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Effects of sensor ear tags with twin pin fixing system on health and well-being of cattle. 双钉固定耳标对牛健康和福利的影响。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00399
N Gobbo Oliveira Erünlü, S Rieder, T Kuntzer, J Bérard, O Wellnitz

Introduction: A sensor ear tag (SET) containing Global Positioning System (GPS), accelerometer, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), and Bluetooth technologies was tested for wearing comfort and compliance with animal welfare requirements in cattle in a free stall barn and on summer pasture in Switzerland. The SET was equipped with a long-lasting battery via solar panel and used a «twin pin» fixing system. Right ears of 12 newborns and 26 adolescent animals were tagged with the SET. While left ears were tagged simultaneously with official ear tags in newborns, the adolescent animals already carried the official ear tags. The newborns stayed in a free stall barn during the entire experiment, while adolescent animals were housed in a free stall barn and on pasture during summer. All animals developed crusts beginning on day 7 after tagging with the SET. Pain reactions were observed occasionally in the first two weeks. Ear growth in newborns during 11 months of observation did not differ between ears with SET and official ear tags. Cortisol concentration in saliva of newborns decreased in the first week after tagging which is physiological for this age group. In older animals cortisol concentrations in saliva were not affected. We registered 19 incidences in 11 animals with the SET, that required veterinary or staff intervention. Two animals lost the SET with ear injury. Scars due to tag migration were observed in ears of all newborns after the 9th month of observation. In conclusion, SET with a weight of 32 g that need a twin pin fixation in cows do not seem to induce systemic or local inflammations more frequently compared to official ear tags; however, the higher risk of accidental injuries and migration in ear cartilage would not meet Swiss welfare standards and the attachment to the ear needs to be improved for general use.

简介:一种包含全球定位系统(GPS)、加速度计、射频识别(RFID)和蓝牙技术的传感器耳标(SET)在瑞士的一个自由马厩和夏季牧场的牛身上进行了佩戴舒适性和符合动物福利要求的测试。SET通过太阳能电池板配备了持久电池,并使用了“双针”固定系统。对12只新生动物和26只青春期动物的右耳进行了SET标记。当新生儿的左耳同时被贴上官方耳标时,青春期的动物已经携带了官方耳标。在整个实验过程中,新生儿待在自由畜栏里,而青春期的动物在夏天被关在自由畜栏里和牧场上。所有动物在使用SET标记后的第7天开始出现结痂。头两周偶见疼痛反应。在11个月的观察中,新生儿的耳朵生长在带有SET耳标和正式耳标的耳朵之间没有差异。新生儿唾液中的皮质醇浓度在标记后的第一周下降,这是该年龄组的生理特征。在老年动物中,唾液中的皮质醇浓度不受影响。我们在11只患有SET的动物中记录了19起事件,需要兽医或工作人员的干预。两只动物因耳朵受伤而失去了SET。观察9个月后,所有新生儿耳部均观察到标签移动造成的疤痕。总之,与官方耳标相比,需要双针固定的32 g重量的SET在奶牛中似乎不会更频繁地引起全身或局部炎症;然而,意外伤害和耳软骨移位的风险较高,不符合瑞士的福利标准,耳部的附着需要改进才能普遍使用。
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引用次数: 0
[Methods of analgesia and euthanasia in backyard poultry]. 后院家禽的镇痛和安乐死方法。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00398
J-M Hatt, K Kreyenbühl, M Kummrow

Introduction: The keeping of chickens in the backyard is growing in popularity in urban and suburban areas, numbers of animals are increasing and as a result small animal practitioners are more and more frequently faced with chickens as patient. Clinical conditions in backyard poultry often require the treatment of pain. The challenges regarding the adequate use of analgesics include: 1. Recognition and assessment of pain, which necessitates good knowledge of chicken behaviour, 2. Selection of the adequate drug and dosage based on evidence that is often not available for chickens, but spread over different species of birds, and 3. Implementation of food safety regulations, which result from the dual use of backyard poultry as «food producing pets». Analgesics used in chickens include opiates, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and local analgesics. The opiate butorphanol has been shown to have an analgesic effect of approximately two hours in chickens. Tramadol and methadone show some promise as analgesics, but more evidence is needed especially regarding bioavailability. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs meloxicam and carprofen appear to have an analgesic effect. Variable metabolism between breeds of chickens and the risk of accumulation, especially when used for periods exceeding five consecutive days, need to be taken into account regarding dosage. Lidocaine and bupivacaine have successfully been used in chickens for nerve blocks and spinal anaesthesia and should be included as part of multimodal analgesia especially during surgery. In cases, where termination of life is necessary the preferred method consists of an injectable anaesthesia followed by intravenous application of a barbiturate.

