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Coyotes can do 'puppy dog eyes' too: comparing interspecific variation in Canis facial expression muscles. 土狼也会做 "小狗眼":比较犬科动物面部表情肌肉的种间变异。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241046
Patrick Cunningham, Mahita Shankar, Bridgett vonHoldt, Kristin E Brzeski, Sarah S Kienle

Facial expressions are critical for non-verbal communication. The Canis genus epitomizes the interplay between behaviour and morphology in the evolution of non-verbal communication. Recent work suggests that the levator anguli oculi medialis (LAOM) muscle is unique to dogs (Canis familiaris) within the Canis genus and evolved due to domestication. The LAOM raises the inner eyebrows, resulting in the 'puppy dog eyes' expression. Here, we test whether the LAOM is a derived trait in dogs by (i) examining the facial expression muscles of a closely related and ancestral wild Canis species, the coyote (C. latrans) and (ii) comparing our results with other Canis and canid taxa. We discover that coyotes have a well-developed LAOM like dogs, which differs from the modified/absent LAOM in grey wolves. Our findings challenge the hypothesis that the LAOM developed due to domestication. We suggest that the LAOM is a basal trait that was lost in grey wolves. Additionally, we find inter- and intraspecific variations in the size of the muscles of the outer ear, forehead, lips and rostrum, indicating potential adaptations related to sensory perception, communication and individual-level functional variations within canids. Together, this research expands our knowledge of facial expressions, their evolution and their role in communication.

面部表情对于非语言交流至关重要。犬属是非语言交流进化过程中行为与形态之间相互作用的缩影。最近的研究表明,眼内侧上提肌(LAOM)是犬属中狗(Canis familiaris)特有的肌肉,是在驯化过程中进化而来的。内眦提肌能使内侧眉毛上扬,从而形成 "小狗眼 "的表情。在这里,我们通过(i)研究与犬科动物密切相关的祖先野生物种--郊狼(C. latrans)的面部表情肌肉,(ii)将我们的研究结果与其他犬科动物和犬科动物类群进行比较,来检验 LAOM 是否是犬的衍生性状。我们发现,郊狼与狗一样具有发达的LAOM,这与灰狼的改良/缺失LAOM不同。我们的研究结果对LAOM是在驯化过程中形成的这一假设提出了质疑。我们认为,LAOM是灰狼丧失的一种基本性状。此外,我们还发现了外耳、前额、嘴唇和喙的肌肉大小在种间和种内的差异,这表明犬科动物在感知、交流和个体功能差异方面可能存在适应性差异。这些研究共同拓展了我们对面部表情、其进化及其在交流中的作用的认识。
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引用次数: 0
FlightTrackAI: a robust convolutional neural network-based tool for tracking the flight behaviour of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. FlightTrackAI:基于卷积神经网络的强健工具,用于追踪埃及伊蚊的飞行行为。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240923
Nouman Javed, Adam J López-Denman, Prasad N Paradkar, Asim Bhatti

Monitoring the flight behaviour of mosquitoes is crucial for assessing their fitness levels and understanding their potential role in disease transmission. Existing methods for tracking mosquito flight behaviour are challenging to implement in laboratory environments, and they also struggle with identity tracking, particularly during occlusions. Here, we introduce FlightTrackAI, a robust convolutional neural network (CNN)-based tool for automatic mosquito flight tracking. FlightTrackAI employs CNN, a multi-object tracking algorithm, and interpolation to track flight behaviour. It automatically processes each video in the input folder without supervision and generates tracked videos with mosquito positions across the frames and trajectory graphs before and after interpolation. FlightTrackAI does not require a sophisticated setup to capture videos; it can perform excellently with videos recorded using standard laboratory cages. FlightTrackAI also offers filtering capabilities to eliminate short-lived objects such as reflections. Validation of FlightTrackAI demonstrated its excellent performance with an average accuracy of 99.9%. The percentage of correctly assigned identities after occlusions exceeded 91%. The data produced by FlightTrackAI can facilitate analysis of various flight-related behaviours, including flight distance and volume coverage during flights. This advancement can help to enhance our understanding of mosquito ecology and behaviour, thereby informing targeted strategies for vector control.

