Pub Date : 2024-07-31eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240497
Jia-Yi Ye, Man-Qing Ye, Ling Zhang, Wen Li, Yan-Shan Li, Zhi-Wei Fu
Nano-Fe3O4 was loaded onto coconut-based activated carbon fibres (CACF) using an electrostatic self-assembly method. The effects of the mass ratio of CACF to nano-Fe3O4, loading time, pH and temperature on the loading effect were investigated and ideal loading conditions were determined. To study the adsorption performance of MACF@Fe3O4 for methylene blue, the effects of the initial concentration, pH and time on the adsorption were investigated and the working conditions of adsorption were established. MACF@Fe3O4 was systematically characterized. Adsorption kinetics were investigated under ideal conditions. The ideal loading conditions for MACF@Fe3O4 were as follows: mass ratio of 1:1, 20 min, pH 9.36, 22.5°C. The saturation magnetization of MACF@Fe3O4 was 48.2263 emu·g-1, which could be quickly separated under an external magnetic field. When the dosage was 0.010 g, the adsorption rate reached 97.29% and the maximum adsorption capacity was 12.1616 mg·g-1. The adsorption process conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetics during the first 15 min and pseudo-second-order kinetics during 20-120 min. The equations were and , respectively. The isothermal adsorption model showed that MACF@Fe3O4 was more in line with the Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption process was mainly monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic analysis results showed that the adsorption process of MB by MACF@Fe3O4 was an endothermic process. In this study, MACF@Fe3O4 with high adsorption capacity and easy separation from coconut palm fibres has good application prospects in the field of adsorption, which can promote the high-value utilization of coconut palms.
利用静电自组装法将纳米氧化铁装载到椰基活性碳纤维(CACF)上。研究了 CACF 与纳米 Fe3O4 的质量比、负载时间、pH 值和温度对负载效果的影响,并确定了理想的负载条件。为了研究 MACF@Fe3O4 对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能,研究了初始浓度、pH 值和时间对吸附的影响,并确定了吸附的工作条件。对 MACF@Fe3O4 进行了系统表征。研究了理想条件下的吸附动力学。MACF@Fe3O4 的理想吸附条件为:质量比 1:1、20 分钟、pH 值 9.36、22.5°C。MACF@Fe3O4 的饱和磁化率为 48.2263 emu-g-1,可在外加磁场下快速分离。当用量为 0.010 g 时,吸附率达到 97.29%,最大吸附容量为 12.1616 mg-g-1。吸附过程在前 15 分钟内符合伪一阶动力学,在 20-120 分钟内符合伪二阶动力学。方程分别为 ln( Q e - Q t )=2.2394-0.0689t 和 t Q t =0.0774 + 0.5295t。等温吸附模型表明,MACF@Fe3O4 更符合 Langmuir 模型,表明吸附过程主要是单层吸附。热力学分析结果表明,MACF@Fe3O4 对 MB 的吸附过程是一个内热过程。本研究中,MACF@Fe3O4 具有吸附容量高、易与椰棕纤维分离等特点,在吸附领域具有良好的应用前景,可促进椰棕的高值化利用。
{"title":"Preparation of magnetic activated carbon fibers@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> by electrostatic self-assembly method and adsorption properties for methylene blue.","authors":"Jia-Yi Ye, Man-Qing Ye, Ling Zhang, Wen Li, Yan-Shan Li, Zhi-Wei Fu","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240497","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nano-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was loaded onto coconut-based activated carbon fibres (CACF) using an electrostatic self-assembly method. The effects of the mass ratio of CACF to nano-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, loading time, pH and temperature on the loading effect were investigated and ideal loading conditions were determined. To study the adsorption performance of MACF@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> for methylene blue, the effects of the initial concentration, pH and time on the adsorption were investigated and the working conditions of adsorption were established. MACF@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was systematically characterized. Adsorption kinetics were investigated under ideal conditions. The ideal loading conditions for MACF@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> were as follows: mass ratio of 1:1, 20 min, pH 9.36, 22.5°C. The saturation magnetization of MACF@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was 48.2263 emu·g<sup>-1</sup>, which could be quickly separated under an external magnetic field. When the dosage was 0.010 g, the adsorption rate reached 97.29% and the maximum adsorption capacity was 12.1616 mg·g<sup>-1</sup>. The adsorption process conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetics during the first 15 min and pseudo-second-order kinetics during 20-120 min. The equations were <math> <mstyle><mrow><mtext>ln(</mtext> <msub><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow> <mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>-</mtext> <msub><mtext>Q</mtext> <mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>)=2.2394-0.0689t</mtext></mrow> </mstyle> </math> and <math> <mstyle> <mrow> <mfrac><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow> <msub><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow> <mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> <mtext>=0.0774 + 0.5295t</mtext></mrow> </mstyle> </math> , respectively. The isothermal adsorption model showed that MACF@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was more in line with the Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption process was mainly monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic analysis results showed that the adsorption process of MB by MACF@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was an endothermic process. In this study, MACF@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with high adsorption capacity and easy separation from coconut palm fibres has good application prospects in the field of adsorption, which can promote the high-value utilization of coconut palms.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11288675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231889