导论:在城市和郊区,后院养鸡越来越受欢迎,动物的数量越来越多,因此小动物从业者越来越频繁地面对鸡的病人。临床条件的后院家禽往往需要治疗疼痛。关于充分使用镇痛药的挑战包括:1。识别和评估疼痛,这需要对鸡的行为有很好的了解;2 .根据证据选择适当的药物和剂量,这些证据通常不适用于鸡,但适用于不同种类的鸟类;实施食品安全法规,这是由于后院家禽作为“食品生产宠物”的双重用途造成的。用于鸡的镇痛药包括阿片类药物、非甾体抗炎药和局部镇痛药。阿片类药物丁托啡诺已被证明对鸡有大约两小时的镇痛作用。曲马多和美沙酮作为镇痛药有一定的前景,但还需要更多的证据,特别是在生物利用度方面。非甾体类抗炎药美洛昔康和卡洛芬似乎有镇痛作用。在剂量方面,需要考虑到不同品种鸡的代谢变化和积累风险,特别是连续使用超过5天的情况。利多卡因和布比卡因已成功用于鸡的神经阻滞和脊髓麻醉,应作为多模式镇痛的一部分,特别是在手术期间。在必须终止生命的情况下,首选的方法包括注射麻醉,然后静脉应用巴比妥酸盐。
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引用次数: 0
Mastitis in a flock of milking sheep. 一群产奶的绵羊患乳腺炎。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00400
P Makovicky, J Poracova, M Konecna, M Margetin, M Nagy

Introduction: Determination of somatic cell counts (SCC) becomes more and more important also for ewe's milk. SCC can be a useful indicator of milk quality for milk processors while it can be a mastitis indicator for sheep keepers and an important selection criterion for breeders. The objective of our study was to acquire basic information about factors influencing SCC variability in lambing ewes of the Tsigai (T) and Improved Valachian (IV) breeds. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined in 866 milk samples in 2017 and 2018, during lamb sucking and during milking period. An instrument Fossomatic 90 (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) was used for analysis. Average SCC varied from 270 to 1897 × 103 cells/ml during lamb sucking and from 268 to 2139 × 103 cells/ml during milking period. Differences between the sampling periods were statistically significant in 2017. An increase in SCC was observed at the end of both sucking and milking periods. An overall evaluation of lactation brought about the average SCC at 364 × 103 cells/ml in 2017 (log(10) SCC - 2,25) and at 1,091 × 103 cells/ml in 2018 (log(10) SCC - 2,68). The indicator log(10) was significantly influenced by breed in 2017 (T - 2,61; IV - 2,75). The effect of lactation number and number of sucking lambs did not have any significant influence on SCC.

