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68Ga-Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Imaging Reveals Intense Uptake in Chronic Rhinitis: A Previously Unreported Finding. 68Ga-前列腺特异性膜抗原正电子成像揭示了慢性鼻炎的高吸收:前所未闻的发现
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1055/a-2435-4819
Ahmed Saad Abdlkadir, Fatimah Abu Aljaaz, Hasan Alalawi, Akram Al-Ibraheem
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引用次数: 0
Photon-Counting Detector CT: Advances and Clinical Applications in Cardiovascular Imaging. 光子计数探测器 CT:心血管成像的进展与临床应用》。
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1055/a-2452-0288
Muhammad Taha Hagar, Christopher L Schlett, Tim Oechsner, Akos Varga-Szemes, Tilman Emrich, Xiao Yan Chen, Dmitrij Kravchenko, Giuseppe Tremamunno, Milán Vecsey-Nagy, Moises Felipe Molina-Fuentes, Tobias Krauss, Jana Taron, Christopher Schuppert, Fabian Bamberg, Martin Soschynski

Since the approval of the first dual-source photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) in the fall of 2021, significant insights have been gained in its application for cardiovascular imaging. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge and the growing body of research literature, illustrating innovative applications and perspectives through case examples.We conducted a structured literature review, identifying relevant studies via Google Scholar and PubMed, using the keywords "photon-counting detector", "cardiovascular CT", "cardiac CT", and "ultra-high-resolution CT". We analyzed studies published since January 2015. Additionally, we integrated our own clinical experiences and case examples.In addition to the well-known benefit of increased temporal resolution offered by dual-source scanners, dual-source PCD-CT provides three key advantages: 1) Optimized geometric dose efficiency with an improved contrast-to-noise ratio, 2) intrinsic spectral sensitivity, and 3) the ability for ultrahigh-resolution CT. This technology enables improved image quality or radiation dose reduction in established cardiovascular protocols. Its use in non-invasive cardiac diagnostics for obese patients, those with a high plaque burden, or after stent implantation appears technically feasible, potentially expanding the scope of CT. The spectral sensitivity also allows tailored image acquisition, reducing metallic artifacts and contrast agent doses in patients with renal impairment. Early studies and clinical experience support these potential applications of PCD-CT in cardiovascular diagnostics, suggesting workflow optimization and improved patient management.However, challenges remain, including high costs, large data volumes, somewhat longer reconstruction times, and technical difficulties in combining spectral sensitivity with ultra-high resolution. Prospective randomized studies with clinical endpoints are lacking to confirm the clear advantage over conventional scanners. Future research should focus on endpoint-based studies and robust cost-benefit analyses to evaluate the potential of this technology and facilitate its evidence-based integration in clinical practice. · Photon-counting detector CT represents a technological advancement in computed tomography.. · Spectral sensitivity enhances iodine signal and minimizes artifacts.. · Ultra-high-resolution CT allows precise imaging, even in stents and advanced sclerosis.. · This technology must be validated through endpoint-based, randomized studies.. · Hagar MT, Schlett CL, Oechsner T et al. Photon-Counting Detector CT: Advances and Clinical Applications in Cardiovascular Imaging. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2452-0288.