Ruihan Wu, Jing Tian Lim, Zahra Ahmed, Rachael Berger, Ensar Acem, Ishita Chowdhury, Sarah J White
Southgate et al.'s (Southgate 2007 Psychol. Sci. 18, 587-92 (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01944.x)) anticipatory-looking paradigm has presented exciting yet inconclusive evidence surrounding spontaneous mentalizing in autism. The present study aimed to develop this paradigm to address alternative explanations for the lack of predictive eye movements on false-belief tasks by autistic adults. This was achieved through implementing a multi-trial design with matched true-belief conditions, and both high and low inhibitory demand false-belief conditions. We also sought to inspect if any group differences were related to group-specific patterns of attention on key events. Autistic adults were compared with non-autistic adults on this adapted implicit mentalizing task and an established explicit task. The two groups performed equally well in the explicit task; however, autistic adults did not show anticipatory-looking behaviour in the false-belief trials of the implicit task. Critically, both groups showed the same attentional distribution in the implicit task prior to action prediction, indicating that autistic adults process information from social cues in the same way as non-autistic adults, but this information is not then used to update mental representations. Our findings further document that many autistic people struggle to spontaneously mentalize others' beliefs, and this non-verbal paradigm holds promise for use with a wide range of ages and abilities.
{"title":"Do autistic adults spontaneously reason about belief? A detailed exploration of alternative explanations.","authors":"Ruihan Wu, Jing Tian Lim, Zahra Ahmed, Rachael Berger, Ensar Acem, Ishita Chowdhury, Sarah J White","doi":"10.1098/rsos.231889","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.231889","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Southgate <i>et al.</i>'s (Southgate 2007 <i>Psychol. Sci.</i> 18, 587-92 (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01944.x)) anticipatory-looking paradigm has presented exciting yet inconclusive evidence surrounding spontaneous mentalizing in autism. The present study aimed to develop this paradigm to address alternative explanations for the lack of predictive eye movements on false-belief tasks by autistic adults. This was achieved through implementing a multi-trial design with matched true-belief conditions, and both high and low inhibitory demand false-belief conditions. We also sought to inspect if any group differences were related to group-specific patterns of attention on key events. Autistic adults were compared with non-autistic adults on this adapted implicit mentalizing task and an established explicit task. The two groups performed equally well in the explicit task; however, autistic adults did not show anticipatory-looking behaviour in the false-belief trials of the implicit task. Critically, both groups showed the same attentional distribution in the implicit task prior to action prediction, indicating that autistic adults process information from social cues in the same way as non-autistic adults, but this information is not then used to update mental representations. Our findings further document that many autistic people struggle to spontaneously mentalize others' beliefs, and this non-verbal paradigm holds promise for use with a wide range of ages and abilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11289652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240604
Ryley T Yost, Andrew M Scott, Judy M Kurbaj, Brendan Walshe-Roussel, Reuven Dukas, Anne F Simon
Social isolation causes profound changes in social behaviour in a variety of species. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms modulating behavioural responses to social isolation and social recovery remain to be elucidated. Here, we quantified the behavioural response of vinegar flies to social isolation using two distinct protocols (social space preference and sociability, the spontaneous tendencies to form groups). We found that social isolation increased social space and reduced sociability. These effects of social isolation were reversible and could be reduced after 3 days of group housing. Flies with a loss of function of neuroligin3 (orthologue of autism-related neuroligin genes) with known increased social space in a socially enriched environment were still able to recover from social isolation. We also show that dopamine (DA) is needed for a response to social isolation and recovery in males but not in females. Furthermore, only in males, DA levels are reduced after isolation and are not recovered after group housing. Finally, in socially enriched flies mutant for neuroligin3, DA levels are reduced in males, but not in females. We propose a model to explain how DA and neuroligin3 are involved in the behavioural response to social isolation and its recovery in a dynamic and sex-specific manner.
