Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241046
Patrick Cunningham, Mahita Shankar, Bridgett vonHoldt, Kristin E Brzeski, Sarah S Kienle
Facial expressions are critical for non-verbal communication. The Canis genus epitomizes the interplay between behaviour and morphology in the evolution of non-verbal communication. Recent work suggests that the levator anguli oculi medialis (LAOM) muscle is unique to dogs (Canis familiaris) within the Canis genus and evolved due to domestication. The LAOM raises the inner eyebrows, resulting in the 'puppy dog eyes' expression. Here, we test whether the LAOM is a derived trait in dogs by (i) examining the facial expression muscles of a closely related and ancestral wild Canis species, the coyote (C. latrans) and (ii) comparing our results with other Canis and canid taxa. We discover that coyotes have a well-developed LAOM like dogs, which differs from the modified/absent LAOM in grey wolves. Our findings challenge the hypothesis that the LAOM developed due to domestication. We suggest that the LAOM is a basal trait that was lost in grey wolves. Additionally, we find inter- and intraspecific variations in the size of the muscles of the outer ear, forehead, lips and rostrum, indicating potential adaptations related to sensory perception, communication and individual-level functional variations within canids. Together, this research expands our knowledge of facial expressions, their evolution and their role in communication.
{"title":"Coyotes can do 'puppy dog eyes' too: comparing interspecific variation in <i>Canis</i> facial expression muscles.","authors":"Patrick Cunningham, Mahita Shankar, Bridgett vonHoldt, Kristin E Brzeski, Sarah S Kienle","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241046","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Facial expressions are critical for non-verbal communication. The <i>Canis</i> genus epitomizes the interplay between behaviour and morphology in the evolution of non-verbal communication. Recent work suggests that the levator anguli oculi medialis (LAOM) muscle is unique to dogs (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) within the <i>Canis</i> genus and evolved due to domestication. The LAOM raises the inner eyebrows, resulting in the 'puppy dog eyes' expression. Here, we test whether the LAOM is a derived trait in dogs by (i) examining the facial expression muscles of a closely related and ancestral wild <i>Canis</i> species, the coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>) and (ii) comparing our results with other <i>Canis</i> and canid taxa. We discover that coyotes have a well-developed LAOM like dogs, which differs from the modified/absent LAOM in grey wolves. Our findings challenge the hypothesis that the LAOM developed due to domestication. We suggest that the LAOM is a basal trait that was lost in grey wolves. Additionally, we find inter- and intraspecific variations in the size of the muscles of the outer ear, forehead, lips and rostrum, indicating potential adaptations related to sensory perception, communication and individual-level functional variations within canids. Together, this research expands our knowledge of facial expressions, their evolution and their role in communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240923
Nouman Javed, Adam J López-Denman, Prasad N Paradkar, Asim Bhatti
Monitoring the flight behaviour of mosquitoes is crucial for assessing their fitness levels and understanding their potential role in disease transmission. Existing methods for tracking mosquito flight behaviour are challenging to implement in laboratory environments, and they also struggle with identity tracking, particularly during occlusions. Here, we introduce FlightTrackAI, a robust convolutional neural network (CNN)-based tool for automatic mosquito flight tracking. FlightTrackAI employs CNN, a multi-object tracking algorithm, and interpolation to track flight behaviour. It automatically processes each video in the input folder without supervision and generates tracked videos with mosquito positions across the frames and trajectory graphs before and after interpolation. FlightTrackAI does not require a sophisticated setup to capture videos; it can perform excellently with videos recorded using standard laboratory cages. FlightTrackAI also offers filtering capabilities to eliminate short-lived objects such as reflections. Validation of FlightTrackAI demonstrated its excellent performance with an average accuracy of 99.9%. The percentage of correctly assigned identities after occlusions exceeded 91%. The data produced by FlightTrackAI can facilitate analysis of various flight-related behaviours, including flight distance and volume coverage during flights. This advancement can help to enhance our understanding of mosquito ecology and behaviour, thereby informing targeted strategies for vector control.
