The review presents the general methodology of using sorption methods to solve problems of marine radiochemistry, including sampling, preconcentration and radiochemical preparation and methods for measuring the activity of radionuclides. The possible methodological errors at various stages of sampling and sample concentration are discussed. The most widely used artificial (90Sr, 134Cs, 137Cs, 239Pu, 240Pu), natural (210Pb, 210Po; radium quartet: 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra; thorium isotopes, mainly 234Th) and cosmogenic (7Be, 32P, 33P) radiotracers are considered. The sorption of uranium from seawater is not addressed, since its concentration in seawater is usually calculated from the known dependence of uranium concentration on seawater salinity. The bibliography includes 200 references.
{"title":"Sorption methods in marine radiochemistry","authors":"I. Dovhyi, N. Bezhin, I. Tananaev","doi":"10.1070/RCR5015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR5015","url":null,"abstract":"The review presents the general methodology of using sorption methods to solve problems of marine radiochemistry, including sampling, preconcentration and radiochemical preparation and methods for measuring the activity of radionuclides. The possible methodological errors at various stages of sampling and sample concentration are discussed. The most widely used artificial (90Sr, 134Cs, 137Cs, 239Pu, 240Pu), natural (210Pb, 210Po; radium quartet: 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra; thorium isotopes, mainly 234Th) and cosmogenic (7Be, 32P, 33P) radiotracers are considered. The sorption of uranium from seawater is not addressed, since its concentration in seawater is usually calculated from the known dependence of uranium concentration on seawater salinity. The bibliography includes 200 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"90 1","pages":"1544 - 1565"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59010389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The review presents data on the use of porous metal-organic frameworks for the separation of some industrially important hydrocarbon mixtures, such as ethane and ethylene, propane and propylene, benzene and cyclohexane, and xylene isomers. It is shown that enhancing the efficiency of materials based on porous metal-organic frameworks relies on understanding the nature of adsorption sites in their structures, the specifics of interactions between the framework and a particular substrate, and the structural response of the framework (host) as it is filled with guest molecules. The achievements of fundamental studies and unresolved problems related to the use of porous metal-organic frameworks in industrial hydrocarbon separation processes are critically analyzed. The bibliography includes 183 references.
{"title":"Micro- and mesoporous metal-organic frameworks for hydrocarbon separation","authors":"K. Kovalenko, A. Potapov, V. Fedin","doi":"10.1070/RCR5026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR5026","url":null,"abstract":"The review presents data on the use of porous metal-organic frameworks for the separation of some industrially important hydrocarbon mixtures, such as ethane and ethylene, propane and propylene, benzene and cyclohexane, and xylene isomers. It is shown that enhancing the efficiency of materials based on porous metal-organic frameworks relies on understanding the nature of adsorption sites in their structures, the specifics of interactions between the framework and a particular substrate, and the structural response of the framework (host) as it is filled with guest molecules. The achievements of fundamental studies and unresolved problems related to the use of porous metal-organic frameworks in industrial hydrocarbon separation processes are critically analyzed. The bibliography includes 183 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59010976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The results of studies related to the development of synthesis, determination of formation conditions and elucidation of the mechanism of palladium–carbon catalyst action are integrated and critically analyzed. The attention is focused on Pd/NGC compositions (NGC is nanoglobular carbon). Methods for NGC preparation with an emphasis on its most common form, carbon black, are considered. The following issues are addressed: mechanisms of formation of carbon nanoglobules and their aggregates, methods of varying the size of nanoglobules, functionalization of the NGC surface to make it suitable as a support for palladium nanoparticles, views on the formation mechanism of palladium clusters and nanoparticles on the carbon support surface and effect of the structure and surface chemistry of carbon nanoglobules on the state of palladium sites in Pd/NGC compositions. The published data on selective hydrogenation of organic compounds in the presence of Pd/NGC catalytic compositions are integrated and systematized. The catalytic properties of Pd/NGC are analyzed in comparison with the properties of palladium catalysts supported on other carbon materials (activated carbon, carbon nanotubes). The influence of preparation conditions of NGC-based palladium compositions on their catalytic properties in practically important hydrogenation reactions is discussed. Promising trends for further research on the development of molecular design methods, study of the genesis of Pd/NGC compositions and extension of their applications in hydrogenation processes are considered. The bibliography includes 623 references.