社会隔离会导致多种物种的社会行为发生深刻变化。然而,调节社会隔离和社会恢复行为反应的遗传和分子机制仍有待阐明。在这里,我们使用两种不同的方案(社会空间偏好和社会性,即自发形成群体的倾向)量化了醋蝇对社会隔离的行为反应。我们发现,社会隔离增加了社会空间,降低了社会性。社会隔离的这些影响是可逆的,在群体饲养 3 天后就会减少。已知在社交丰富的环境中社会空间增加的神经胶质蛋白3(自闭症相关神经胶质蛋白基因的直系同源物)功能缺失的苍蝇仍能从社会隔离中恢复。我们还发现,雄性动物需要多巴胺(DA)来应对社会隔离和恢复,而雌性动物则不需要。此外,只有雄性多巴胺水平在隔离后会降低,而在群居后则不会恢复。最后,在神经胶质蛋白3突变体的社交丰富蝇中,雄性的DA水平会降低,而雌性则不会。我们提出了一个模型来解释 DA 和 neuroligin3 如何以动态和性别特异性的方式参与社会隔离的行为反应及其恢复。
{"title":"Recovery from social isolation requires dopamine in males, but not the autism-related gene <i>nlg3</i> in either sex.","authors":"Ryley T Yost, Andrew M Scott, Judy M Kurbaj, Brendan Walshe-Roussel, Reuven Dukas, Anne F Simon","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240604","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social isolation causes profound changes in social behaviour in a variety of species. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms modulating behavioural responses to social isolation and social recovery remain to be elucidated. Here, we quantified the behavioural response of vinegar flies to social isolation using two distinct protocols (social space preference and sociability, the spontaneous tendencies to form groups). We found that social isolation increased social space and reduced sociability. These effects of social isolation were reversible and could be reduced after 3 days of group housing. Flies with a loss of function of <i>neuroligin3</i> (orthologue of autism-related <i>neuroligin</i> genes) with known increased social space in a socially enriched environment were still able to recover from social isolation. We also show that dopamine (DA) is needed for a response to social isolation and recovery in males but not in females. Furthermore, only in males, DA levels are reduced after isolation and are not recovered after group housing. Finally, in socially enriched flies mutant for <i>neuroligin3</i>, DA levels are reduced in males, but not in females. We propose a model to explain how DA and <i>neuroligin3</i> are involved in the behavioural response to social isolation and its recovery in a dynamic and sex-specific manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11288677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240409
Diego Méndez, Félix Hernán Vargas, José Hernán Sarasola, Pedro P Olea
Vultures provide the key ecosystem service of quickly removing carrion, so they have recently been assumed to be top scavengers. To challenge the concept of top scavenger (i.e. the most influential in the scavenging community and process), between 2012 and 2019, we recorded the consumption of 45 equine carcasses available for two different avian scavenger guilds in the Tropical Andes; each guild included the Andean Condor, the alleged top scavenger. The carcasses eaten by Andean Condors were consumed, on average, 1.75 times faster than those they did not eat. Furthermore, the greater abundance of feeding condors shortened carcass consumption time more than a greater abundance of any other species by 1.65 to 5.96 times, on average. These findings support the hypothesis that the Andean Condor significantly drives scavenging dynamics and is, therefore, an unrestricted top scavenger. Additionally, we established a gradient of tolerance of avian scavengers to domestic dog disturbance at carcasses, from highest to lowest: vultures > caracaras > condors. Our study framework holds great potential for advancing in food webs' comprehension through quantifying the relative functional role of scavenging communities' members and for guiding efforts to weigh up the ecological contributions of top scavengers and foster their conservation.