母羊乳中体细胞计数的测定也变得越来越重要。SCC对牛奶加工者来说是一个有用的牛奶质量指标,对羊饲养者来说是一个乳腺炎指标,对育种者来说是一个重要的选择标准。本研究的目的是了解影响Tsigai (T)和改良Valachian (IV)母羊SCC变异的基本因素。在2017年和2018年,在羔羊吸吮和挤奶期间,对866份牛奶样本进行了体细胞计数(SCC)检测。采用Fossomatic 90 (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark)仪器进行分析。羔羊吸吮期间平均SCC为270 ~ 1897 × 103细胞/ml,挤奶期间为268 ~ 2139 × 103细胞/ml。2017年采样周期之间的差异具有统计学意义。在吸吮期和挤奶期结束时,观察到SCC的增加。对泌乳的总体评估显示,2017年平均SCC为364 × 103细胞/ml (log(10) SCC - 2,25), 2018年为1,091 × 103细胞/ml (log(10) SCC - 2,68)。2017年指标对数(10)受品种影响显著(T - 2,61;Iv - 2,75)。泌乳次数和吸羔数对SCC无显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
[Risk factors for infectious foot -disorders on two Swiss cattle -mountain pastures]. [两种瑞士山地牧场牛传染性足病的风险因素]。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00397
M Schaub, M Alsaaod, C Syring, J Becker, J Plüss, S Blatter, F Rachidi, A Starke, A Steiner

Introduction: In the present study, risk groups for infectious foot disorders were identified on two large Swiss cattle mountain pastures by analyzing animal and treatment data of a total of 3256 animals of the bovine species. Both mountain pastures were part of the Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) consultancy project «Healthy animals, attractive herdsmen positions and less medication on large cattle mountain pastures». The project was launched in 2020 following the increased incidence of lameness on these mountain pastures. Bacteriological and histological analyses were to provide information as to whether the most common foot disorder was interdigital phlegmon (IP) or whether digital dermatitis also occurred. Further, the temporal distribution of cases over the mountain pasture season and the influence of mountain pasture and year were investigated and interpreted for the project years 2020 to 2022, and treatment incidences were compared between years. Multiple treatment cycles in the same individual were classified into persistent infections and new infections. Nineteen of 394 first-treated cattle were clinically examined, 12 of them were additionally sampled for bacteriological and histological analyses. All cases examined showed, both clinically and following laboratory analyses, typical characteristics for IP. In contrast, there was no specific evidence for the presence of digital dermatitis. No persistent infections occurred during treatment with benzylpenicillin. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified > 365-730-day-old cattle (odds ratio OR 8,29), as well as inseminated (OR 5,30) and non-inseminated (OR 7,85) heifers as risk groups for the disease studied (p < 0,05). Association with the oestrus activity of non-inseminated heifers and a generally higher locomotor activity in heifers compared to cows - with a correspondingly increased risk of injury - is conceivable. Meat breeds had a reduced risk compared to dairy breeds (OR 0,29). Breed differences in behavior and/or the effectiveness of the local immune response might have an impact. Knowing about these risk groups can be put to use in the future when selecting animals to be taken to the mountain pastures and/or when planning pasture management in order to reduce the prevalence of infectious foot disorders and thereby the use of antibiotics.

导言:在本研究中,通过分析总共 3256 头牛的动物和治疗数据,确定了瑞士两座大型山地牧场的传染性足病风险群体。这两个高山牧场都是联邦农业局(FOAG)咨询项目 "大型高山牧场上健康的牲畜、有吸引力的牧民位置和更少的药物 "的一部分。该项目于 2020 年启动,因为这些山区牧场的跛足发病率有所上升。细菌学和组织学分析旨在提供信息,说明最常见的蹄部疾病是趾间痰肿(IP),还是也会发生数字皮炎。此外,还调查并解释了 2020 年至 2022 年项目期间病例在山地牧场季节的时间分布以及山地牧场和年份的影响,并比较了不同年份的治疗发生率。同一个体的多个治疗周期被分为持续感染和新感染。对 394 头首次接受治疗的牛中的 19 头进行了临床检查,并对其中 12 头进行了细菌学和组织学分析。从临床和实验室分析结果来看,所有病例都显示出 IP 的典型特征。相比之下,没有具体证据表明存在数字皮炎。在使用苄青霉素治疗期间,没有出现持续感染。多变量逻辑回归分析发现,365-730 日龄以上的牛(几率比OR 8.29)以及人工授精(OR 5.30)和非人工授精(OR 7.85)的小母牛是本病的风险群体(P < 0.05)。可以想象,这与未受精母牛的发情活动有关,而且与母牛相比,母牛的运动能力普遍较强,因此受伤的风险也相应增加。与奶牛品种相比,肉牛品种的风险较低(OR 0.29)。品种在行为和/或当地免疫反应有效性方面的差异可能会产生影响。了解了这些风险群体的情况后,今后在选择要带去山区牧场的牲畜和/或规划牧场管理时就能派上用场,从而降低传染性蹄病的发病率,减少抗生素的使用。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from slaughter calves and fattening pigs: A pilot study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance by whole genome sequencing in Switzerland. 来自屠宰小牛和育肥猪的第三代耐头孢菌素大肠杆菌的特征:瑞士一项通过全基因组测序监测抗菌素耐药性的试点研究。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00396
C. B. Aebi, J. E. Fernandez, S. Kittl, M. L. Tresch, V. Perreten, G. Overesch