自 2021 年秋季首台双源光子计数探测器 CT(PCD-CT)获得批准以来,人们对其在心血管成像中的应用有了更深入的了解。本综述旨在全面概述当前的知识状况和不断增长的研究文献,并通过案例说明创新应用和观点。我们进行了结构化文献综述,通过谷歌学术和 PubMed,以 "光子计数探测器"、"心血管 CT"、"心脏 CT "和 "超高分辨率 CT "为关键词,确定了相关研究。我们分析了自 2015 年 1 月以来发表的研究。此外,我们还结合了自己的临床经验和病例。除了众所周知的双源扫描仪可提高时间分辨率这一优点外,双源 PCD-CT 还具有三大优势:1) 优化几何剂量效率,提高对比-噪声比;2) 固有光谱灵敏度;3) 能够进行超高分辨率 CT。该技术可在既定的心血管方案中提高图像质量或减少辐射剂量。将其用于肥胖患者、高斑块负荷患者或支架植入术后的无创心脏诊断在技术上似乎是可行的,有可能扩大 CT 的应用范围。它的光谱灵敏度还能进行定制图像采集,减少金属伪影,降低肾功能受损患者的造影剂剂量。早期研究和临床经验支持 PCD-CT 在心血管诊断中的这些潜在应用,表明工作流程得到优化,患者管理得到改善。然而,挑战依然存在,包括成本高、数据量大、重建时间稍长,以及将光谱灵敏度与超高分辨率相结合的技术难题。目前还缺乏临床终点的前瞻性随机研究来证实与传统扫描仪相比的明显优势。未来的研究应侧重于基于终点的研究和可靠的成本效益分析,以评估该技术的潜力并促进其在临床实践中的循证整合。- 光子计数探测器 CT 代表了计算机断层扫描的技术进步。- 光谱灵敏度增强了碘信号并最大限度地减少了伪影。- 超高分辨率 CT 可实现精确成像,即使是在支架和晚期硬化的情况下。- 这项技术必须通过基于终点的随机研究来验证。- Hagar MT、Schlett CL、Oechsner T 等人,《光子计数探测器 CT:心血管成像的进展与临床应用》。Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2452-0288.
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引用次数: 0
Pelvic venous disorders in women - diagnosis and therapy. 女性盆腔静脉疾病--诊断与治疗。
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1055/a-2446-0749
Tobias Paulus, Peter Minko, Tim-Ole Petersen, Ralf-Thorsten Hoffmann, Peter Kern, Nasreddin Abolmaali

Chronic pelvic pain may cause a significant reduction in the quality of life for affected women, and the extent of the limitation is often underestimated. Chronic pain can lead to lifelong problems. Currently, PCS is probably significantly underdiagnosed as a cause of chronic pelvic pain in women. To diagnose PCS, other common causes of chronic pelvic pain must be excluded and typical changes in pelvic vein syndrome must be detected, ideally using MR phlebography. If the indication is correct and the procedure is carried out appropriately - ideally by experienced interventionalists certified according to DeGIR/EBIR - the symptoms can be eliminated in the long term with a high success rate and few complications. Simultaneous psychotherapeutic treatment should always be discussed with the patients. · PCS is a common cause of chronic pelvic pain in women.. · Imaging requires Doppler sonography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography.. · Typical symptoms and dilated pelvic veins (>8 mm) indicate interventional therapy.. · Pathological pelvic veins are embolized using coils and alcohol foam.. · Published success rates and long-term results suggest propagating interventional therapy.. · Paulus T, Minko P, Petersen T et al. Pelvic venous disorders in women - diagnosis and therapy. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2446-0749.

慢性盆腔疼痛可能会大大降低受影响妇女的生活质量,而且其限制程度往往被低估。慢性疼痛可导致终身问题。目前,PCS 作为女性慢性盆腔疼痛的一个病因,可能被严重低估。要诊断 PCS,必须排除导致慢性盆腔疼痛的其他常见原因,并检测盆腔静脉综合征的典型变化,最好使用磁共振静脉造影术。如果适应症正确,手术实施得当,最好由经验丰富的、获得 DeGIR/EBIR 认证的介入专家进行,则可长期消除症状,且成功率高,并发症少。应始终与患者讨论同时进行的心理治疗。- PCS 是导致女性慢性盆腔疼痛的常见原因。- 影像学检查需要进行多普勒超声检查和造影剂增强磁共振血管造影检查。- 典型症状和盆腔静脉扩张(>8 毫米)提示介入治疗。- 使用线圈和酒精泡沫对病理性盆腔静脉进行栓塞。- 已公布的成功率和长期结果表明介入疗法具有推广价值。- Paulus T, Minko P, Petersen T 等人.女性盆腔静脉疾病--诊断与治疗.Fortschr Röntgen, 2009.Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2446-0749.