{"title":"Validating the concept of top scavenger: the Andean Condor as a model species.","authors":"Diego Méndez, Félix Hernán Vargas, José Hernán Sarasola, Pedro P Olea","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240409","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vultures provide the key ecosystem service of quickly removing carrion, so they have recently been assumed to be top scavengers. To challenge the concept of top scavenger (i.e. the most influential in the scavenging community and process), between 2012 and 2019, we recorded the consumption of 45 equine carcasses available for two different avian scavenger guilds in the Tropical Andes; each guild included the Andean Condor, the alleged top scavenger. The carcasses eaten by Andean Condors were consumed, on average, 1.75 times faster than those they did not eat. Furthermore, the greater abundance of feeding condors shortened carcass consumption time more than a greater abundance of any other species by 1.65 to 5.96 times, on average. These findings support the hypothesis that the Andean Condor significantly drives scavenging dynamics and is, therefore, an unrestricted top scavenger. Additionally, we established a gradient of tolerance of avian scavengers to domestic dog disturbance at carcasses, from highest to lowest: vultures > caracaras > condors. Our study framework holds great potential for advancing in food webs' comprehension through quantifying the relative functional role of scavenging communities' members and for guiding efforts to weigh up the ecological contributions of top scavengers and foster their conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11288668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240558
Sanne Hessing, Nolwenn Risser, Loanne Pichot, Machiel G Oudejans, Marie Guilpin, Luís M D Barcelos, Charlotte Curé, Fleur Visser
Social deep-diving odontocetes face the challenge of balancing near-surface proximity to oxygen and group members with foraging in the deep sea. Individuals rely on conspecifics for critical life functions, such as predator defence, but disperse during foraging to feed individually. To understand the role of social acoustic mediation during foraging in deep-diving toothed whales, we investigated the context of social burst-pulse call production in Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) using biologgers. Dolphins produced context-specific burst pulses predominantly during daytime foraging, preceding or following foraging dives and in the early descent of daytime deep dives. Individuals applied differential short and long burst-pulse calls intended for either near-surface receivers (horizontal transmission) or deep-foraging receivers (vertical transmission). Our results show that deep-diving toothed whales are reliant on acoustic communication during certain foraging contexts, to relay information including foraging conditions or an individual's location. Moreover, they accentuate the importance of maintaining acoustic contact with conspecifics, specifically when dispersed during deeper foraging. It also signifies that our oceanic top predators may be specifically vulnerable to the current strong increase in anthropogenic noise. Potential masking of the signals from group members communicating at a distance could undermine their social cohesion, and hence their capacity to maintain vital life functions.
{"title":"Context-driven communication during deep-sea foraging in a social toothed whale.","authors":"Sanne Hessing, Nolwenn Risser, Loanne Pichot, Machiel G Oudejans, Marie Guilpin, Luís M D Barcelos, Charlotte Curé, Fleur Visser","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240558","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social deep-diving odontocetes face the challenge of balancing near-surface proximity to oxygen and group members with foraging in the deep sea. Individuals rely on conspecifics for critical life functions, such as predator defence, but disperse during foraging to feed individually. To understand the role of social acoustic mediation during foraging in deep-diving toothed whales, we investigated the context of social burst-pulse call production in Risso's dolphin (<i>Grampus griseus</i>) using biologgers. Dolphins produced context-specific burst pulses predominantly during daytime foraging, preceding or following foraging dives and in the early descent of daytime deep dives. Individuals applied differential short and long burst-pulse calls intended for either near-surface receivers (horizontal transmission) or deep-foraging receivers (vertical transmission). Our results show that deep-diving toothed whales are reliant on acoustic communication during certain foraging contexts, to relay information including foraging conditions or an individual's location. Moreover, they accentuate the importance of maintaining acoustic contact with conspecifics, specifically when dispersed during deeper foraging. It also signifies that our oceanic top predators may be specifically vulnerable to the current strong increase in anthropogenic noise. Potential masking of the signals from group members communicating at a distance could undermine their social cohesion, and hence their capacity to maintain vital life functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11288665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240390