{"title":"FlightTrackAI: a robust convolutional neural network-based tool for tracking the flight behaviour of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes.","authors":"Nouman Javed, Adam J López-Denman, Prasad N Paradkar, Asim Bhatti","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240923","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monitoring the flight behaviour of mosquitoes is crucial for assessing their fitness levels and understanding their potential role in disease transmission. Existing methods for tracking mosquito flight behaviour are challenging to implement in laboratory environments, and they also struggle with identity tracking, particularly during occlusions. Here, we introduce FlightTrackAI, a robust convolutional neural network (CNN)-based tool for automatic mosquito flight tracking. FlightTrackAI employs CNN, a multi-object tracking algorithm, and interpolation to track flight behaviour. It automatically processes each video in the input folder without supervision and generates tracked videos with mosquito positions across the frames and trajectory graphs before and after interpolation. FlightTrackAI does not require a sophisticated setup to capture videos; it can perform excellently with videos recorded using standard laboratory cages. FlightTrackAI also offers filtering capabilities to eliminate short-lived objects such as reflections. Validation of FlightTrackAI demonstrated its excellent performance with an average accuracy of 99.9%. The percentage of correctly assigned identities after occlusions exceeded 91%. The data produced by FlightTrackAI can facilitate analysis of various flight-related behaviours, including flight distance and volume coverage during flights. This advancement can help to enhance our understanding of mosquito ecology and behaviour, thereby informing targeted strategies for vector control.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444788/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240165
Marianyela Petrizzelli, Charlotte Coton, Dominique de Vienne
The way biological systems respond to changes in parameter values caused by mutations is a key issue in evolution and quantitative genetics, as it affects fundamental aspects such as adaptation, selective neutrality, robustness, optimality, evolutionary equilibria, etc. We address this question using the enzyme-flux relationship in a metabolic network as a model of the genotype-phenotype relationship. The lack of a suitable mathematical tool from biochemical theory to investigate this relationship led us to use an analogy between electrical circuits and metabolic networks with uni-uni reactions. We show that a behaviour of diminishing returns, which is commonly observed at various phenotypic levels, is inevitable, irrespective of the complexity of the system. We also present a possible generalization to metabolic networks with both uni-uni and bi-bi reactions.
{"title":"Formalizing the law of diminishing returns in metabolic networks using an electrical analogy.","authors":"Marianyela Petrizzelli, Charlotte Coton, Dominique de Vienne","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240165","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The way biological systems respond to changes in parameter values caused by mutations is a key issue in evolution and quantitative genetics, as it affects fundamental aspects such as adaptation, selective neutrality, robustness, optimality, evolutionary equilibria, etc. We address this question using the enzyme-flux relationship in a metabolic network as a model of the genotype-phenotype relationship. The lack of a suitable mathematical tool from biochemical theory to investigate this relationship led us to use an analogy between electrical circuits and metabolic networks with uni-uni reactions. We show that a behaviour of diminishing returns, which is commonly observed at various phenotypic levels, is inevitable, irrespective of the complexity of the system. We also present a possible generalization to metabolic networks with both uni-uni and bi-bi reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240850
Joachim Hüffmeier, Clara Kühner
Independent replications are very rare in the behavioural and social sciences. This is problematic because they can help to detect 'false positives' in published research and, in turn, contribute to scientific self-correction. The lack of replication studies is, among other factors, due to a rather passive editorial approach concerning replications by many journals, which does not encourage and may sometimes even actively discourage submission of replications. In this Perspective article, we advocate for a more proactive editorial approach concerning replications and suggest introducing journal-based replication marketplaces as a new publication track. We argue that such replication marketplaces could solve the long-standing problem of lacking independent replications. To establish these marketplaces, a designated part of a journal's editorial board identifies the most relevant new findings reported within the journal's pages and publicly offers them for replication. This public offering could be combined with small grants for authors to support these replications. Authors then compete for the first accepted registered report to conduct the related replications and can thus be sure that their replication will be published independent of the later findings. Replication marketplaces would not only increase the prevalence of independent replications but also help science to become more self-correcting.