INTRODUCTIONWhole genome sequencing (WGS) was introduced into Swiss antimicrobial resistance monitoring in 2022 as an additional method to phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing by broth microdilution to characterize presumptive third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) Escherichia coli. Caecal samples from Swiss slaughter calves and fattening pigs, as well as beef and pork meat from Swiss retail taken in 2021, were analyzed for the presence of 3GC-R E. coli according to European harmonized protocols. In 2021, 3GC-R E. coli was detected in 23,8 % of slaughter calves, 5,9 % of fattening pigs, and 0 % of meat. Comparative analysis of the antimicrobial resistance results obtained by phenotypic measurement and those obtained by the detection of corresponding underlying molecular mechanisms by WGS showed very high agreement (99 %). Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) was mainly associated with the presence of blaCTX-M-15 in E. coli isolates from calves and blaCTX-M-1 in E. coli isolates from pigs and mutations in the ampC-promoter (g.-42 C>T) in E. coli isolates from both animal species. Moreover, WGS data were used for phylogenetic analysis based on multi locus sequence types (MLST) and core genome MLST(cgMLST) revealing that 3GC-R E. coli isolated from Swiss slaughter calves and fattening pigs were genetically diverse. In this study, it was shown that using WGS alone to monitor antimicrobial resistance could detect trends in known molecular antimicrobial resistance mechanisms while also providing other valuable information about the isolates, such as genetic relatedness. However, only by combining phenotypic susceptibility testing and WGS early detection of previously unknown resistance mechanisms will be possible.
全基因组测序(WGS)于2022年被引入瑞士的抗菌素耐药性监测中,作为通过肉汤微量稀释进行表型抗菌素敏感性试验的额外方法,以表征假定的第三代头孢菌素耐药(3GC-R)大肠杆菌。根据欧洲统一协议,对瑞士屠宰小牛和育肥猪的盲肠样本以及2021年瑞士零售的牛肉和猪肉进行了3GC-R大肠杆菌的分析。2021年,在23.8%的屠宰小牛、5.9%的育肥猪和0%的肉类中检测到3GC-R大肠杆菌。表型测定所得的耐药结果与WGS检测相应潜在分子机制所得的耐药结果对比分析显示一致性非常高(99%)。对第三代头孢菌素(3gc)的耐药主要与犊牛大肠杆菌分离株中blaCTX-M-15和猪大肠杆菌分离株中blaCTX-M-1的存在以及两种动物分离株中ampc -启动子(g.-42 C>T)的突变有关。此外,利用WGS数据进行多位点序列类型(MLST)和核心基因组MLST(cgMLST)的系统发育分析表明,从瑞士屠宰犊牛和育肥猪分离的3GC-R大肠杆菌具有遗传多样性。本研究表明,单独使用WGS监测抗菌素耐药性可以检测已知分子抗菌素耐药机制的趋势,同时还可以提供其他有价值的信息,如遗传亲缘关系。然而,只有将表型敏感性试验与WGS相结合,才能早期发现以前未知的耐药机制。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from slaughter calves and fattening pigs: A pilot study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance by whole genome sequencing in Switzerland. 屠宰小牛和育肥猪中对第三代头孢菌素耐药的大肠埃希菌的特征:瑞士通过全基因组测序监测抗菌药耐药性的试点研究。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00396
C B Aebi, J E Fernandez, S Kittl, M L Tresch, V Perreten, G Overesch

Introduction: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was introduced into Swiss antimicrobial resistance monitoring in 2022 as an additional method to phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing by broth microdilution to characterize presumptive third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) Escherichia coli. Caecal samples from Swiss slaughter calves and fattening pigs, as well as beef and pork meat from Swiss retail taken in 2021, were analyzed for the presence of 3GC-R E. coli according to European harmonized protocols. In 2021, 3GC-R E. coli was detected in 23,8 % of slaughter calves, 5,9 % of fattening pigs, and 0 % of meat. Comparative analysis of the antimicrobial resistance results obtained by phenotypic measurement and those obtained by the detection of corresponding underlying molecular mechanisms by WGS showed very high agreement (99 %). Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) was mainly associated with the presence of blaCTX-M-15 in E. coli isolates from calves and blaCTX-M-1 in E. coli isolates from pigs and mutations in the ampC-promoter (g.-42 C>T) in E. coli isolates from both animal species. Moreover, WGS data were used for phylogenetic analysis based on multi locus sequence types (MLST) and core genome MLST(cgMLST) revealing that 3GC-R E. coli isolated from Swiss slaughter calves and fattening pigs were genetically diverse. In this study, it was shown that using WGS alone to monitor antimicrobial resistance could detect trends in known molecular antimicrobial resistance mechanisms while also providing other valuable information about the isolates, such as genetic relatedness. However, only by combining phenotypic susceptibility testing and WGS early detection of previously unknown resistance mechanisms will be possible.