Logan Wade, Glen Lichtwark, Dominic Farris
Owing to the unexplored potential to harness knee extension power during jumping, the current study aimed to examine how joint mechanics were altered with a biologically inspired, passive bi-articular ankle-knee exoskeleton, which could potentially facilitate greater jump height by increasing work production about the knee and ankle. Twenty-five participants (16 males and 9 females, 175.2 ± 8.2 cm, 72.9 ± 10.3 kg, 24.0 ± 3.4 years) performed maximal squat jumping with and without the exoskeletal device and we compared jump height, joint moment and joint work of the lower limbs. Despite a low exoskeleton stiffness and therefore a limited capacity to store energy, the bi-articular device resulted in decreased jump height (1.9 ± 3.1 cm, p = 0.006), decreased net work about the knee (0.23 J/kg, p < 0.001) and no increase in ankle joint work (p = 0.207), compared with jumping with no exoskeleton. Based on our findings, to mimic unassisted ankle joint moment profiles, a future bi-articular device would need increased elastic element slack length, greater stiffness and a larger moment arm about the ankle. Future designs could also employ attachment sites that have minimal overlying soft tissue, such as the pelvis, to improve comfort of the device.
{"title":"Implementation of a passive bi-articular ankle-knee exoskeleton during maximal squat jumping.","authors":"Logan Wade, Glen Lichtwark, Dominic Farris","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240390","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owing to the unexplored potential to harness knee extension power during jumping, the current study aimed to examine how joint mechanics were altered with a biologically inspired, passive bi-articular ankle-knee exoskeleton, which could potentially facilitate greater jump height by increasing work production about the knee and ankle. Twenty-five participants (16 males and 9 females, 175.2 ± 8.2 cm, 72.9 ± 10.3 kg, 24.0 ± 3.4 years) performed maximal squat jumping with and without the exoskeletal device and we compared jump height, joint moment and joint work of the lower limbs. Despite a low exoskeleton stiffness and therefore a limited capacity to store energy, the bi-articular device resulted in decreased jump height (1.9 ± 3.1 cm, <i>p</i> = 0.006), decreased net work about the knee (0.23 J/kg, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and no increase in ankle joint work (<i>p</i> = 0.207), compared with jumping with no exoskeleton. Based on our findings, to mimic unassisted ankle joint moment profiles, a future bi-articular device would need increased elastic element slack length, greater stiffness and a larger moment arm about the ankle. Future designs could also employ attachment sites that have minimal overlying soft tissue, such as the pelvis, to improve comfort of the device.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11288684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Species discrimination of insects is an important aspect of ecology and biodiversity research. The traditional methods based on human visual experience and biochemical analysis cannot strike a balance between accuracy and timeliness. Morphological identification using computer vision and machine learning is expected to solve this problem, but image features have poor accuracy for very similar species and usually require complicated networks that are unfriendly to portable edge devices. In this work, we propose a fast and accurate species discrimination method of similar insects using hyperspectral features and lightweight machine learning algorithm. Feature regions selection, feature spectra selection and model quantification are used for the optimization of discriminating network. The experimental results of six similar butterfly species in the genus of Graphium show that, compared with morphological recognition with machine vision, our work achieves a higher accuracy of 92.36 ± 3.04% and a shorter inference time of 0.6 ms, with the tiny-size convolutional neural network deployed on a neural network chip. This study provides a rapid and high-accuracy species discrimination method for insects with high appearance similarity and paves the way for field discriminations using intelligent micro-spectrometer based on on-chip microstructure and artificial intelligence chip.
