Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2259606
Salar Salmanipour, Ali Aghdami, S. Majid Abdoli, Amin Sokhansanj
ABSTRACTUsing a sustainable method for separating azeotropic mixtures, such as extractive distillation, is crucial for environmental and resource sustainability. Cyclohexane, acetonitrile, and toluene are essential solvents in different chemical processes. This ternary mixture has two binary azeotropes between cyclohexane-acetonitrile and acetonitrile-toluene at atmospheric pressures. Using residue curve maps and a uni-volatility line, n-butylbenzene was selected as a viable entrainer for extractive distillation, among other possibilities. Unlike conventional designs, the recycled entrainer was only sent to the first column in this simulation. The wasted energy from the recycled entrainer was used to supply reboilers duty through integration. A 3-D material balance was performed to understand the separation procedures better. High-purity acetonitrile, cyclohexane, and toluene will also be obtained from the first, second, and third columns. Finally, a multi-objective genetic algorithm with 14 key decision variables was utilized to reduce total annual cost (TAC) and CO2 emissions and improve thermodynamic efficiency as objective functions from economic, environmental, and energy efficiency perspectives. Optimized results reveal that a heat-integrated design reduces almost 25% TAC and 46% CO2 emissions compared to conventional extractive distillation and does not significantly affect thermodynamic efficiency. This research could be valuable for separating azeotrope systems from other ternary mixtures.KEYWORDS: Azeotropic separationternary systemextractive distillationsimulationmulti-objective genetic optimization Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).NomenclatureTableDisplay TableSupplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2259606
{"title":"Separation of a two binary-azeotrope acetonitrile-cyclohexane-toluene ternary mixture via continuous triple column extractive distillation with heat integration: design, simulation, and multi-objective genetic-algorithm (MOGA) optimization","authors":"Salar Salmanipour, Ali Aghdami, S. Majid Abdoli, Amin Sokhansanj","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2259606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2259606","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTUsing a sustainable method for separating azeotropic mixtures, such as extractive distillation, is crucial for environmental and resource sustainability. Cyclohexane, acetonitrile, and toluene are essential solvents in different chemical processes. This ternary mixture has two binary azeotropes between cyclohexane-acetonitrile and acetonitrile-toluene at atmospheric pressures. Using residue curve maps and a uni-volatility line, n-butylbenzene was selected as a viable entrainer for extractive distillation, among other possibilities. Unlike conventional designs, the recycled entrainer was only sent to the first column in this simulation. The wasted energy from the recycled entrainer was used to supply reboilers duty through integration. A 3-D material balance was performed to understand the separation procedures better. High-purity acetonitrile, cyclohexane, and toluene will also be obtained from the first, second, and third columns. Finally, a multi-objective genetic algorithm with 14 key decision variables was utilized to reduce total annual cost (TAC) and CO2 emissions and improve thermodynamic efficiency as objective functions from economic, environmental, and energy efficiency perspectives. Optimized results reveal that a heat-integrated design reduces almost 25% TAC and 46% CO2 emissions compared to conventional extractive distillation and does not significantly affect thermodynamic efficiency. This research could be valuable for separating azeotrope systems from other ternary mixtures.KEYWORDS: Azeotropic separationternary systemextractive distillationsimulationmulti-objective genetic optimization Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).NomenclatureTableDisplay TableSupplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2259606","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136308422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTAs we all know, sodium oleate (NaOL) is usually used as a collector for oxidized minerals, but in this study, it is used as an activator for feldspar to separate from quartz. Therefore, the adsorption mechanism, topography, and configurations of NaOL on the quartz and feldspar surface were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscope, and molecular dynamics simulation at the atomic level. The results revealed that NaOL preferably interacted with the Al atoms on the feldspar surface mostly in the form of chemical adsorption and made the feldspar surface blurry and rough, so NaOL could activate feldspar and enhance its flotability. However, NaOL hardly reacts or is easily desorbed from the quartz surface. Thus, the adsorption differences of NaOL between the quartz and feldspar surfaces contributed to realize the effective separation of quartz and feldspar.KEYWORDS: FeldsparquartzNaOLactivatorchemical adsorption Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).CrediT authorship contribution statementJiwei Lu: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review and editing. Nailing Wang: Methodology, Writing-original draft, Writing – review and editing, Funding acquisition. Shuangke Li: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Funding acquisition. Ziqin Lin: Writing – review and editing. Qingbo Meng: Resources, Supervision. Lixia Li: Resources and Supervision.Additional informationFundingThe authors would like to thank the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. N2201010), GDAS’ Project of Science and Technology Development (No. 2020GDASYL-20200103103), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51704057) for financial support.