监测蚊子的飞行行为对于评估它们的体能水平和了解它们在疾病传播中的潜在作用至关重要。现有的追踪蚊子飞行行为的方法在实验室环境中实施具有挑战性,而且它们在身份追踪方面也很困难,特别是在遮挡期间。在此,我们介绍基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的蚊子飞行自动跟踪工具 FlightTrackAI。FlightTrackAI 采用 CNN、多目标跟踪算法和插值法来跟踪飞行行为。它能在没有监督的情况下自动处理输入文件夹中的每段视频,并生成带有蚊子在各帧中位置的跟踪视频以及插值前后的轨迹图。FlightTrackAI 不需要复杂的设置来捕捉视频;使用标准实验室笼子录制的视频也能表现出色。FlightTrackAI 还提供过滤功能,以消除反射等短时物体。FlightTrackAI 的验证结果表明其性能卓越,平均准确率高达 99.9%。遮挡后正确分配身份的比例超过 91%。FlightTrackAI 生成的数据有助于分析各种与飞行相关的行为,包括飞行距离和飞行过程中的体积覆盖范围。这一进步有助于加深我们对蚊子生态和行为的了解,从而为有针对性的病媒控制策略提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Formalizing the law of diminishing returns in metabolic networks using an electrical analogy. 利用电气类比法,将新陈代谢网络中的收益递减规律正规化。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240165
Marianyela Petrizzelli, Charlotte Coton, Dominique de Vienne

The way biological systems respond to changes in parameter values caused by mutations is a key issue in evolution and quantitative genetics, as it affects fundamental aspects such as adaptation, selective neutrality, robustness, optimality, evolutionary equilibria, etc. We address this question using the enzyme-flux relationship in a metabolic network as a model of the genotype-phenotype relationship. The lack of a suitable mathematical tool from biochemical theory to investigate this relationship led us to use an analogy between electrical circuits and metabolic networks with uni-uni reactions. We show that a behaviour of diminishing returns, which is commonly observed at various phenotypic levels, is inevitable, irrespective of the complexity of the system. We also present a possible generalization to metabolic networks with both uni-uni and bi-bi reactions.

生物系统如何应对突变引起的参数值变化是进化和数量遗传学的一个关键问题,因为它影响到适应、选择中性、稳健性、最优性、进化平衡等基本方面。我们利用代谢网络中的酶通量关系作为基因型与表型关系的模型来解决这个问题。由于缺乏合适的生化理论数学工具来研究这种关系,我们将电路与单偶联反应的代谢网络进行类比。我们证明,无论系统的复杂程度如何,在各种表型水平上普遍观察到的收益递减行为是不可避免的。我们还提出了一种可能的推广方法,可用于具有单-单反应和双-双反应的代谢网络。
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引用次数: 0
Replication marketplaces would help science to become more self-correcting. 复制市场将有助于科学更好地自我修正。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240850
Joachim Hüffmeier, Clara Kühner

Independent replications are very rare in the behavioural and social sciences. This is problematic because they can help to detect 'false positives' in published research and, in turn, contribute to scientific self-correction. The lack of replication studies is, among other factors, due to a rather passive editorial approach concerning replications by many journals, which does not encourage and may sometimes even actively discourage submission of replications. In this Perspective article, we advocate for a more proactive editorial approach concerning replications and suggest introducing journal-based replication marketplaces as a new publication track. We argue that such replication marketplaces could solve the long-standing problem of lacking independent replications. To establish these marketplaces, a designated part of a journal's editorial board identifies the most relevant new findings reported within the journal's pages and publicly offers them for replication. This public offering could be combined with small grants for authors to support these replications. Authors then compete for the first accepted registered report to conduct the related replications and can thus be sure that their replication will be published independent of the later findings. Replication marketplaces would not only increase the prevalence of independent replications but also help science to become more self-correcting.

在行为科学和社会科学领域,独立的重复研究非常罕见。这很成问题,因为它们可以帮助发现已发表研究中的 "假阳性",进而促进科学的自我纠正。除其他因素外,复制研究的缺乏是由于许多期刊对复制采取了相当被动的编辑方法,不鼓励甚至有时会主动阻止提交复制。在这篇 "视角 "文章中,我们提倡对复制采取更加积极主动的编辑方法,并建议引入基于期刊的复制市场作为一种新的出版途径。我们认为,这种复制市场可以解决长期以来缺乏独立复制的问题。为了建立这样的市场,期刊编辑委员会的一个指定部门会确定期刊上报道的最相关的新发现,并公开提供这些发现供复制。公开提供的同时,还可以为作者提供小额资助,以支持这些复制工作。然后,作者们会争夺第一份被接受的注册报告,以进行相关的复制,从而确保他们的复制将独立于后来的发现而被发表。复制市场不仅能提高独立复制的普及率,还能帮助科学更好地进行自我修正。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying age-specific household contacts in Aotearoa New Zealand for infectious disease modelling. 量化新西兰奥特亚罗瓦地区特定年龄的家庭接触者,以建立传染病模型。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240550
Caleb Sullivan, Pubudu Senanayake, Michael J Plank