{"title":"Rapid species discrimination of similar insects using hyperspectral imaging and lightweight edge artificial intelligence.","authors":"Xuquan Wang, Zhiyuan Ma, Yujie Xing, Tianfan Peng, Xiong Dun, Zhuqing He, Jian Zhang, Xinbin Cheng","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240485","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Species discrimination of insects is an important aspect of ecology and biodiversity research. The traditional methods based on human visual experience and biochemical analysis cannot strike a balance between accuracy and timeliness. Morphological identification using computer vision and machine learning is expected to solve this problem, but image features have poor accuracy for very similar species and usually require complicated networks that are unfriendly to portable edge devices. In this work, we propose a fast and accurate species discrimination method of similar insects using hyperspectral features and lightweight machine learning algorithm. Feature regions selection, feature spectra selection and model quantification are used for the optimization of discriminating network. The experimental results of six similar butterfly species in the genus of <i>Graphium</i> show that, compared with morphological recognition with machine vision, our work achieves a higher accuracy of 92.36 ± 3.04% and a shorter inference time of 0.6 ms, with the tiny-size convolutional neural network deployed on a neural network chip. This study provides a rapid and high-accuracy species discrimination method for insects with high appearance similarity and paves the way for field discriminations using intelligent micro-spectrometer based on on-chip microstructure and artificial intelligence chip.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11288683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240439
Brian R Blais, Corey J Shaw, Colin W Brocka, Samantha L Johnson, Kayla K Lauger
Road mortality adversely affects wildlife populations. As urbanization and infrastructure densities expand, transportation and wildlife management aim to mitigate wildlife-vehicle conflicts while conserving biodiversity. Roadways in aridland ecosystems can invariably and adversely impact wildlife differently from temperate and other biomes, yet these rapidly urbanizing regions are understudied as are urban-rural gradients. We conducted road-cruise surveys (n = 204; 2018-2023) to assess anthropogenic, environmental, and temporal factors associated with vertebrate roadkill across the wildland-urban interface of Arizona's biodiverse Sonoran Desert ecoregion-already subjected to increased human development and climate change. Of n = 2019 vertebrates observed, 28.5% were roadkill. Increasing urbanization levels were associated with reduced vertebrate abundance on roads and increased road-killed endothermic vertebrates. Traffic volume was strongly associated with reduced vertebrate abundance and increased roadkill; additive effects on roadkill began at approximately 20 vehicles. Daily low temperature and/or relative humidity were also associated with roadkill across vertebrate groups. We provide empirical evidence to understand wildlife-roadkill associations across expanding wildland-urban interfaces to inform effective roadkill mitigation and wildlife conservation management strategies in biodiverse aridland regions. We recommend that managers mitigate or avoid development in rural areas that possess high biodiversity, valuable waterways or migration corridors, and populations of vulnerable species.
{"title":"Anthropogenic, environmental and temporal associations with vertebrate road mortality in a wildland-urban interface of a biodiverse desert ecoregion.","authors":"Brian R Blais, Corey J Shaw, Colin W Brocka, Samantha L Johnson, Kayla K Lauger","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240439","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Road mortality adversely affects wildlife populations. As urbanization and infrastructure densities expand, transportation and wildlife management aim to mitigate wildlife-vehicle conflicts while conserving biodiversity. Roadways in aridland ecosystems can invariably and adversely impact wildlife differently from temperate and other biomes, yet these rapidly urbanizing regions are understudied as are urban-rural gradients. We conducted road-cruise surveys (<i>n</i> = 204; 2018-2023) to assess anthropogenic, environmental, and temporal factors associated with vertebrate roadkill across the wildland-urban interface of Arizona's biodiverse Sonoran Desert ecoregion-already subjected to increased human development and climate change. Of <i>n</i> = 2019 vertebrates observed, 28.5% were roadkill. Increasing urbanization levels were associated with reduced vertebrate abundance on roads and increased road-killed endothermic vertebrates. Traffic volume was strongly associated with reduced vertebrate abundance and increased roadkill; additive effects on roadkill began at approximately 20 vehicles. Daily low temperature and/or relative humidity were also associated with roadkill across vertebrate groups. We provide empirical evidence to understand wildlife-roadkill associations across expanding wildland-urban interfaces to inform effective roadkill mitigation and wildlife conservation management strategies in biodiverse aridland regions. We recommend that managers mitigate or avoid development in rural areas that possess high biodiversity, valuable waterways or migration corridors, and populations of vulnerable species.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11288681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240417
Marlene Oefele, Michaela Hau, Suvi Ruuskanen, Stefania Casagrande
An organism's response to its environment is largely determined by changes in the energy supplied by aerobic mitochondrial metabolism via adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. ATP is especially important under energy-demanding conditions, such as during rapid growth. It is currently poorly understood how environmental factors influence energy metabolism and mitochondrial functioning, but recent studies suggest the role of thyroid hormones (TH). TH are key regulators of growth and metabolism and can be flexibly adjusted to environmental conditions, such as environmental temperature or food availability. To test whether TH enhancement is causally linked to mitochondrial function and growth, we provided TH orally at physiological concentrations during the main growth phase in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) nestlings reared in a challenging environment. TH treatment accelerated maximal mitochondrial working capacity-a trait that reflects mitochondrial ATP production, without affecting growth. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the regulation of mitochondria by TH during development in a semi-naturalistic context and to address implications for fitness-related traits, such as growth.