{"title":"Atomic insight into the activation mechanism of feldspar by sodium oleate in flotation separation of quartz and feldspar: XPS, AFM, and molecular dynamics","authors":"Jiwei Lu, Nailing Wang, Shuangke Li, Ziqin Lin, Qingbo Meng, Lixia Li","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2260089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2260089","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAs we all know, sodium oleate (NaOL) is usually used as a collector for oxidized minerals, but in this study, it is used as an activator for feldspar to separate from quartz. Therefore, the adsorption mechanism, topography, and configurations of NaOL on the quartz and feldspar surface were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscope, and molecular dynamics simulation at the atomic level. The results revealed that NaOL preferably interacted with the Al atoms on the feldspar surface mostly in the form of chemical adsorption and made the feldspar surface blurry and rough, so NaOL could activate feldspar and enhance its flotability. However, NaOL hardly reacts or is easily desorbed from the quartz surface. Thus, the adsorption differences of NaOL between the quartz and feldspar surfaces contributed to realize the effective separation of quartz and feldspar.KEYWORDS: FeldsparquartzNaOLactivatorchemical adsorption Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).CrediT authorship contribution statementJiwei Lu: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review and editing. Nailing Wang: Methodology, Writing-original draft, Writing – review and editing, Funding acquisition. Shuangke Li: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Funding acquisition. Ziqin Lin: Writing – review and editing. Qingbo Meng: Resources, Supervision. Lixia Li: Resources and Supervision.Additional informationFundingThe authors would like to thank the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. N2201010), GDAS’ Project of Science and Technology Development (No. 2020GDASYL-20200103103), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51704057) for financial support.","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136309261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTDue to the widespread use of tetracyclines antibiotics (TCs) in livestock breeding, TCs has always caused soil pollution. TCs cannot only enter soil and water bodies through multiple channels but also accumulate in them over a long period. It is more abundant in soils, agricultural land. Primarily, should explore efficient methods for removing or degrading TCs. This review provides an overview of the birth, development and problem of soil contamination of TCs. Then focuses on the toxicity and effects of TCs on microorganisms, animals, and plants. Furthermore, in the following chapters, microbial -, plant -, animal – biodegradation methods are introduced to summarize the species and plants applied in soil TCs removal at this stage. Meanwhile, the principle mechanism of advanced oxidation processes is analyzed deeply to fill the gap. In addition, a case of microbial fuel cells based on sustainable bioenergetics with promising prospects for soil TCs removal is presented. Due to the interaction between carbonaceous materials and soil, the characteristics of adsorption method under soil environment are deeply analyzed.KEYWORDS: Antibiotic pollutionbiodegradationelectrochemistrysoiltetracyclines Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.Statement of noveltyDue to the widespread use of tetracyclines antibiotics (TCs) in livestock breeding, TCs has always caused soil pollution. TCs are not only able to enter soil and water bodies through multiple channels but also accumulate in them over a long period of time. It is more abundant in soils, especially agricultural land. Hence, efficient methods for removing or degrading TCs should be explored. The first two sections of this review provide an overview of the birth, development and problem of soil contamination of TCs. The third section focuses on the toxicity and effects of TCs on microorganisms, animals, plants. Furthermore, in the following chapters, microbial -, plant -, animal – biodegradation methods are introduced to summarize the species and plants applied in soil TCs removal at this stage. Meanwhile, the principle mechanism of advanced oxidation processes is analyzed in depth to fill the gap. In addition, a case of microbial fuel cell based on sustainable bioenergetics with promising prospects for soil TCs removal is presented. Due to the interaction between carbonaceous materials and soil, the characteristics of adsorption method under soil environment are deeply analyzed. A critical analysis of contrast and reflection is presented at the end of each section.
