out-of step condition","authors":"D. Tholomier, S. Richards, A. Apostolov","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410560","url":null,"abstract":"Distance relays have been successfully used for many years as the most common type of protection of transmission lines. The development of electromechanical and solid state relays with mho characteristics can be considered as an important factor in the wide spread acceptance of this type of protection at different voltage levels all over the world. Zone 1 of distance relays is used to provide primary highspeed protection of a significant portion of the transmission line. Zone 2 is used to cover the rest of the protected line and provide some backup for the remote end bus. Zone 3 is the backup protection for all the lines connected to the remote end bus. The experience from the North American blackout in August 2003, as well as the recent European disturbance in November 2006 demonstrated the importance that the behavior of many distance relays had during the dynamic loading at different stages of the disturbance and the out-of-step conditions that followed in some areas The implementation of distance relays requires understanding of its operating principles, as well as the factors that affect the performance of the device under different abnormal conditions. The paper analyzes different methods for resolving the load encroachment of the apparent impedance into the distance characteristic as a result of dynamic loading and the detection of faults at that time. Another important issue is the operation of distance relays during stable or unstable out-of-step conditions. Depending on the location of the distance relays in the system and the type of event the relays may use blocking of the selected distance elements or tripping if separation is required.","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125395423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410556
D. Tholomier, L. Schmitt, J. Giri
The utility operational environment has been facing over the last 10 years significant changes mainly derived from the unbundling of the overall energy supply chain as well as from fundamental changes observed in the mix of the energy resources portfolio towards lower size renewable energies. These challenges have been changing the former flow patterns observed within transmission and distribution networks towards larger amount of cross-border flows from less observable areas as well as massive counter-flows from distribution to transmission related to the larger penetration of distribution energy resources. Meanwhile the growing regulatory pressure tends to focus network operator attention to grow the return of their assets their existing asset though aging. These growing operational constraints have grown the amount of dispatcher stress while various blackouts have happened in Europe and US. Several working groups analysing the context of these major incidents have been launched, AREVA T&D technical experts having participated to several of them. This paper proposes to list the various consequence of this analysis onto energy management system technologies.
{"title":"Impact of recent blackout: Return of experience of experience on utility operational IT infrastructures","authors":"D. Tholomier, L. Schmitt, J. Giri","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410556","url":null,"abstract":"The utility operational environment has been facing over the last 10 years significant changes mainly derived from the unbundling of the overall energy supply chain as well as from fundamental changes observed in the mix of the energy resources portfolio towards lower size renewable energies. These challenges have been changing the former flow patterns observed within transmission and distribution networks towards larger amount of cross-border flows from less observable areas as well as massive counter-flows from distribution to transmission related to the larger penetration of distribution energy resources. Meanwhile the growing regulatory pressure tends to focus network operator attention to grow the return of their assets their existing asset though aging. These growing operational constraints have grown the amount of dispatcher stress while various blackouts have happened in Europe and US. Several working groups analysing the context of these major incidents have been launched, AREVA T&D technical experts having participated to several of them. This paper proposes to list the various consequence of this analysis onto energy management system technologies.","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128513003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410568
Y. Makarov, C. Miller, T. Nguen, Jian Ma
The potential uses of the sub-second GPS-synchronized phasor data collected from various locations within an electric power system promise endless benefits for the applications targeting reliable operation of electric power systems. Despite the undisputable progress achieved in developing visualization tools, alarming tools, modal analysis tools, and statistical analysis tools based on synchrophasor data, there is an emerging need to develop more real-time phasor-based applications. This paper discusses a new idea of the characteristic ellipsoid approach to monitor the dynamic behavior of an interconnected power system using phasor measurements. This method will be a useful tool for providing wide-area situational awareness for grid operators, identification of system disturbances and detection of system stresses and their locations.