Accounting for population age structure and age-specific contact patterns is crucial for accurate modelling of human infectious disease dynamics and impact. A common approach is to use contact matrices, which estimate the number of contacts between individuals of different ages. These contact matrices are frequently based on data collected from populations with very different demographic and socio-economic characteristics from the population of interest. Here we use a comprehensive household composition dataset based on Aotearoa New Zealand census and administrative data to construct a household contact matrix and a synthetic population that can be used for modelling. We investigate the behaviour of a compartment-based and an agent-based epidemic model parametrized using these data, compared with a commonly used contact matrix that was constructed by projecting international data onto New Zealand's population. We find that using the New Zealand household data, either in a compartment-based model or in an agent-based model, leads to lower attack rates in older age groups compared with using the projected contact matrix. This difference becomes larger when household transmission is more dominant relative to non-household transmission. We provide electronic versions of the synthetic population and household contact matrix for other researchers to use in infectious disease models.

考虑人口年龄结构和特定年龄的接触模式对于准确模拟人类传染病的动态和影响至关重要。一种常见的方法是使用接触矩阵,估计不同年龄个体之间的接触次数。这些接触矩阵通常基于从人口和社会经济特征与相关人群截然不同的人群中收集的数据。在此,我们使用基于新西兰奥特亚罗瓦人口普查和行政数据的综合家庭组成数据集,构建家庭接触矩阵和可用于建模的合成人口。与通过将国际数据投射到新西兰人口而构建的常用接触矩阵相比,我们研究了使用这些数据参数化的基于区隔的流行病模型和基于代理的流行病模型的行为。我们发现,与使用预测的接触矩阵相比,在基于区隔的模型或基于媒介的模型中使用新西兰家庭数据会导致较高年龄组的发病率降低。当家庭传播相对于非家庭传播更占优势时,这种差异会变得更大。我们提供了合成人口和家庭接触矩阵的电子版本,供其他研究人员在传染病模型中使用。
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引用次数: 0
Causal evidence for social group sizes from Wikipedia editing data. 从维基百科编辑数据中获得社会群体规模的因果证据。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240514
M Burgess, R I M Dunbar

Human communities have self-organizing properties in which specific Dunbar Numbers may be invoked to explain group attachments. By analysing Wikipedia editing histories across a wide range of subject pages, we show that there is an emergent coherence in the size of transient groups formed to edit the content of subject texts, with two peaks averaging at around N = 8 for the size corresponding to maximal contention, and at around N = 4 as a regular team. These values are consistent with the observed sizes of conversational groups, as well as the hierarchical structuring of Dunbar graphs. We use a model of bipartite trust to derive a scaling law that fits the data and may apply to all group size distributions when these are based on attraction to a seeded group process. In addition to providing further evidence that even spontaneous communities of strangers are self-organizing, the results have important implications for the governance of the Wikipedia commons and for the security of all online social platforms and associations.

人类社区具有自组织特性,在这种特性中,特定的邓巴数(Dunbar Numbers)可被用来解释群体依附关系。通过分析维基百科上各种主题页面的编辑历史,我们发现,为编辑主题文本内容而形成的瞬时群体的规模存在着明显的一致性,其中有两个峰值,平均规模约为 N = 8(与最大争论相对应)和 N = 4(作为常规团队)。这些数值与观察到的会话组规模以及邓巴图的层次结构一致。我们使用一个双方信任模型推导出了一个符合数据的缩放定律,当这些数据基于对种子群进程的吸引力时,该定律可能适用于所有群的规模分布。除了进一步证明即使是陌生人自发组成的社区也是自组织的,这些结果对维基百科公共资源的管理以及所有在线社交平台和协会的安全性都有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Interactions between reptiles and people: a perspective from wildlife rehabilitation records. 爬行动物与人之间的互动:从野生动物康复记录的角度看问题。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240512
Teagan Pyne, Ron Haering, Aditi Sriram, Shona Lorigan, Richard Shine, Chris J Jolly