{"title":"A review on current pollution and removal methods of tetracycline in soil","authors":"Sixu Ren, Shiyao Wang, Yufei Liu, Yuxin Wang, Feng Gao, Yingjie Dai","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2259079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2259079","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTDue to the widespread use of tetracyclines antibiotics (TCs) in livestock breeding, TCs has always caused soil pollution. TCs cannot only enter soil and water bodies through multiple channels but also accumulate in them over a long period. It is more abundant in soils, agricultural land. Primarily, should explore efficient methods for removing or degrading TCs. This review provides an overview of the birth, development and problem of soil contamination of TCs. Then focuses on the toxicity and effects of TCs on microorganisms, animals, and plants. Furthermore, in the following chapters, microbial -, plant -, animal – biodegradation methods are introduced to summarize the species and plants applied in soil TCs removal at this stage. Meanwhile, the principle mechanism of advanced oxidation processes is analyzed deeply to fill the gap. In addition, a case of microbial fuel cells based on sustainable bioenergetics with promising prospects for soil TCs removal is presented. Due to the interaction between carbonaceous materials and soil, the characteristics of adsorption method under soil environment are deeply analyzed.KEYWORDS: Antibiotic pollutionbiodegradationelectrochemistrysoiltetracyclines Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.Statement of noveltyDue to the widespread use of tetracyclines antibiotics (TCs) in livestock breeding, TCs has always caused soil pollution. TCs are not only able to enter soil and water bodies through multiple channels but also accumulate in them over a long period of time. It is more abundant in soils, especially agricultural land. Hence, efficient methods for removing or degrading TCs should be explored. The first two sections of this review provide an overview of the birth, development and problem of soil contamination of TCs. The third section focuses on the toxicity and effects of TCs on microorganisms, animals, plants. Furthermore, in the following chapters, microbial -, plant -, animal – biodegradation methods are introduced to summarize the species and plants applied in soil TCs removal at this stage. Meanwhile, the principle mechanism of advanced oxidation processes is analyzed in depth to fill the gap. In addition, a case of microbial fuel cell based on sustainable bioenergetics with promising prospects for soil TCs removal is presented. Due to the interaction between carbonaceous materials and soil, the characteristics of adsorption method under soil environment are deeply analyzed. A critical analysis of contrast and reflection is presented at the end of each section.","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135010184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2258274
Thomas Romeijn, David F. Fletcher, Alex de Andrade
ABSTRACTAdvancing the understanding of the fluid behavior in a mineral separation spiral has seen computational fluid dynamic models being validated using various flow properties. In this research article, capturing a focussed line of bubbles, which is commonly encountered in spirals, was utilized as a novel means to evaluate various numerical simulation approaches. To match experimental data, the simulations used a measured wall roughness, wall contact angle, and bubble size, in addition to a fluid domain geometry based on a 3D scan of a full-scale spiral. Through comparison with experimental data, the research investigated the effects of different numerical modeling approaches on the bubble line behavior, calibrated the unknown bubble mass flow rate, and performed a sensitivity analysis on the bubble diameter, wall roughness, and wall contact angle. The effects of changing the drag coefficient, the use of a simplified turbulence model, and the bubble–water interaction were investigated. The only model that allowed the formation of a bubble line was a two-phase Eulerian multi-fluid VOF model with the bubbles being included as a Lagrangian phase, with both drag and virtual mass forces modeled. The use of this model with a full-length domain of the spiral produced the first numerical evidence of a postulated tertiary radial flow in mineral separation spirals.KEYWORDS: Spiral separatorcomputational fluid dynamics (CFD)Eulerian multi-fluid VOF modelbubble linetertiary flow AcknowledgmentsThe researcher would like to thank the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) for the use of their computational resources for this study.