生物体对环境的反应主要取决于有氧线粒体代谢通过三磷酸腺苷(ATP)产生的能量供应变化。ATP 在能量需求条件下尤其重要,例如在快速生长期间。目前,人们对环境因素如何影响能量代谢和线粒体功能还知之甚少,但最近的研究表明甲状腺激素(TH)发挥了作用。甲状腺激素是生长和新陈代谢的关键调节因子,可根据环境温度或食物供应等环境条件灵活调节。为了检验甲状腺激素的增强是否与线粒体功能和生长有因果关系,我们在斑马雀(Taeniopygia guttata)雏鸟的主要生长阶段口服了生理浓度的甲状腺激素。TH 处理可加速线粒体的最大工作能力--这一特性反映了线粒体 ATP 的产生,而不影响生长。据我们所知,这是首次在半自然环境下研究线粒体在发育过程中受TH调控的特性,并探讨其对生长等体能相关性状的影响。
{"title":"Mitochondrial function is enhanced by thyroid hormones during zebra finch development.","authors":"Marlene Oefele, Michaela Hau, Suvi Ruuskanen, Stefania Casagrande","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240417","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An organism's response to its environment is largely determined by changes in the energy supplied by aerobic mitochondrial metabolism via adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. ATP is especially important under energy-demanding conditions, such as during rapid growth. It is currently poorly understood how environmental factors influence energy metabolism and mitochondrial functioning, but recent studies suggest the role of thyroid hormones (TH). TH are key regulators of growth and metabolism and can be flexibly adjusted to environmental conditions, such as environmental temperature or food availability. To test whether TH enhancement is causally linked to mitochondrial function and growth, we provided TH orally at physiological concentrations during the main growth phase in zebra finch (<i>Taeniopygia guttata</i>) nestlings reared in a challenging environment. TH treatment accelerated maximal mitochondrial working capacity-a trait that reflects mitochondrial ATP production, without affecting growth. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the regulation of mitochondria by TH during development in a semi-naturalistic context and to address implications for fitness-related traits, such as growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11288688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240487
James P Higham, David Colquhoun
A fundamental mistake in receptor theory has led to an enduring misunderstanding of how to estimate the affinity and efficacy of an agonist. These properties are inextricably linked and cannot be easily separated in any case where the binding of a ligand induces a conformation change in its receptor. Consequently, binding curves and concentration-response relationships for receptor agonists have no straightforward interpretation. This problem-the affinity-efficacy problem-remains overlooked and misunderstood despite it being recognized in 1987. To avoid the further propagation of this misunderstanding, we propose in this review that the affinity-efficacy problem should be included in the core curricula for pharmacology undergraduates proposed by the British Pharmacological Society and the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR).
{"title":"The affinity-efficacy problem: an essential part of pharmacology education.","authors":"James P Higham, David Colquhoun","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240487","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A fundamental mistake in receptor theory has led to an enduring misunderstanding of how to estimate the affinity and efficacy of an agonist. These properties are inextricably linked and cannot be easily separated in any case where the binding of a ligand induces a conformation change in its receptor. Consequently, binding curves and concentration-response relationships for receptor agonists have no straightforward interpretation. This problem-the affinity-efficacy problem-remains overlooked and misunderstood despite it being recognized in 1987. To avoid the further propagation of this misunderstanding, we propose in this review that the affinity-efficacy problem should be included in the core curricula for pharmacology undergraduates proposed by the British Pharmacological Society and the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR).</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11267233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}