{"title":"Nanoglobular carbon and palladium–nanoglobular carbon catalysts for liquid-phase hydrogenation of organic compounds","authors":"R. Mironenko, V. Likholobov, O. Belskaya","doi":"10.1070/RCR5017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR5017","url":null,"abstract":"The results of studies related to the development of synthesis, determination of formation conditions and elucidation of the mechanism of palladium–carbon catalyst action are integrated and critically analyzed. The attention is focused on Pd/NGC compositions (NGC is nanoglobular carbon). Methods for NGC preparation with an emphasis on its most common form, carbon black, are considered. The following issues are addressed: mechanisms of formation of carbon nanoglobules and their aggregates, methods of varying the size of nanoglobules, functionalization of the NGC surface to make it suitable as a support for palladium nanoparticles, views on the formation mechanism of palladium clusters and nanoparticles on the carbon support surface and effect of the structure and surface chemistry of carbon nanoglobules on the state of palladium sites in Pd/NGC compositions. The published data on selective hydrogenation of organic compounds in the presence of Pd/NGC catalytic compositions are integrated and systematized. The catalytic properties of Pd/NGC are analyzed in comparison with the properties of palladium catalysts supported on other carbon materials (activated carbon, carbon nanotubes). The influence of preparation conditions of NGC-based palladium compositions on their catalytic properties in practically important hydrogenation reactions is discussed. Promising trends for further research on the development of molecular design methods, study of the genesis of Pd/NGC compositions and extension of their applications in hydrogenation processes are considered. The bibliography includes 623 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59010993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Smolobochkin, A. Gazizov, A. Burilov, Mikhael A. Pudovik, O. Sinyashin
The review systematizes and summarizes data on the synthesis of structurally diverse cyclic ureas published over the last 10 years. Saturated and unsaturated monocyclic ureas, as well as fused heterocycles containing one urea moiety, are considered. Data on the biological activity of selected compounds of this type are provided. The synthetic approaches to cyclic carbamides are classified in terms of the reaction type and the source of a carbonyl group. The bibliography includes 235 references.
{"title":"Advances in the synthesis of heterocycles bearing an endocyclic urea moiety","authors":"A. Smolobochkin, A. Gazizov, A. Burilov, Mikhael A. Pudovik, O. Sinyashin","doi":"10.1070/RCR4988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR4988","url":null,"abstract":"The review systematizes and summarizes data on the synthesis of structurally diverse cyclic ureas published over the last 10 years. Saturated and unsaturated monocyclic ureas, as well as fused heterocycles containing one urea moiety, are considered. Data on the biological activity of selected compounds of this type are provided. The synthetic approaches to cyclic carbamides are classified in terms of the reaction type and the source of a carbonyl group. The bibliography includes 235 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"90 1","pages":"395 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59009254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The review considers general methods for the preparation of 3-amino-3-deoxy- and 4-amino-4-deoxyhexoses and their derivatives, including nitromethane condensation, reduction of 3- and 4-hexosulose oximes, epoxide opening with an azide ion, and nucleophilic substitution of sulfonates. The use of amino sugars of this type in the synthesis of natural carbohydrate-containing compounds and their analogues, including aminoglycoside antibiotics, glycosidase inhibitors, substrate analogues and inhibitors of glycan biosynthesis, galectin inhibitors, etc. is described. The bibliography includes 89 references.