导言:全基因组测序(WGS)于 2022 年被引入瑞士抗菌药耐药性监测,作为肉汤微量稀释法表型抗菌药敏感性检测的补充方法,用于鉴定推定的第三代头孢菌素耐药(3GC-R)大肠埃希菌。根据欧洲统一规程,对 2021 年瑞士屠宰的小牛和育肥猪的粪便样本以及瑞士零售的牛肉和猪肉样本进行了分析,以确定是否存在 3GC-R 大肠杆菌。2021 年,23.8% 的屠宰小牛、5.9% 的育肥猪和 0% 的肉类中检测到了 3GC-R 大肠杆菌。通过表型测量获得的抗菌药耐药性结果与通过 WGS 检测相应的潜在分子机制获得的结果进行比较分析,结果显示两者的一致性非常高(99%)。对第三代头孢菌素(3GCs)的耐药性主要与小牛大肠杆菌分离物中的 blaCTX-M-15 和猪大肠杆菌分离物中的 blaCTX-M-1 以及这两种动物的大肠杆菌分离物中的 ampC 启动子(g.-42 C>T)突变有关。此外,基于多位点序列类型(MLST)和核心基因组 MLST(cgMLST),利用 WGS 数据进行了系统发育分析,结果显示从瑞士屠宰小牛和育肥猪分离的 3GC-R 大肠杆菌具有遗传多样性。该研究表明,单独使用 WGS 监测抗菌药耐药性可检测出已知分子抗菌药耐药性机制的趋势,同时还能提供分离菌株的其他有价值信息,如遗传亲缘关系。不过,只有将表型药敏试验和 WGS 结合起来,才能及早发现以前未知的耐药性机制。
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引用次数: 0
[Risk factors for infectious foot -disorders on two Swiss cattle -mountain pastures]. [两个瑞士山地牧场传染性足部疾病的危险因素]。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00397
M. Schaub, M. Alsaaod, C. Syring, J. Becker, J. Plüss, S. Blatter, F. Rachidi, A. Starke, A. Steiner
INTRODUCTIONIn the present study, risk groups for infectious foot disorders were identified on two large Swiss cattle mountain pastures by analyzing animal and treatment data of a total of 3256 animals of the bovine species. Both mountain pastures were part of the Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) consultancy project «Healthy animals, attractive herdsmen positions and less medication on large cattle mountain pastures». The project was launched in 2020 following the increased incidence of lameness on these mountain pastures. Bacteriological and histological analyses were to provide information as to whether the most common foot disorder was interdigital phlegmon (IP) or whether digital dermatitis also occurred. Further, the temporal distribution of cases over the mountain pasture season and the influence of mountain pasture and year were investigated and interpreted for the project years 2020 to 2022, and treatment incidences were compared between years. Multiple treatment cycles in the same individual were classified into persistent infections and new infections. Nineteen of 394 first-treated cattle were clinically examined, 12 of them were additionally sampled for bacteriological and histological analyses. All cases examined showed, both clinically and following laboratory analyses, typical characteristics for IP. In contrast, there was no specific evidence for the presence of digital dermatitis. No persistent infections occurred during treatment with benzylpenicillin. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified > 365-730-day-old cattle (odds ratio OR 8,29), as well as inseminated (OR 5,30) and non-inseminated (OR 7,85) heifers as risk groups for the disease studied (p < 0,05). Association with the oestrus activity of non-inseminated heifers and a generally higher locomotor activity in heifers compared to cows - with a correspondingly increased risk of injury - is conceivable. Meat breeds had a reduced risk compared to dairy breeds (OR 0,29). Breed differences in behavior and/or the effectiveness of the local immune response might have an impact. Knowing about these risk groups can be put to use in the future when selecting animals to be taken to the mountain pastures and/or when planning pasture management in order to reduce the prevalence of infectious foot disorders and thereby the use of antibiotics.