{"title":"Characteristic ellipsoid method for monitoring power system dynamic behavior using phasor measurements","authors":"Y. Makarov, C. Miller, T. Nguen, Jian Ma","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410568","url":null,"abstract":"The potential uses of the sub-second GPS-synchronized phasor data collected from various locations within an electric power system promise endless benefits for the applications targeting reliable operation of electric power systems. Despite the undisputable progress achieved in developing visualization tools, alarming tools, modal analysis tools, and statistical analysis tools based on synchrophasor data, there is an emerging need to develop more real-time phasor-based applications. This paper discusses a new idea of the characteristic ellipsoid approach to monitor the dynamic behavior of an interconnected power system using phasor measurements. This method will be a useful tool for providing wide-area situational awareness for grid operators, identification of system disturbances and detection of system stresses and their locations.","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130107141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410552
Sara Eftekharnejad, A. Feliachi
A multi-agent based control architecture using reinforcement learning is proposed to enhance power system stability. It consists of a layer of local agents and a global agent that coordinates the behavior of the local agents. Load frequency control is chosen as a case study to demonstrate the viability of the proposed concept. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of this controller as an online automatic generation controller (AGC) for a two area system, with and without generation rate constraints (GRC).
{"title":"Stability enhancement through reinforcement learning: Load frequency control case study","authors":"Sara Eftekharnejad, A. Feliachi","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410552","url":null,"abstract":"A multi-agent based control architecture using reinforcement learning is proposed to enhance power system stability. It consists of a layer of local agents and a global agent that coordinates the behavior of the local agents. Load frequency control is chosen as a case study to demonstrate the viability of the proposed concept. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of this controller as an online automatic generation controller (AGC) for a two area system, with and without generation rate constraints (GRC).","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125459993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410512
R. Mohamedi, S. Lefebvre, A. Ba, A. Houle
The objective of this paper is to investigate the asymmetric approach for increasing the transfer capacity of a corridor affected by single-phase faults. The paper consists of a comparative study of symmetric and asymmetric operations for a corridor with N parallel lines. The basis of the comparison is the reactive compensation required to restore the initial power flow following one or several contingencies. An economic analysis is presented for each case analyzed. The paper also aims at determining the operating conditions and criteria of analysis favorable to the asymmetric operation.
{"title":"Comparative study of the symmetric and asymmetric approaches to increase power transfer capacity of a corridor","authors":"R. Mohamedi, S. Lefebvre, A. Ba, A. Houle","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410512","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to investigate the asymmetric approach for increasing the transfer capacity of a corridor affected by single-phase faults. The paper consists of a comparative study of symmetric and asymmetric operations for a corridor with N parallel lines. The basis of the comparison is the reactive compensation required to restore the initial power flow following one or several contingencies. An economic analysis is presented for each case analyzed. The paper also aims at determining the operating conditions and criteria of analysis favorable to the asymmetric operation.","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129146427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410522
M. Begovic, V. Madani, D. Novosel
This paper describes some of the critical engineering, design, and applications of latest technology for system integrity protection schemes (SIPS). Applicability of the advanced analytical techniques for various types of SIPS applications on the basis of modern technology is also addressed as part of the overview. An overview is presented of traditional scheme requirements leading to the SIPS of the future. A new survey is described in the paper, which should provide valuable information about power industry trends and experiences in SIPS. Keywords: Power system protection, emergency control, industry practice.
{"title":"System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)","authors":"M. Begovic, V. Madani, D. Novosel","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410522","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes some of the critical engineering, design, and applications of latest technology for system integrity protection schemes (SIPS). Applicability of the advanced analytical techniques for various types of SIPS applications on the basis of modern technology is also addressed as part of the overview. An overview is presented of traditional scheme requirements leading to the SIPS of the future. A new survey is described in the paper, which should provide valuable information about power industry trends and experiences in SIPS. Keywords: Power system protection, emergency control, industry practice.","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128673546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410571
D. Watts, Hui Ren
Given the incidence of blackouts during recent years, there has been an increased interest in understanding them to take corrective or mitigating measures, limiting their occurrence and scope in the future. Different models have been proposed to represent these sequences of events. The power tails found by some researchers in the latest North American blackout size distribution have led them to think of power systems as complex dynamical systems, drifting away from more traditional electric power system reliability models. The main contributions of this paper are: (a) Briefly review different models of blackouts and cascading in power systems, (b) Identify the role that electricity spot prices should have in those models, and (c) Enlarge one of the existing models by modeling prices and its role in the development of the system in a computationally efficient way. We conclude that the representation of an evolving market is perfectly compatible with the idea of understanding power markets/systems as complex dynamical systems. We also provide arguments supporting the idea that those markets and prices must be a part of any cascading models, especially if they model any longer-term system evolution.