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引用次数: 0
[Myocardial fatty foci in tuberous sclerosis]. [结节性硬化症的心肌脂肪灶]。
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1055/a-2441-5359
Christopher Kloth, Thomas Breining, Horst Brunner
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引用次数: 0
[A rare case of chronic tracheobronchomegaly as an incidental finding in a patient with COPD]. [慢性阻塞性肺病患者偶然发现慢性气管支气管扩张的罕见病例]。
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1055/a-2446-2267
Hanna Schön, Hanka Arndt, Felix G Meinel
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引用次数: 0
MRI of the Elbow - Update 2024. 肘部 MRI - 2024 年更新。
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1055/a-2416-1491
Christoph Schinnerl, Marc-André Weber, Emanuel Benninger, Tim S Fischer, Anna L Falkowski

Elbow pain can result in significant morbidity. MRI can help diagnosing the cause of elbow pain.Based on a systematic literature search as well as knowledge gained through frequent participation in conferences dedicated to advances in musculoskeletal imaging, this review aims to give a brief overview of normal anatomy and common pathologies of tendons and ligaments of the elbow on magnetic resonance imaging.Stabilization of the elbow joint is provided by osseous structures and passive ligamentous and active muscular support. Loss of these important stabilizers, due to trauma and overuse, can result in elbow instability. Additional MR views or intra-articular contrast media can be useful for the detection of specific pathologies.MRI is frequently used to detect posttraumatic or chronic conditions, which can lead to posterolateral or posteromedial elbow instability. Knowledge of normal anatomy, variants, pathologies, as well as appropriate imaging is crucial to make the diagnosis. · Epicondylitis occurs due to chronic degeneration with tendinosis and partial tendon tearing and is not related to an acute inflammatory reaction.. · Posterolateral or posteromedial elbow instability can be the result of trauma with loss of passive ligamentous and active muscular stabilization.. · The most common elbow instability is posterolateral rotatory instability with the LUCL being the most important stabilizer affected by injury.. · Schinnerl C, Weber M, Benninger E et al. MRI of the Elbow - Update 2024. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2416-1491.

肘部疼痛可导致严重的发病率。基于系统的文献检索以及经常参加肌肉骨骼成像进展会议所获得的知识,本综述旨在简要概述磁共振成像中肘部肌腱和韧带的正常解剖和常见病理。由于创伤和过度使用,这些重要稳定器的丧失会导致肘关节不稳定。核磁共振成像常用于检测创伤后或慢性疾病,这些疾病可导致肘关节后外侧或后内侧不稳。了解正常解剖结构、变异、病理以及适当的影像学检查对诊断至关重要。- 上髁炎是由于慢性退行性变引起的肌腱硬化和部分肌腱撕裂,与急性炎症反应无关。- 肘关节后外侧或后内侧不稳可能是由于外伤导致被动韧带和主动肌肉失去稳定。- 最常见的肘关节不稳定是后外侧旋转性不稳定,而LUCL是受伤后最重要的稳定器。- Schinnerl C, Weber M, Benninger E et al.Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2416-1491.