在本研究中,通过分析总共3256头牛的动物和治疗数据,确定了瑞士两个大型牛山地牧场感染性足部疾病的危险群体。这两个山地牧场都是联邦农业局(FOAG)咨询项目“大型山地牧场的健康动物、有吸引力的牧民岗位和更少的药物”的一部分。该项目于2020年启动,此前这些山地牧场的跛行发生率有所增加。细菌学和组织学分析提供了最常见的足部疾病是指间痰炎(IP)还是指间皮炎的信息。在2020 - 2022年的项目年份,调查和解释了病例在山地牧草季节的时间分布以及山地牧草和年份的影响,并比较了年份之间的发病率。同一个体的多个治疗周期分为持续感染和新发感染。对394头首次治疗的牛中的19头进行了临床检查,其中12头进行了细菌学和组织学分析。所有检查的病例,无论是临床还是实验室分析,都显示出典型的IP特征。相比之下,没有具体的证据表明存在指性皮炎。在青霉素治疗期间未发生持续性感染。多因素logistic回归分析发现,> 365-730日龄的牛(优势比为8,29)以及受精(优势比为5,30)和未受精(优势比为7,85)的小母牛是所研究疾病的危险群体(p < 0.05)。与未受精母牛的发情活动和母牛相比,母牛的运动活动普遍较高,因此受伤的风险相应增加,这是可以想象的。与乳制品品种相比,肉类品种的风险较低(OR 0.29)。品种差异的行为和/或局部免疫反应的有效性可能会产生影响。了解这些风险群体可以在将来选择要带到山地牧场的动物和/或规划牧场管理时使用,以减少传染性足部疾病的流行,从而减少抗生素的使用。
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引用次数: 0
[Implementation of biosecurity measures by hoof trimmers in Switzerland]. [瑞士修蹄工实施生物安全措施]。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00394
M Bayer, G Strauss, C Syring, M Ruiters, J Becker, A Steiner

Introduction: Biosecurity in livestock farming includes all measures preventing pathogen introduction onto a farm (external biosecurity) and pathogen transmission on the farm itself (internal biosecurity). An important risk factor for the dissemination of infectious diseases are specialised external persons working on numerous farms, such as professional hoof trimmers in Switzerland. In the present study, 49 hoof trimmers, participating in the Swiss claw health programme and working as professionals, were questioned regarding their biosecurity measures and observed by two veterinarians during hoof trimming in order to assess the implementation of biosecurity measures by hoof trimmers. Data were processed using a scoring system, in which points were allocated to the different working methods taking into account their assumed transmission potential for infectious diseases such as digital dermatitis (DD) and Salmonellosis. The working method, which complied with the ideal biosecurity measure, was always given a whole point, whereas less optimal working methods were only given an intermediate value or no point. The scoring system helped identify precisely the strengths and weaknesses of the hoof trimmers in terms of biosecurity. The level of implementation of biosecurity measures by hoof trimmers was overall quite low (53 %=average of the overall biosecurity scores of the 49 hoof trimmers). Hoof trimmers which attended specialised training courses tended to have a higher level of implementation of biosecurity measures. The answers given by the hoof trimmers and the observations made by the veterinarians were compared, whereby it was found that hoof trimmers generally evaluated themselves better in regard to biosecurity than veterinarians assessed them. In summary and based on the results of this study, the dissemination of pathogens, such as DD associated treponemes and salmonella is possible during hoof trimming performed by external persons working on numerous farms. Thus, future training and continuing education courses should place emphasis on biosecurity.