{"title":"Replication marketplaces would help science to become more self-correcting.","authors":"Joachim Hüffmeier, Clara Kühner","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240850","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Independent replications are very rare in the behavioural and social sciences. This is problematic because they can help to detect 'false positives' in published research and, in turn, contribute to scientific self-correction. The lack of replication studies is, among other factors, due to a rather passive editorial approach concerning replications by many journals, which does not encourage and may sometimes even actively discourage submission of replications. In this Perspective article, we advocate for a more proactive editorial approach concerning replications and suggest introducing journal-based <i>replication marketplaces</i> as a new publication track. We argue that such replication marketplaces could solve the long-standing problem of lacking independent replications. To establish these marketplaces, a designated part of a journal's editorial board identifies the most relevant new findings reported within the journal's pages and publicly offers them for replication. This public offering could be combined with small grants for authors to support these replications. Authors then compete for the first accepted registered report to conduct the related replications and can thus be sure that their replication will be published independent of the later findings. Replication marketplaces would not only increase the prevalence of independent replications but also help science to become more self-correcting.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240550
Caleb Sullivan, Pubudu Senanayake, Michael J Plank
Accounting for population age structure and age-specific contact patterns is crucial for accurate modelling of human infectious disease dynamics and impact. A common approach is to use contact matrices, which estimate the number of contacts between individuals of different ages. These contact matrices are frequently based on data collected from populations with very different demographic and socio-economic characteristics from the population of interest. Here we use a comprehensive household composition dataset based on Aotearoa New Zealand census and administrative data to construct a household contact matrix and a synthetic population that can be used for modelling. We investigate the behaviour of a compartment-based and an agent-based epidemic model parametrized using these data, compared with a commonly used contact matrix that was constructed by projecting international data onto New Zealand's population. We find that using the New Zealand household data, either in a compartment-based model or in an agent-based model, leads to lower attack rates in older age groups compared with using the projected contact matrix. This difference becomes larger when household transmission is more dominant relative to non-household transmission. We provide electronic versions of the synthetic population and household contact matrix for other researchers to use in infectious disease models.
{"title":"Quantifying age-specific household contacts in Aotearoa New Zealand for infectious disease modelling.","authors":"Caleb Sullivan, Pubudu Senanayake, Michael J Plank","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240550","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accounting for population age structure and age-specific contact patterns is crucial for accurate modelling of human infectious disease dynamics and impact. A common approach is to use contact matrices, which estimate the number of contacts between individuals of different ages. These contact matrices are frequently based on data collected from populations with very different demographic and socio-economic characteristics from the population of interest. Here we use a comprehensive household composition dataset based on Aotearoa New Zealand census and administrative data to construct a household contact matrix and a synthetic population that can be used for modelling. We investigate the behaviour of a compartment-based and an agent-based epidemic model parametrized using these data, compared with a commonly used contact matrix that was constructed by projecting international data onto New Zealand's population. We find that using the New Zealand household data, either in a compartment-based model or in an agent-based model, leads to lower attack rates in older age groups compared with using the projected contact matrix. This difference becomes larger when household transmission is more dominant relative to non-household transmission. We provide electronic versions of the synthetic population and household contact matrix for other researchers to use in infectious disease models.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240514
M Burgess, R I M Dunbar
Human communities have self-organizing properties in which specific Dunbar Numbers may be invoked to explain group attachments. By analysing Wikipedia editing histories across a wide range of subject pages, we show that there is an emergent coherence in the size of transient groups formed to edit the content of subject texts, with two peaks averaging at around for the size corresponding to maximal contention, and at around as a regular team. These values are consistent with the observed sizes of conversational groups, as well as the hierarchical structuring of Dunbar graphs. We use a model of bipartite trust to derive a scaling law that fits the data and may apply to all group size distributions when these are based on attraction to a seeded group process. In addition to providing further evidence that even spontaneous communities of strangers are self-organizing, the results have important implications for the governance of the Wikipedia commons and for the security of all online social platforms and associations.