{"title":"3-Amino-3-deoxy- and 4-amino-4-deoxyhexoses in the synthesis of natural carbohydrate compounds and their analogues","authors":"Y. Tsvetkov, O. Yudina, N. Nifantiev","doi":"10.1070/RCR4974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR4974","url":null,"abstract":"The review considers general methods for the preparation of 3-amino-3-deoxy- and 4-amino-4-deoxyhexoses and their derivatives, including nitromethane condensation, reduction of 3- and 4-hexosulose oximes, epoxide opening with an azide ion, and nucleophilic substitution of sulfonates. The use of amino sugars of this type in the synthesis of natural carbohydrate-containing compounds and their analogues, including aminoglycoside antibiotics, glycosidase inhibitors, substrate analogues and inhibitors of glycan biosynthesis, galectin inhibitors, etc. is described. The bibliography includes 89 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"90 1","pages":"171 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59008934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The review deals with the main catalytic methods for the C(sp2)–N bond formation, including Buchwald–Hartwig palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl and heteroaryl halides, renaissance of the Ullmann chemistry, i.e., the application of catalysis by copper complexes to form the carbon–nitrogen bond, and Chan–Lam reactions of (hetero)arylboronic acids with amines. Also, oxidative amination with C–H activation, which has been booming during the last decade, is addressed. Particular attention is paid to achievements in the application of heterogenized catalysts. The bibliography includes 350 references.
{"title":"Metal-catalyzed reactions for the C(sp2)–N bond formation: achievements of recent years","authors":"I. Beletskaya, A. Averin","doi":"10.1070/RCR4999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR4999","url":null,"abstract":"The review deals with the main catalytic methods for the C(sp2)–N bond formation, including Buchwald–Hartwig palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl and heteroaryl halides, renaissance of the Ullmann chemistry, i.e., the application of catalysis by copper complexes to form the carbon–nitrogen bond, and Chan–Lam reactions of (hetero)arylboronic acids with amines. Also, oxidative amination with C–H activation, which has been booming during the last decade, is addressed. Particular attention is paid to achievements in the application of heterogenized catalysts. The bibliography includes 350 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"90 1","pages":"1359 - 1396"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59009921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changes in the hydrostatic pressure may significantly affect the spin dynamics of magnetically active compounds. Hence, objects exhibiting spin transitions have attracted attention of researchers in different fields. Since these transitions are reversible and do not cause the chemical decomposition of the compounds, spin state conversions can be responsible for the functional activity of materials as data storage media, external stimulus sensors or actuators for certain solid-state processes. Moreover, multispin compounds can demonstrate specific structural dynamics that is not inherent in diamagnetic compounds, which is of independent interest. The review presents the analysis of recent data on the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the crystal structure and magnetic properties of metal complexes with organic diamagnetic and paramagnetic ligands, exhibiting spin transitions and valence tautomerism, organic paramagnets and single-molecule magnets. The bibliography includes 179 references.
{"title":"Effect of pressure on the structure of multispin complexes","authors":"G. Romanenko, G. Letyagin, V. Ovcharenko","doi":"10.1070/RCR5028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR5028","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the hydrostatic pressure may significantly affect the spin dynamics of magnetically active compounds. Hence, objects exhibiting spin transitions have attracted attention of researchers in different fields. Since these transitions are reversible and do not cause the chemical decomposition of the compounds, spin state conversions can be responsible for the functional activity of materials as data storage media, external stimulus sensors or actuators for certain solid-state processes. Moreover, multispin compounds can demonstrate specific structural dynamics that is not inherent in diamagnetic compounds, which is of independent interest. The review presents the analysis of recent data on the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the crystal structure and magnetic properties of metal complexes with organic diamagnetic and paramagnetic ligands, exhibiting spin transitions and valence tautomerism, organic paramagnets and single-molecule magnets. The bibliography includes 179 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59010986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The review summarizes and systematizes data on the methods for the preparation of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines. Both multicomponent and pseudo-multicomponent synthetic approaches and one-pot transformations based on the reactions of carbonyl compounds, malononitrile or its derivatives, and CH-acids are considered. Examples of the use of various catalysts, microwave and ultrasonic radiation, as well as electric current for the implementation of multicomponent transformations of this type are given. Characteristic features of the course and mechanisms of reactions are discussed. Data on the biological activity of the obtained compounds and on other fields of application of such heterocyclic systems are presented. The bibliography includes 109 references.