导言:畜牧业生物安全包括防止病原体进入农场(外部生物安全)和病原体在农场内传播(内部生物安全)的所有措施。传染病传播的一个重要风险因素是在众多农场工作的外部专业人员,如瑞士的专业修蹄工。在本研究中,两名兽医对 49 名参与瑞士爪健康计划的专业修蹄工进行了生物安全措施方面的询问,并在修蹄过程中对他们进行了观察,以评估修蹄工生物安全措施的执行情况。数据采用评分系统进行处理,根据不同工作方法对传染病(如数字皮炎(DD)和沙门氏菌病)传播的可能性进行评分。符合理想生物安全措施的工作方法总是得满分,而不太理想的工作方法只得中间分或不得分。评分系统有助于准确识别修蹄机在生物安全方面的优缺点。修蹄工实施生物安全措施的水平总体较低(53 %=49 名修蹄工生物安全总分的平均值)。参加过专门培训课程的修蹄工的生物安全措施执行水平往往较高。对修蹄工的回答和兽医的观察结果进行比较后发现,修蹄工在生物安全方面的自我评价普遍高于兽医的评价。总之,根据这项研究的结果,在许多农场工作的外部人员在修蹄时有可能传播病原体,如与 DD 相关的颤抖病原体和沙门氏菌。因此,今后的培训和继续教育课程应强调生物安全。
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引用次数: 0
[Implementation of biosecurity measures by hoof trimmers in Switzerland]. [在瑞士实施生物安全措施的蹄修剪器]。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00394
M. Bayer, G. Strauss, C. Syring, M. Ruiters, J. Becker, A. Steiner
INTRODUCTIONBiosecurity in livestock farming includes all measures preventing pathogen introduction onto a farm (external biosecurity) and pathogen transmission on the farm itself (internal biosecurity). An important risk factor for the dissemination of infectious diseases are specialised external persons working on numerous farms, such as professional hoof trimmers in Switzerland. In the present study, 49 hoof trimmers, participating in the Swiss claw health programme and working as professionals, were questioned regarding their biosecurity measures and observed by two veterinarians during hoof trimming in order to assess the implementation of biosecurity measures by hoof trimmers. Data were processed using a scoring system, in which points were allocated to the different working methods taking into account their assumed transmission potential for infectious diseases such as digital dermatitis (DD) and Salmonellosis. The working method, which complied with the ideal biosecurity measure, was always given a whole point, whereas less optimal working methods were only given an intermediate value or no point. The scoring system helped identify precisely the strengths and weaknesses of the hoof trimmers in terms of biosecurity. The level of implementation of biosecurity measures by hoof trimmers was overall quite low (53 %=average of the overall biosecurity scores of the 49 hoof trimmers). Hoof trimmers which attended specialised training courses tended to have a higher level of implementation of biosecurity measures. The answers given by the hoof trimmers and the observations made by the veterinarians were compared, whereby it was found that hoof trimmers generally evaluated themselves better in regard to biosecurity than veterinarians assessed them. In summary and based on the results of this study, the dissemination of pathogens, such as DD associated treponemes and salmonella is possible during hoof trimming performed by external persons working on numerous farms. Thus, future training and continuing education courses should place emphasis on biosecurity.
家畜养殖中的生物安全包括所有防止病原体传入农场(外部生物安全)和病原体在农场本身传播(内部生物安全)的措施。传染病传播的一个重要风险因素是在众多农场工作的外部专业人员,例如瑞士的专业修蹄工。在本研究中,49名作为专业人员参加瑞士爪卫生方案的修蹄者就其生物安全措施进行了询问,并由两名兽医在修蹄期间进行了观察,以评估修蹄者实施生物安全措施的情况。使用评分系统处理数据,在该系统中,考虑到各种工作方法对数字皮炎(DD)和沙门氏菌病等传染病的假定传播潜力,对不同的工作方法进行打分。符合理想生物安全措施的工作方法通常给予整点,而不太理想的工作方法只给予中间值或不给予点。该评分系统有助于准确地确定修剪蹄在生物安全方面的优势和劣势。修剪蹄的人实施生物安全措施的水平总体上很低(53% = 49个修剪蹄的人总体生物安全得分的平均值)。参加过专门培训课程的修剪蹄的人往往对生物安全措施的执行程度更高。对剪蹄者给出的答案和兽医的观察结果进行了比较,发现剪蹄者在生物安全方面的自我评价通常优于兽医对他们的评价。总之,根据本研究的结果,在许多农场的外部人员进行蹄部修剪时,可能会传播病原体,如与DD相关的密螺旋体和沙门氏菌。因此,未来的培训和继续教育课程应强调生物安全。
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引用次数: 0