人类社区具有自组织特性,在这种特性中,特定的邓巴数(Dunbar Numbers)可被用来解释群体依附关系。通过分析维基百科上各种主题页面的编辑历史,我们发现,为编辑主题文本内容而形成的瞬时群体的规模存在着明显的一致性,其中有两个峰值,平均规模约为 N = 8(与最大争论相对应)和 N = 4(作为常规团队)。这些数值与观察到的会话组规模以及邓巴图的层次结构一致。我们使用一个双方信任模型推导出了一个符合数据的缩放定律,当这些数据基于对种子群进程的吸引力时,该定律可能适用于所有群的规模分布。除了进一步证明即使是陌生人自发组成的社区也是自组织的,这些结果对维基百科公共资源的管理以及所有在线社交平台和协会的安全性都有重要意义。
{"title":"Causal evidence for social group sizes from Wikipedia editing data.","authors":"M Burgess, R I M Dunbar","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240514","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human communities have self-organizing properties in which specific Dunbar Numbers may be invoked to explain group attachments. By analysing Wikipedia editing histories across a wide range of subject pages, we show that there is an emergent coherence in the size of transient groups formed to edit the content of subject texts, with two peaks averaging at around <math><mrow><mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8</mn></mrow> </math> for the size corresponding to maximal contention, and at around <math><mrow><mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn></mrow> </math> as a regular team. These values are consistent with the observed sizes of conversational groups, as well as the hierarchical structuring of Dunbar graphs. We use a model of bipartite trust to derive a scaling law that fits the data and may apply to all group size distributions when these are based on attraction to a seeded group process. In addition to providing further evidence that even spontaneous communities of strangers are self-organizing, the results have important implications for the governance of the Wikipedia commons and for the security of all online social platforms and associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240512
Teagan Pyne, Ron Haering, Aditi Sriram, Shona Lorigan, Richard Shine, Chris J Jolly
As urbanization expands globally, human-wildlife interactions will inevitably increase. Here, we analysed 10 years of wildlife rehabilitation records of squamate (snake and lizard) reptiles (n = 37 075) from the Greater Sydney region, New South Wales, Australia, to explore their value to address management and conservation issues. Rescues were highly non-random regarding taxonomic focus, spatial occurrences and temporal trends due to the combined influence of (i) reptile phenology and behaviour and (ii) human perceptions of reptiles. Seasonal peaks in rescues reflect reptile and, to a lesser extent, human activity. Spatial patterns of rescues were informative about distributions and presence of easily identified taxa but were primarily driven by human presence. Larger squamate species were rescued more frequently, potentially reflecting a perception of greater danger or rescue priority. While uncommon species were often misidentified, accurate reports of these taxa may guide targeted surveys. The value of these data for conservation and management could be enhanced by emphasizing reptile identification training of volunteers and use of applications for informed species identification. Wildlife rehabilitation data offer a cost-effective means of quantifying thousands of human-reptile interactions, identifying foci (in both time and space) of human-wildlife conflict such as snakebite risk and roadkill-related reptile mortality.
{"title":"Interactions between reptiles and people: a perspective from wildlife rehabilitation records.","authors":"Teagan Pyne, Ron Haering, Aditi Sriram, Shona Lorigan, Richard Shine, Chris J Jolly","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240512","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As urbanization expands globally, human-wildlife interactions will inevitably increase. Here, we analysed 10 years of wildlife rehabilitation records of squamate (snake and lizard) reptiles (<i>n</i> = 37 075) from the Greater Sydney region, New South Wales, Australia, to explore their value to address management and conservation issues. Rescues were highly non-random regarding taxonomic focus, spatial occurrences and temporal trends due to the combined influence of (i) reptile phenology and behaviour and (ii) human perceptions of reptiles. Seasonal peaks in rescues reflect reptile and, to a lesser extent, human activity. Spatial patterns of rescues were informative about distributions and presence of easily identified taxa but were primarily driven by human presence. Larger squamate species were rescued more frequently, potentially reflecting a perception of greater danger or rescue priority. While uncommon species were often misidentified, accurate reports of these taxa may guide targeted surveys. The value of these data for conservation and management could be enhanced by emphasizing reptile identification training of volunteers and use of applications for informed species identification. Wildlife rehabilitation data offer a cost-effective means of quantifying thousands of human-reptile interactions, identifying foci (in both time and space) of human-wildlife conflict such as snakebite risk and roadkill-related reptile mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240903
N Juhász, F A Bartha, S Marzban, R Han, G Röst
We provide an in silico study of stochastic viral infection extinction from a pharmacokinetical viewpoint. Our work considers a non-specific antiviral drug that increases the virus clearance rate, and we investigate the effect of this drug on early infection extinction. Infection extinction data are generated by a hybrid multiscale framework that applies both continuous and discrete mathematical approaches. The central result of our paper is the observation, analysis and explanation of a linear relationship between the virus clearance rate and the probability of early infection extinction. The derivation behind this simple relationship is given by merging different mathematical toolboxes.