As urbanization expands globally, human-wildlife interactions will inevitably increase. Here, we analysed 10 years of wildlife rehabilitation records of squamate (snake and lizard) reptiles (n = 37 075) from the Greater Sydney region, New South Wales, Australia, to explore their value to address management and conservation issues. Rescues were highly non-random regarding taxonomic focus, spatial occurrences and temporal trends due to the combined influence of (i) reptile phenology and behaviour and (ii) human perceptions of reptiles. Seasonal peaks in rescues reflect reptile and, to a lesser extent, human activity. Spatial patterns of rescues were informative about distributions and presence of easily identified taxa but were primarily driven by human presence. Larger squamate species were rescued more frequently, potentially reflecting a perception of greater danger or rescue priority. While uncommon species were often misidentified, accurate reports of these taxa may guide targeted surveys. The value of these data for conservation and management could be enhanced by emphasizing reptile identification training of volunteers and use of applications for informed species identification. Wildlife rehabilitation data offer a cost-effective means of quantifying thousands of human-reptile interactions, identifying foci (in both time and space) of human-wildlife conflict such as snakebite risk and roadkill-related reptile mortality.

随着全球城市化进程的扩大,人类与野生动物之间的互动将不可避免地增加。在此,我们分析了澳大利亚新南威尔士州大悉尼地区 10 年来有鳞类(蛇和蜥蜴)爬行动物的野生动物康复记录(n = 37 075),以探讨其在解决管理和保护问题方面的价值。由于(i)爬行动物的物候和行为以及(ii)人类对爬行动物的认知等因素的综合影响,救护工作在分类重点、空间发生率和时间趋势方面具有高度的非随机性。救助的季节性高峰反映了爬行动物的活动,其次也反映了人类的活动。救护的空间模式可以提供有关易识别类群的分布和存在的信息,但主要是受人类存在的驱动。体型较大的有鳞类动物被救助的频率较高,这可能反映了它们被认为具有更大的危险性或救助的优先性。虽然不常见的物种经常被误认,但这些分类群的准确报告可以为有针对性的调查提供指导。通过强调对志愿者的爬行动物识别培训和使用应用软件进行知情物种识别,可以提高这些数据对保护和管理的价值。野生动物康复数据为量化数以千计的人类与爬行动物之间的互动提供了一种具有成本效益的方法,可以确定人类与野生动物冲突的焦点(在时间和空间上),如蛇咬风险和与道路杀戮相关的爬行动物死亡率。
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引用次数: 0
Probability of early infection extinction depends linearly on the virus clearance rate. 早期感染消亡的概率与病毒清除率成线性关系。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240903
N Juhász, F A Bartha, S Marzban, R Han, G Röst

We provide an in silico study of stochastic viral infection extinction from a pharmacokinetical viewpoint. Our work considers a non-specific antiviral drug that increases the virus clearance rate, and we investigate the effect of this drug on early infection extinction. Infection extinction data are generated by a hybrid multiscale framework that applies both continuous and discrete mathematical approaches. The central result of our paper is the observation, analysis and explanation of a linear relationship between the virus clearance rate and the probability of early infection extinction. The derivation behind this simple relationship is given by merging different mathematical toolboxes.

我们从药物动力学的角度对随机病毒感染的消亡进行了硅学研究。我们的工作考虑了一种能提高病毒清除率的非特异性抗病毒药物,并研究了这种药物对早期感染消亡的影响。感染消亡数据由混合多尺度框架生成,该框架同时应用了连续和离散数学方法。我们论文的核心成果是观察、分析和解释病毒清除率与早期感染消亡概率之间的线性关系。这一简单关系背后的推导是通过合并不同的数学工具箱得出的。
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引用次数: 0
Smaller islands, bigger appetites: evolutionary strategies of insular endemic skinks. 岛屿越小,胃口越大:海岛特有石龙子的进化策略。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240870
Catarina J Pinho, Herculano A Dinis, Brent C Emerson, Raquel Vasconcelos

Competitive dietary and morphological divergence among co-occurring species are fundamental aspects of ecological communities, particularly on islands. Cabo Verde (~570 km west of continental Africa) hosts several endemic reptiles descended from common ancestors, with sympatric species exhibiting wide morphological variation and competing for limited resources. To explore the mechanisms of resource partitioning between coexisting species, DNA metabarcoding was used to compare the diets of large and small skinks, Chioninia vaillantii and Chioninia delalandii, in sympatric and allopatric contexts on Fogo Island and in a more competitive context on the small and resource-poor Cima Islet. The morphological variation of all populations was also examined to test the character displacement hypothesis and to compare the effect of different competitive scenarios. Results showed significant differences in diet and linear measurements between species and populations. The two sympatric populations of C. delalandii on Fogo and Cima showed similar changes in head morphology compared to the allopatric population, supporting character displacement. The effect of higher competitive pressure on Cima was evidenced by the increased morphological and dietary variation observed. This study demonstrates how sister species develop dietary adaptations/morphologies to maintain stable coexistence, especially in highly competitive scenarios, providing useful insights for effective conservation strategies.