{"title":"Cascading failures in electric power systems: What about prices?","authors":"D. Watts, Hui Ren","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410571","url":null,"abstract":"Given the incidence of blackouts during recent years, there has been an increased interest in understanding them to take corrective or mitigating measures, limiting their occurrence and scope in the future. Different models have been proposed to represent these sequences of events. The power tails found by some researchers in the latest North American blackout size distribution have led them to think of power systems as complex dynamical systems, drifting away from more traditional electric power system reliability models. The main contributions of this paper are: (a) Briefly review different models of blackouts and cascading in power systems, (b) Identify the role that electricity spot prices should have in those models, and (c) Enlarge one of the existing models by modeling prices and its role in the development of the system in a computationally efficient way. We conclude that the representation of an evolving market is perfectly compatible with the idea of understanding power markets/systems as complex dynamical systems. We also provide arguments supporting the idea that those markets and prices must be a part of any cascading models, especially if they model any longer-term system evolution.","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125435322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410558
C. Luo, V. Ajjarapu
The critical eigenvalue tracing in reference [1] is further modified to extract further useful information. This includes the direction and the speed of movement of eigenvalues. The algorithm is both robust and efficient. The calculation of invariant subspaces is basically solving Riccati equation, which is equivalent to solving bordered matrix equations of Sylvester type. The bordered Bartels-Stewart algorithm is used to solve it effectively. The subspace continuation technique allows us to uniquely identify the image of the movement of the set of the critical eigenvalues w.r.t. the change of the continuation parameter (such as system load level etc.). Furthermore, the eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivities can also be obtained as by-products. An eigenvalue index is proposed to determine the critical eigenvalue that might affect the stability change of the system. It can be used to estimate the oscillatory stability margin boundary of the system during the continuation by linear estimation. Finally, the numerical techniques are applied to study the New England 39 - bus system.
{"title":"Modified algorithm to trace critical eigenvalues of power system with sensitivities via continuation of invariant subspaces","authors":"C. Luo, V. Ajjarapu","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410558","url":null,"abstract":"The critical eigenvalue tracing in reference [1] is further modified to extract further useful information. This includes the direction and the speed of movement of eigenvalues. The algorithm is both robust and efficient. The calculation of invariant subspaces is basically solving Riccati equation, which is equivalent to solving bordered matrix equations of Sylvester type. The bordered Bartels-Stewart algorithm is used to solve it effectively. The subspace continuation technique allows us to uniquely identify the image of the movement of the set of the critical eigenvalues w.r.t. the change of the continuation parameter (such as system load level etc.). Furthermore, the eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivities can also be obtained as by-products. An eigenvalue index is proposed to determine the critical eigenvalue that might affect the stability change of the system. It can be used to estimate the oscillatory stability margin boundary of the system during the continuation by linear estimation. Finally, the numerical techniques are applied to study the New England 39 - bus system.","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125936853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410523
C. Sharma, P. Singh
Eigen-based tools have normally been used to predict the development of low frequency oscillation in power systems. A method must be developed to study the effect of loading and load characteristics on the development of low frequency oscillations. This paper is concerned about modeling a power system for low frequency oscillations studies. The purpose is to examine the effect of loads and their modeling on the study mentioned. Research shows that low frequency oscillations are a small signal stability problem. This allows the use of Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues to examine the stability of the power system in the advent of load variation. In this study a mathematical model of the dynamic power system must be built and the initial values of the variables in the model calculated using a load flow. The power system model consists of the non-linear equations which must be linearized about the operating values of the system. The system state matrix can then be constructed from the linearized power system model. Software was written in Matlab 7.0 to perform these mentioned computations. This paper also uses tools such as Participation factors and Mode shape. These tools were useful in examining the effect of loads on the system stability.