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Statement of noveltyAn understanding of the flow in a gravity-driven, helical mineral separator, commonly referred to as a “spiral,” has been pursued for decades through complex fluid flow simulations. Due to the large number of mathematical models needed in such simulations, it is critical to validate the complete numerical model with experimental data to confirm the appropriate selection and interaction of models. Unfortunately, computational limitations have necessitated modeling constraints in the past. The prescription of a fixed free surface, the application of periodic boundary conditions, the use of a no-slip wall at the top of the fluid domain, and the exclusion of the spiral’s feed box have all been implemented. These approximations for the boundary conditions increase the possibility of incorrectly representing the actual behavior of the flow in spirals and are removed in this work.Moreover, the simulation of spiral flows has often been validated using experimental data gained from scale models or from spiral models that were superseded in the early 90s. As such, the improvements in full-scale, industry-ready spiral designs that occurred during the last 30 years are not reflected in the available validation data. In the present study, val
{"title":"Evaluation of numerical approaches for the simulation of water-flow in gravity-driven helical mineral separators","authors":"Thomas Romeijn, David F. Fletcher, Alex de Andrade","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2258274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2258274","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAdvancing the understanding of the fluid behavior in a mineral separation spiral has seen computational fluid dynamic models being validated using various flow properties. In this research article, capturing a focussed line of bubbles, which is commonly encountered in spirals, was utilized as a novel means to evaluate various numerical simulation approaches. To match experimental data, the simulations used a measured wall roughness, wall contact angle, and bubble size, in addition to a fluid domain geometry based on a 3D scan of a full-scale spiral. Through comparison with experimental data, the research investigated the effects of different numerical modeling approaches on the bubble line behavior, calibrated the unknown bubble mass flow rate, and performed a sensitivity analysis on the bubble diameter, wall roughness, and wall contact angle. The effects of changing the drag coefficient, the use of a simplified turbulence model, and the bubble–water interaction were investigated. The only model that allowed the formation of a bubble line was a two-phase Eulerian multi-fluid VOF model with the bubbles being included as a Lagrangian phase, with both drag and virtual mass forces modeled. The use of this model with a full-length domain of the spiral produced the first numerical evidence of a postulated tertiary radial flow in mineral separation spirals.KEYWORDS: Spiral separatorcomputational fluid dynamics (CFD)Eulerian multi-fluid VOF modelbubble linetertiary flow AcknowledgmentsThe researcher would like to thank the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) for the use of their computational resources for this study.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Statement of noveltyAn understanding of the flow in a gravity-driven, helical mineral separator, commonly referred to as a “spiral,” has been pursued for decades through complex fluid flow simulations. Due to the large number of mathematical models needed in such simulations, it is critical to validate the complete numerical model with experimental data to confirm the appropriate selection and interaction of models. Unfortunately, computational limitations have necessitated modeling constraints in the past. The prescription of a fixed free surface, the application of periodic boundary conditions, the use of a no-slip wall at the top of the fluid domain, and the exclusion of the spiral’s feed box have all been implemented. These approximations for the boundary conditions increase the possibility of incorrectly representing the actual behavior of the flow in spirals and are removed in this work.Moreover, the simulation of spiral flows has often been validated using experimental data gained from scale models or from spiral models that were superseded in the early 90s. As such, the improvements in full-scale, industry-ready spiral designs that occurred during the last 30 years are not reflected in the available validation data. In the present study, val","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135149716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2258277
Abdullah Duzgun, Sahra Dandil