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引用次数: 0
Different Evaluation Strategies of Oncological CT Examinations with Regard to Professional Experience: A Clinical Study Using Eye-tracking. 肿瘤 CT 检查的不同评估策略与专业经验有关:使用眼动追踪技术的临床研究。
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1055/a-2452-2180
Sara Kluge, Christoph Schülke, Hannah Christin Ites, Tarek Zoubi, Cornelia L A Dewald, Walter Heindel, Boris Buerke, Anna Janina Höink

Contrast-enhanced CT is the standard imaging technique in oncological objectives. Rates of missed pathologies depend on work experience of the respective radiologists. Thus the aim of this study is to analyze the eye movements of professionals while reading CT images in order to evaluate whether the eye-fixation patterns and search strategies of experienced radiologists could explain higher detection rates of pathologies and whether such patterns can be learned.Anonymized images of 10 patients were presented to three medical students and six radiologists with different levels of work experience. During image analysis, ocular fixation positions were recorded using an eye-tracking software tool. The CT scans were analyzed retrospectively, considering the individual course of disease with the issue of successful detection of all pathologies. Visual attention and dwell time of ocular fixation on clinically important abnormalities or areas with pathological findings, general search patterns, and time efficiency were assessed. For statistical analysis, interobserver variability and accuracy of lesion detection were evaluated taking into account individual experience.The results revealed that observer sensitivity depends on work experience due to a more systematic order of inspection and a well-known course of disease, e.g. in case of metastatic spread. The areas of missed pathologies mostly included secondary findings. Inexperienced readers changed the stratification considerably more often and required more time for reporting or detecting pathologies.Our results suggest that experienced radiological physicians reduce their amount of missed findings by looking more systematically at images and by applying a more targeted inspection of clinically important regions. · CT interpretation by radiology residents is faster and less error-prone compared to postgraduate residents. · systematic image analysis is trainable. · engrams tend to be acquired through experience. · Kluge S, Schülke C, Ites HC et al. Different Evaluation Strategies of Oncological CT Examinations with Regard to Professional Experience: A Clinical Study Using Eye-tracking. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2452-2180.

对比增强 CT 是肿瘤目标的标准成像技术。漏诊率取决于放射科医生的工作经验。因此,本研究的目的是分析专业人员在阅读 CT 图像时的眼球运动,以评估经验丰富的放射科医生的眼球固定模式和搜索策略能否解释较高的病变检出率,以及这种模式是否可以学习。在图像分析过程中,使用眼动跟踪软件工具记录眼球固定位置。在对 CT 扫描进行回顾性分析时,考虑到了个体病程和成功检测出所有病变的问题。对临床上重要的异常或有病理结果的区域的视觉注意力和眼球定点停留时间、一般搜索模式和时间效率进行了评估。结果显示,观察者的灵敏度取决于工作经验,这是因为检查顺序更系统化,而且病程众所周知,例如在转移扩散的情况下。漏检的病变主要包括继发性发现。我们的研究结果表明,经验丰富的放射科医生可以通过更系统地查看图像和对临床重要区域进行更有针对性的检查来减少漏诊。- 与研究生住院医师相比,放射科住院医师的 CT 解读速度更快,出错率更低。- 系统图像分析是可以训练的。- 系统图像分析是可以训练的。- Kluge S、Schülke C、Ites HC 等人:《肿瘤 CT 检查的不同评估策略与专业经验的关系》:眼动追踪临床研究》。Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2452-2180.
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引用次数: 0
Large language models (LLMs) in radiology exams for medical students: Performance and consequences. 医学生放射学考试中的大型语言模型(LLM):成绩与后果
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1055/a-2437-2067
Jennifer Gotta, Quang Anh Le Hong, Vitali Koch, Leon D Gruenewald, Tobias Geyer, Simon S Martin, Jan-Erik Scholtz, Christian Booz, Daniel Pinto Dos Santos, Scherwin Mahmoudi, Katrin Eichler, Tatjana Gruber-Rouh, Renate Hammerstingl, Teodora Biciusca, Lisa Joy Juergens, Elena Höhne, Christoph Mader, Thomas J Vogl, Philipp Reschke