{"title":"Contribution of loads to low frequency oscillations in power system operation","authors":"C. Sharma, P. Singh","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410523","url":null,"abstract":"Eigen-based tools have normally been used to predict the development of low frequency oscillation in power systems. A method must be developed to study the effect of loading and load characteristics on the development of low frequency oscillations. This paper is concerned about modeling a power system for low frequency oscillations studies. The purpose is to examine the effect of loads and their modeling on the study mentioned. Research shows that low frequency oscillations are a small signal stability problem. This allows the use of Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues to examine the stability of the power system in the advent of load variation. In this study a mathematical model of the dynamic power system must be built and the initial values of the variables in the model calculated using a load flow. The power system model consists of the non-linear equations which must be linearized about the operating values of the system. The system state matrix can then be constructed from the linearized power system model. Software was written in Matlab 7.0 to perform these mentioned computations. This paper also uses tools such as Participation factors and Mode shape. These tools were useful in examining the effect of loads on the system stability.","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127279695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-12-26DOI: 10.1109/IREP.2007.4410581
Fang Yang, A. Meliopoulos, G. Cokkinides, Q. B. Dam
In power system planning and operation procedures, bulk power system reliability assessment plays an important role. The current practice of such assessment generally assumes that protection systems are perfect, and the effects of protection system hidden failures are ignored. Recent research, however, shows that protection system hidden failures have been recognized as a contributing factor to power system cascading outages. To evaluate bulk power system reliability considering the impact of protection system hidden failures, this paper proposes a systematic methodology that is based on a breaker-oriented system network model including detailed substation configurations and protection system schemes. An analysis of hidden failures in major protection system components is conducted. Based on the results of this analysis, this study focuses on the effects of hidden failures in circuit breaker trip mechanisms (CBTMs). The probabilistic model of the CBTM is built, and a hidden failure effects analysis procedure is developed to obtain contingences resulting from CBTM hidden failures. Such contingencies as well as other contingencies resulting from independent outages and common-mode outages are subjected to a security-constrained adequacy evaluation approach to evaluate system reliability. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with a breaker-oriented 24-substation reliability test system. Evaluation results show that protection system hidden failures downgrade the system reliability level due to the fact that they lead to the outages of undamaged equipment following initial system disturbances.
{"title":"Bulk power system reliability assessment considering protection system hidden failures","authors":"Fang Yang, A. Meliopoulos, G. Cokkinides, Q. B. Dam","doi":"10.1109/IREP.2007.4410581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREP.2007.4410581","url":null,"abstract":"In power system planning and operation procedures, bulk power system reliability assessment plays an important role. The current practice of such assessment generally assumes that protection systems are perfect, and the effects of protection system hidden failures are ignored. Recent research, however, shows that protection system hidden failures have been recognized as a contributing factor to power system cascading outages. To evaluate bulk power system reliability considering the impact of protection system hidden failures, this paper proposes a systematic methodology that is based on a breaker-oriented system network model including detailed substation configurations and protection system schemes. An analysis of hidden failures in major protection system components is conducted. Based on the results of this analysis, this study focuses on the effects of hidden failures in circuit breaker trip mechanisms (CBTMs). The probabilistic model of the CBTM is built, and a hidden failure effects analysis procedure is developed to obtain contingences resulting from CBTM hidden failures. Such contingencies as well as other contingencies resulting from independent outages and common-mode outages are subjected to a security-constrained adequacy evaluation approach to evaluate system reliability. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with a breaker-oriented 24-substation reliability test system. Evaluation results show that protection system hidden failures downgrade the system reliability level due to the fact that they lead to the outages of undamaged equipment following initial system disturbances.","PeriodicalId":214545,"journal":{"name":"2007 iREP Symposium - Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127512171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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