{"title":"Multicomponent design of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine systems","authors":"M. Elinson, Y. E. Ryzhkova, F. V. Ryzhkov","doi":"10.1070/RCR4972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR4972","url":null,"abstract":"The review summarizes and systematizes data on the methods for the preparation of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines. Both multicomponent and pseudo-multicomponent synthetic approaches and one-pot transformations based on the reactions of carbonyl compounds, malononitrile or its derivatives, and CH-acids are considered. Examples of the use of various catalysts, microwave and ultrasonic radiation, as well as electric current for the implementation of multicomponent transformations of this type are given. Characteristic features of the course and mechanisms of reactions are discussed. Data on the biological activity of the obtained compounds and on other fields of application of such heterocyclic systems are presented. The bibliography includes 109 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"90 1","pages":"94 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59008602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The review addresses the possibility of obtaining Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov isomers in the reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons with organophosphorus and organosulfur compounds having P–H and S–H bonds using metal salts or complexes as catalysts. The bibliography includes 247 references.
{"title":"Catalysis and regioselectivity in hydrofunctionalization reactions of unsaturated carbon bonds. Part III","authors":"I. Beletskaya, C. Nájera, M. Yus","doi":"10.1070/RCR4983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR4983","url":null,"abstract":"The review addresses the possibility of obtaining Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov isomers in the reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons with organophosphorus and organosulfur compounds having P–H and S–H bonds using metal salts or complexes as catalysts. The bibliography includes 247 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"90 1","pages":"70 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59008742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Petrov, A. Modestov, D. V. Konev, A. Antipov, P. Loktionov, R. Pichugov, N. Kartashova, A. Glazkov, L. Abunaeva, V. Andreev, M. A. Vorotyntsev
In recent years, the key principles of the electric power industry have radically changed and the number of studies on the development of devices for electrical energy storage in a different form such as mechanical or chemical energy has rapidly increased. This review gives a brief description of these devices. The attention is focused on redox flow batteries (RFBs), a promising type of energy storage devices capable of efficiently operating in distributed power grids, in order to eliminate the imbalance between the time-varying electricity production by ‘unconventional sources’ and electricity consumption. At the design level, RFBs combine the principles of fuel cells and chemical energy sources with solid electroactive materials: transitions between electrical and chemical forms of energy in these devices occur upon oxidation and reduction of redox-active electrolytes, which are stored in separate tanks and pumped into the electrode compartments of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) separated by a semi-permeable membrane. This approach ensures an important advantage of these devices over other types of chemical energy sources, that is, the possibility of independent scaling of the energy storage capacity and power characteristics of the system. This review provides a systematic description of the main types of RFBs and analysis of their fundamental benefits and drawbacks, which determine the prospects for practical applications of RFBs. The bibliography includes 149 references.
{"title":"Redox flow batteries: role in modern electric power industry and comparative characteristics of the main types","authors":"M. Petrov, A. Modestov, D. V. Konev, A. Antipov, P. Loktionov, R. Pichugov, N. Kartashova, A. Glazkov, L. Abunaeva, V. Andreev, M. A. Vorotyntsev","doi":"10.1070/RCR4987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR4987","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the key principles of the electric power industry have radically changed and the number of studies on the development of devices for electrical energy storage in a different form such as mechanical or chemical energy has rapidly increased. This review gives a brief description of these devices. The attention is focused on redox flow batteries (RFBs), a promising type of energy storage devices capable of efficiently operating in distributed power grids, in order to eliminate the imbalance between the time-varying electricity production by ‘unconventional sources’ and electricity consumption. At the design level, RFBs combine the principles of fuel cells and chemical energy sources with solid electroactive materials: transitions between electrical and chemical forms of energy in these devices occur upon oxidation and reduction of redox-active electrolytes, which are stored in separate tanks and pumped into the electrode compartments of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) separated by a semi-permeable membrane. This approach ensures an important advantage of these devices over other types of chemical energy sources, that is, the possibility of independent scaling of the energy storage capacity and power characteristics of the system. This review provides a systematic description of the main types of RFBs and analysis of their fundamental benefits and drawbacks, which determine the prospects for practical applications of RFBs. The bibliography includes 149 references.","PeriodicalId":21523,"journal":{"name":"Russian Chemical Reviews","volume":"90 1","pages":"677 - 702"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59009194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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