{"title":"Probability of early infection extinction depends linearly on the virus clearance rate.","authors":"N Juhász, F A Bartha, S Marzban, R Han, G Röst","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240903","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We provide an <i>in silico</i> study of stochastic viral infection extinction from a pharmacokinetical viewpoint. Our work considers a non-specific antiviral drug that increases the virus clearance rate, and we investigate the effect of this drug on early infection extinction. Infection extinction data are generated by a hybrid multiscale framework that applies both continuous and discrete mathematical approaches. The central result of our paper is the observation, analysis and explanation of a linear relationship between the virus clearance rate and the probability of early infection extinction. The derivation behind this simple relationship is given by merging different mathematical toolboxes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240870
Catarina J Pinho, Herculano A Dinis, Brent C Emerson, Raquel Vasconcelos
Competitive dietary and morphological divergence among co-occurring species are fundamental aspects of ecological communities, particularly on islands. Cabo Verde (~570 km west of continental Africa) hosts several endemic reptiles descended from common ancestors, with sympatric species exhibiting wide morphological variation and competing for limited resources. To explore the mechanisms of resource partitioning between coexisting species, DNA metabarcoding was used to compare the diets of large and small skinks, Chioninia vaillantii and Chioninia delalandii, in sympatric and allopatric contexts on Fogo Island and in a more competitive context on the small and resource-poor Cima Islet. The morphological variation of all populations was also examined to test the character displacement hypothesis and to compare the effect of different competitive scenarios. Results showed significant differences in diet and linear measurements between species and populations. The two sympatric populations of C. delalandii on Fogo and Cima showed similar changes in head morphology compared to the allopatric population, supporting character displacement. The effect of higher competitive pressure on Cima was evidenced by the increased morphological and dietary variation observed. This study demonstrates how sister species develop dietary adaptations/morphologies to maintain stable coexistence, especially in highly competitive scenarios, providing useful insights for effective conservation strategies.