The evolving field of medical education is being shaped by technological advancements, including the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. These models could be invaluable resources for medical students, by simplifying complex concepts and enhancing interactive learning by providing personalized support. LLMs have shown impressive performance in professional examinations, even without specific domain training, making them particularly relevant in the medical field. This study aims to assess the performance of LLMs in radiology examinations for medical students, thereby shedding light on their current capabilities and implications.This study was conducted using 151 multiple-choice questions, which were used for radiology exams for medical students. The questions were categorized by type and topic and were then processed using OpenAI's GPT-3.5 and GPT- 4 via their API, or manually put into Perplexity AI with GPT-3.5 and Bing. LLM performance was evaluated overall, by question type and by topic.GPT-3.5 achieved a 67.6% overall accuracy on all 151 questions, while GPT-4 outperformed it significantly with an 88.1% overall accuracy (p<0.001). GPT-4 demonstrated superior performance in both lower-order and higher-order questions compared to GPT-3.5, Perplexity AI, and medical students, with GPT-4 particularly excelling in higher-order questions. All GPT models would have successfully passed the radiology exam for medical students at our university.In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of LLMs as accessible knowledge resources for medical students. GPT-4 performed well on lower-order as well as higher-order questions, making ChatGPT-4 a potentially very useful tool for reviewing radiology exam questions. Radiologists should be aware of ChatGPT's limitations, including its tendency to confidently provide incorrect responses. · ChatGPT demonstrated remarkable performance, achieving a passing grade on a radiology examination for medical students that did not include image questions.. · GPT-4 exhibits significantly improved performance compared to its predecessors GPT-3.5 and Perplexity AI with 88% of questions answered correctly.. · Radiologists as well as medical students should be aware of ChatGPT's limitations, including its tendency to confidently provide incorrect responses.. · Gotta J, Le Hong QA, Koch V et al. Large language models (LLMs) in radiology exams for medical students: Performance and consequences. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2437-2067.

不断发展的医学教育领域正受到技术进步的影响,其中包括像 ChatGPT 这样的大语言模型(LLM)的整合。这些模型可以简化复杂的概念,并通过提供个性化支持加强互动学习,是医学生的宝贵资源。即使没有接受过特定领域的培训,LLMs 在专业考试中的表现也令人印象深刻,因此它们在医学领域尤为重要。本研究旨在评估法学硕士在医学生放射学考试中的表现,从而揭示他们目前的能力和意义。本研究使用了 151 道用于医学生放射学考试的多项选择题。这些问题按类型和主题分类,然后使用 OpenAI 的 GPT-3.5 和 GPT- 4 通过其 API 进行处理,或通过 GPT-3.5 和 Bing 手动输入 Perplexity AI。我们按问题类型和主题对 LLM 的整体性能进行了评估。GPT-3.5 在所有 151 个问题上的整体准确率为 67.6%,而 GPT-4 的表现明显优于 GPT-3.5,整体准确率为 88.1%(P
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引用次数: 0
Position Paper of the German Society for Interventional Radiology and Minimally Invasive Therapy (DeGIR) and the German Roentgen Society (DRG) on Structural and Professional Requirements in Interventional Oncology. 德国介入放射学和微创治疗学会 (DeGIR) 和德国伦琴射线学会 (DRG) 关于介入肿瘤学的结构和专业要求的立场文件。
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1055/a-2373-1013
Peter Isfort, Christof M Sommer, Philipp Bruners, Bettina Maiwald, Jens-Peter Kühn, Christoph Georg Radosa, Roman Kloeckner, Patrick Freyhardt, Mareike Franke, Michael Moche, Ralf-Thorsten Hoffmann, Konstantin Nikolaou, Andreas H Mahnken, Marcus Katoh