[Occurrence of canine subcutaneous dirofilariosis (Dirofilaria repens) in Switzerland]. [犬皮下双丝虫病(Dirofilaria repens)在瑞士发生]。
IF 0.7 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.17236/sat00395

Introduction: Infectious diseases are increasingly introduced into Switzerland due to the increased travel activity in recent decades and the import of dogs. Dirofilariasis, caused by Dirofilaria immitis or D. repens, is one of them. An infection with D. repens, the cause of canine subcutaneous dirofilariosis, is often asymptomatic in dogs, but represents a potential zoonotic disease risk for humans. Due to the rapidly increasing number of human cases, D. repens is considered an emerging zoonosis in north-eastern Europe. The prevalence of D. repens infections in dogs and humans in Switzerland is unknown. Since 2016 the analysing diagnostic laboratory provided with the newly introduced filaria PCR a realiable diagnostic test to differentiate betweeen D. immitis and D. repens. Total nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) was extracted from 200 μl EDTA blood without prior enrichment followed by a species-specific real-time PCR assay. The analyses for Dirofilariae in the years 2016 to 2021 were examined in a descriptive retrospective study and the proportion of positive tests per year (prevalence with 95 % confidence interval) was calculated. Furthermore, blood samples of 50 imported dogs to Switzerland were analyzed in an exploratory cross-sectional study for the presence of dirofilaria. No D. repens positive case was found in the first two years after the introduction of the PCR. In 2018 five of 546 analyzed samples (5/546, 0,9 %, 95 % confidence interval [95 % CI]=0,7 - 1,2 %) tested positive for D. repens, in 2019 four of 591 (0,7 %, 95 % CI=0,5 - 0,9 %), in 2020 15 of 783 (1,9 %, 95 % CI=1,6 - 2,3 %) and in 2021 eleven of 1058 samples (1,0 %, 95 % CI=0,8 - 1,3 %). In the exploratory cross-sectional study, four of the 50 examined dogs were positive for D. repens (8 %, 95 % CI=2,6 - 20,1 %). One dog had a concurrent infection with D. immitis and D. repens. All four positive tested dogs were imported from Hungary. Potentially zoonotic infections with D. repens occur in dogs living in Switzerland. This disease should be included in the differential diagnoses of imported dogs and a monitoring during routine health checks should be done more often. The veterinary profession can thus assume its responsibility for the prevention of zoonoses as part of a One Health approach.

导言:由于近几十年来旅游活动的增加和狗的进口,传染病越来越多地传入瑞士。其中一种是由原丝虫引起的钩丝虫病。引起犬皮下二丝虫病的雷氏弓形虫感染在犬中通常无症状,但对人类具有潜在的人畜共患疾病风险。由于人间病例数量迅速增加,长耳丁虫病被认为是东南欧一种新出现的人畜共患病。在瑞士,狗和人感染的流行程度尚不清楚。自2016年以来,分析诊断实验室提供了新引入的丝虫病PCR,这是一种可靠的诊断方法,可区分寄生虫病和寄生虫病。从200 μl EDTA血中提取总核酸(DNA和RNA),无需事先富集,然后进行种特异性实时PCR检测。在一项描述性回顾性研究中检查了2016年至2021年对白丝虫的分析,并计算了每年阳性检测的比例(患病率为95%置信区间)。此外,在一项探索性横断面研究中,对50只进口到瑞士的狗的血液样本进行了分析,以确定是否存在dirofilaria。引入PCR后的前2年未发现D. repens阳性病例。2018年,546份分析样本中有5份(5/546,0.9%,95%可信区间[95% CI]=0,7 - 1,2 %)检测出D. repens阳性,2019年591份样本中有4份(0,7 %,95% CI=0,5 - 0,9 %), 2020年783份样本中有15份(1,9 %,95% CI=1,6 - 2,3 %), 2021年1058份样本中有11份(1,0 %,95% CI=0,8 - 1,3)。在探索性横断面研究中,50只被检查的狗中有4只狗呈repens阳性(8%,95% CI=2,6 - 20.1%)。其中一只狗同时感染了免疫弓形虫和雷恩斯弓形虫。所有4只检测呈阳性的狗均从匈牙利进口。生活在瑞士的狗可能会感染雷恩斯丁杆菌。应将该疾病纳入输入犬的鉴别诊断,并在常规健康检查中加强监测。因此,兽医专业可以承担其预防人畜共患病的责任,作为“同一个健康”方法的一部分。
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Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde
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