共生物种之间的饮食竞争和形态差异是生态群落的基本要素,尤其是在岛屿上。佛得角(非洲大陆以西约 570 千米)有几种由共同祖先传下来的特有爬行动物,同栖物种的形态差异很大,并争夺有限的资源。为了探索共存物种之间的资源分配机制,研究人员利用 DNA 代谢编码技术比较了福戈岛上同域和异域环境下大型和小型石龙子(Chioninia vaillantii 和 Chioninia delalandii)的食谱,以及资源贫乏的西马小岛上竞争更激烈的环境下大型和小型石龙子的食谱。此外,还对所有种群的形态变化进行了研究,以检验特征位移假说,并比较不同竞争环境的影响。结果表明,不同物种和种群之间在食性和线性测量方面存在明显差异。与同域种群相比,福戈岛和西马岛上的两个同域种群中的 C. delalandii 在头部形态上表现出相似的变化,支持特征位移。所观察到的形态和食性变异的增加证明了竞争压力增大对西马的影响。这项研究展示了姊妹物种如何发展饮食适应/形态以保持稳定共存,特别是在高度竞争的情况下,为有效的保护策略提供了有益的启示。
{"title":"Smaller islands, bigger appetites: evolutionary strategies of insular endemic skinks.","authors":"Catarina J Pinho, Herculano A Dinis, Brent C Emerson, Raquel Vasconcelos","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240870","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.240870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Competitive dietary and morphological divergence among co-occurring species are fundamental aspects of ecological communities, particularly on islands. Cabo Verde (~570 km west of continental Africa) hosts several endemic reptiles descended from common ancestors, with sympatric species exhibiting wide morphological variation and competing for limited resources. To explore the mechanisms of resource partitioning between coexisting species, DNA metabarcoding was used to compare the diets of large and small skinks, <i>Chioninia vaillantii</i> and <i>Chioninia delalandii</i>, in sympatric and allopatric contexts on Fogo Island and in a more competitive context on the small and resource-poor Cima Islet. The morphological variation of all populations was also examined to test the character displacement hypothesis and to compare the effect of different competitive scenarios. Results showed significant differences in diet and linear measurements between species and populations. The two sympatric populations of <i>C. delalandii</i> on Fogo and Cima showed similar changes in head morphology compared to the allopatric population, supporting character displacement. The effect of higher competitive pressure on Cima was evidenced by the increased morphological and dietary variation observed. This study demonstrates how sister species develop dietary adaptations/morphologies to maintain stable coexistence, especially in highly competitive scenarios, providing useful insights for effective conservation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02eCollection Date: 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241082
Abhishek Meena, Alessio N De Nardo, Komal Maggu, Sonja H Sbilordo, Jeannine Roy, Rhonda R Snook, Stefan Lüpold
Frequent and extreme temperatures associated with climate change pose a major threat to biodiversity, particularly for organisms whose metabolism is strictly linked to ambient temperatures. Many studies have explored thermal effects on survival, but heat-induced fertility loss is emerging as a greater threat to population persistence. However, while evidence is accumulating that both juvenile and adult stages heat exposure can impair fertility in their own ways, much less is known about the immediate and longer-term fitness consequences of repeated heat stress across life stages. To address this knowledge gap, we used male Drosophila melanogaster to investigate (i) the cumulative fitness effects of repeated heat stress across life stages, (ii) the potential of recovery from these heat exposures, and (iii) the underlying mechanisms. We found individual and combined effects of chronic juvenile and acute adult heat stress on male fitness traits. These effects tended to exacerbate over several days after brief heat exposure, indicating a substantial fertility loss for these short-lived organisms. Our findings highlight the cumulative and persistent effects of heat stress on fitness. Such combined effects could accelerate population declines, particularly in more vulnerable species, emphasizing the importance of considering reproduction and its recovery for more accurate models of species persistence.
{"title":"Fertility loss and recovery dynamics after repeated heat stress across life stages in male <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>: patterns and processes.","authors":"Abhishek Meena, Alessio N De Nardo, Komal Maggu, Sonja H Sbilordo, Jeannine Roy, Rhonda R Snook, Stefan Lüpold","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241082","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rsos.241082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Frequent and extreme temperatures associated with climate change pose a major threat to biodiversity, particularly for organisms whose metabolism is strictly linked to ambient temperatures. Many studies have explored thermal effects on survival, but heat-induced fertility loss is emerging as a greater threat to population persistence. However, while evidence is accumulating that both juvenile and adult stages heat exposure can impair fertility in their own ways, much less is known about the immediate and longer-term fitness consequences of repeated heat stress across life stages. To address this knowledge gap, we used male <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> to investigate (i) the cumulative fitness effects of repeated heat stress across life stages, (ii) the potential of recovery from these heat exposures, and (iii) the underlying mechanisms. We found individual and combined effects of chronic juvenile and acute adult heat stress on male fitness traits. These effects tended to exacerbate over several days after brief heat exposure, indicating a substantial fertility loss for these short-lived organisms. Our findings highlight the cumulative and persistent effects of heat stress on fitness. Such combined effects could accelerate population declines, particularly in more vulnerable species, emphasizing the importance of considering reproduction and its recovery for more accurate models of species persistence.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11444773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}