共生物种之间的饮食竞争和形态差异是生态群落的基本要素,尤其是在岛屿上。佛得角(非洲大陆以西约 570 千米)有几种由共同祖先传下来的特有爬行动物,同栖物种的形态差异很大,并争夺有限的资源。为了探索共存物种之间的资源分配机制,研究人员利用 DNA 代谢编码技术比较了福戈岛上同域和异域环境下大型和小型石龙子(Chioninia vaillantii 和 Chioninia delalandii)的食谱,以及资源贫乏的西马小岛上竞争更激烈的环境下大型和小型石龙子的食谱。此外,还对所有种群的形态变化进行了研究,以检验特征位移假说,并比较不同竞争环境的影响。结果表明,不同物种和种群之间在食性和线性测量方面存在明显差异。与同域种群相比,福戈岛和西马岛上的两个同域种群中的 C. delalandii 在头部形态上表现出相似的变化,支持特征位移。所观察到的形态和食性变异的增加证明了竞争压力增大对西马的影响。这项研究展示了姊妹物种如何发展饮食适应/形态以保持稳定共存,特别是在高度竞争的情况下,为有效的保护策略提供了有益的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Fertility loss and recovery dynamics after repeated heat stress across life stages in male Drosophila melanogaster: patterns and processes. 雄性黑腹果蝇在不同生命阶段反复遭受热胁迫后的生育能力损失和恢复动态:模式和过程。
IF 2.9 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-02 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241082
Abhishek Meena, Alessio N De Nardo, Komal Maggu, Sonja H Sbilordo, Jeannine Roy, Rhonda R Snook, Stefan Lüpold

Frequent and extreme temperatures associated with climate change pose a major threat to biodiversity, particularly for organisms whose metabolism is strictly linked to ambient temperatures. Many studies have explored thermal effects on survival, but heat-induced fertility loss is emerging as a greater threat to population persistence. However, while evidence is accumulating that both juvenile and adult stages heat exposure can impair fertility in their own ways, much less is known about the immediate and longer-term fitness consequences of repeated heat stress across life stages. To address this knowledge gap, we used male Drosophila melanogaster to investigate (i) the cumulative fitness effects of repeated heat stress across life stages, (ii) the potential of recovery from these heat exposures, and (iii) the underlying mechanisms. We found individual and combined effects of chronic juvenile and acute adult heat stress on male fitness traits. These effects tended to exacerbate over several days after brief heat exposure, indicating a substantial fertility loss for these short-lived organisms. Our findings highlight the cumulative and persistent effects of heat stress on fitness. Such combined effects could accelerate population declines, particularly in more vulnerable species, emphasizing the importance of considering reproduction and its recovery for more accurate models of species persistence.

与气候变化相关的频繁和极端温度对生物多样性构成了重大威胁,尤其是对新陈代谢与环境温度密切相关的生物而言。许多研究都探讨了热对生存的影响,但热引起的生育力下降正逐渐成为对种群持久性的更大威胁。然而,尽管越来越多的证据表明,幼年和成年阶段的热暴露都会以各自的方式损害生育能力,但人们对各生命阶段反复热胁迫的直接和长期健康后果却知之甚少。为了填补这一知识空白,我们利用雄性黑腹果蝇研究了(i)不同生命阶段重复热胁迫对健康的累积影响,(ii)从这些热暴露中恢复的潜力,以及(iii)潜在的机制。我们发现慢性幼年热胁迫和急性成年热胁迫对雄性适存性状的个体和综合影响。这些影响往往在短暂的热暴露后数天内加剧,表明这些短寿命生物的生育能力损失很大。我们的研究结果突显了热胁迫对体质的累积性和持续性影响。这种综合效应可能会加速种群数量的减少,尤其是在比较脆弱的物种中,这就强调了考虑繁殖及其恢复对于建立更准确的物种持久性模型的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
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