<p><p>Interventional oncology (IO) employs various techniques to enable minimally invasive, image-guided treatment of tumor diseases with both curative and palliative goals. Additionally, it significantly contributes to managing tumor-related and perioperative complications, offering diverse supportive procedures for patients at all stages of their diseases. The execution of IO procedures places unique demands on the equipment, personnel, and structural organization of radiological clinics, necessitating specific expertise from interventional radiologists.This position paper aims to comprehensively outline the multifaceted aspects of IO and discuss the requisite criteria for hospitals, radiological clinics, and interventional radiologists (IRs). Furthermore, it underscores overarching considerations of quality assurance that clinics and professional societies should prioritize.The requirements for hospitals, radiological clinics, and IRs are varied and demand not only a high level of proficiency in performing IO procedures but also in-depth knowledge of the differential therapy for various tumor diseases. This expertise is essential for effectively serving as clinical partners in the interdisciplinary treatment of oncologic patients. Additionally, a thorough understanding and safe handling of ionizing radiation technologies, along with proficiency in radiation protection methods, which are fundamental aspects of radiological specialist training, is crucial for ensuring the safety of IO procedures for both patients and staff. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Interventionelle Radiologie und minimal-invasive Therapie (DeGIR) and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) have long-established dedicated quality management programs, accrediting radiology clinics and certifying IRs. These initiatives aim to uphold the highest standards of care and meet the quality expectations set by politics in healthcare system, particularly in the realm of interventional radiology. · The various procedures in the field of interventional oncology (IO) are complex medical interventions that require not only the most advanced technical equipment but also adequate human resources, particularly specialized expertise in interventional radiology, diagnostic imaging, oncology, and radiation protection.. · This expertise is an integral part of the specialized medical training in radiology and is certified by professional societies such as the German Society for Interventional Radiology (DeGIR) and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE).. · Professional societies like DeGIR, CIRSE, and the American Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) establish the necessary quality assurance framework for comprehensive, high-quality IO therapy through quality assurance (QA) registries, standard operating procedure (SOP) documents, and participation in guideline development.. · Currently, radiology is the only disciplin
介入肿瘤学(IO)采用各种技术,在图像引导下对肿瘤疾病进行微创治疗,以达到治愈和姑息的目的。此外,介入肿瘤学还在控制肿瘤相关并发症和围手术期并发症方面做出了重大贡献,为处于疾病各个阶段的患者提供各种支持性治疗。本立场文件旨在全面概述 IO 的方方面面,并讨论医院、放射诊所和介入放射医师(IRs)的必要标准。对医院、放射科诊所和介入放射医师的要求多种多样,不仅要求他们熟练掌握 IO 手术,还要求他们对各种肿瘤疾病的鉴别治疗有深入的了解。这些专业知识对于在肿瘤患者的跨学科治疗中有效发挥临床合作伙伴的作用至关重要。此外,对电离辐射技术的透彻了解和安全操作,以及熟练掌握辐射防护方法(这是放射科专家培训的基本内容),对于确保 IO 程序对患者和工作人员的安全至关重要。德国介入放射学与微创治疗协会(DeGIR)和欧洲心血管与介入放射学会(CIRSE)长期以来一直致力于质量管理计划,对放射诊所进行认证,对介入放射医师进行认证。这些举措旨在坚持最高的医疗标准,满足医疗系统,尤其是介入放射学领域的政治对质量的期望。- 介入肿瘤学(IO)领域的各种程序都是复杂的医疗干预措施,不仅需要最先进的技术设备,还需要充足的人力资源,特别是介入放射学、诊断成像、肿瘤学和辐射防护方面的专业知识。- 这些专业知识是放射学专业医学培训不可分割的一部分,并由德国介入放射学会(DeGIR)和欧洲心血管和介入放射学会(CIRSE)等专业学会认证。- 德国介入放射学会(DeGIR)、欧洲心血管与介入放射学会(CIRSE)和美国介入放射学会(SIR)等专业学会通过质量保证(QA)登记册、标准操作程序(SOP)文件和参与指南制定,为全面、高质量的 IO 治疗建立了必要的质量保证框架。- 目前,放射学是唯一一门通过专门的培训计划和量身定制的认证程序为医生提供理论和实践知识、技能和能力的学科,这些知识、技能和能力是执行 IO 领域高要求程序所必需的。- Isfort P、Sommer CM、Bruners P 等人. 德国介入放射学和微创治疗学会 (DeGIR) 和德国伦琴学会 (DRG) 关于介入肿瘤学的结构和专业要求的立场文件。Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2373-1013.
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引用次数: 0
[Thoracic penetrating aortic ulcer: conventional radiography as a valuable diagnostic tool]. [胸腔穿透性主动脉溃疡:作为重要诊断工具的常规放射摄影术]。
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1055/a-2441-5303
Fiona Mankertz, Eiko Rathmann, Alexandra Busemann
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引用次数: 0
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