ABSTRACTThis study aims to prepare different possible composites using hBN and chitosan in varying ratios and compare them with each other. Composites c/hBN:100/0, c/hBN:75/25 and c/hBN:50/50 were prepared in varying mass ratios. Depending on the changing mass composition, the characterization results are presented in comparison with each other. The surface structures were observed by SEM analysis. FTIR analysis was used for functional group determination. Surface and pore identification was carried out by BET analysis. Crystalline formations were revealed by XRD analysis. True density values were determined by pycnometric analysis. Also, the RB 49 dye removal behavior of the composites was examined and compared with each other. c/hBN:100/0 and c/hBN:75/25 showed the highest removals at pH 4 and as 86.53 and 90.2%, respectively, while c/hBN:50/50 showed it at pH 3 and as 86.59%. The highest adsorption capacities were determined as 105.28, 160.71 and 159.01 mg/g for c/hBN:100/0, c/hBN:75/25 and c/hBN:50/50, respectively at 0.3 g/L dosage. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and intraparticle diffusion model fitted well with the processes over time. The Freundlich isotherm model was found to be compatible with the processes. The positive ΔH and ΔS values and negative ΔG values of each process were presented.KEYWORDS: CharacterizationcomparisoncompositeRB 49removal Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Abbreviations/Nomenclatures Abbreviation/Nomenclature=Full nameqe=adsorption capacityAA=after adsorptionB=boronBN=boron nitrideBET=Brunauer–Emmett–Tellerc/hBN=chitosan/ hexagonal boron nitrideC=constantCu(II)=copper ionR2=correlation coefficientKa=distribution coefficientqt (mg/g)=dye amount adsorbed at anytimeCe (mg/L)=dye concentration at equilibriumC0 (mg/L)=dye concentration at initialΔH (kJ/mol)=enthalpy changeΔS (kJ/mol K)=entropy changeFTIR=Fourier transform infrared spectroscopyKF (mg1-n.g−1L−n)=Freundlich model constantR (8.314 J/mol K)=gas constantΔG (kJ/mol)=Gibbs free energy changeHe=heliumn−1=heterogeneity factorhBN=hexagonal boron nitrideHCl=hydrochloric acidH+=hydrogen ionH2O2=hydrogen peroxideKL (L/mg)=Langmuir model constantqm (mg/g)=maximum adsorption capacityN=nitrogenpzc=point of zero chargeKi (mg/(g min1/2))=rate constant for intra-particle diffusion modelK1 (1/min)=rate constant for pseudo-first-order kinetic modelK2 (g/(mg min))=rate constant for pseudo-second-order kinetic modelRB3R=reactive blue 3RRB 49=reactive blue 49RP4BN=red P4BNSEM=scanning electron microscopyNaCl=sodium chlorideNaOH=sodium hydroxideNa+=sodium ionT=temperaturet (min)=timeUV-Vis=ultraviolet-visibleV (L)=volumem (g)=weightXRD=X-ray diffractionStatement of Novelty • It has been presented that more than one stable and possible composite can be prepared by testing different mass ratios of chitosan and hexagonal boron nitride.• The characterization of the composites is presented comparatively depending on the chan
{"title":"Comparison of structural properties and removal behavior of composites containing chitosan and hexagonal boron nitride in different compositions","authors":"Abdullah Duzgun, Sahra Dandil","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2258277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2258277","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis study aims to prepare different possible composites using hBN and chitosan in varying ratios and compare them with each other. Composites c/hBN:100/0, c/hBN:75/25 and c/hBN:50/50 were prepared in varying mass ratios. Depending on the changing mass composition, the characterization results are presented in comparison with each other. The surface structures were observed by SEM analysis. FTIR analysis was used for functional group determination. Surface and pore identification was carried out by BET analysis. Crystalline formations were revealed by XRD analysis. True density values were determined by pycnometric analysis. Also, the RB 49 dye removal behavior of the composites was examined and compared with each other. c/hBN:100/0 and c/hBN:75/25 showed the highest removals at pH 4 and as 86.53 and 90.2%, respectively, while c/hBN:50/50 showed it at pH 3 and as 86.59%. The highest adsorption capacities were determined as 105.28, 160.71 and 159.01 mg/g for c/hBN:100/0, c/hBN:75/25 and c/hBN:50/50, respectively at 0.3 g/L dosage. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and intraparticle diffusion model fitted well with the processes over time. The Freundlich isotherm model was found to be compatible with the processes. The positive ΔH and ΔS values and negative ΔG values of each process were presented.KEYWORDS: CharacterizationcomparisoncompositeRB 49removal Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Abbreviations/Nomenclatures Abbreviation/Nomenclature=Full nameqe=adsorption capacityAA=after adsorptionB=boronBN=boron nitrideBET=Brunauer–Emmett–Tellerc/hBN=chitosan/ hexagonal boron nitrideC=constantCu(II)=copper ionR2=correlation coefficientKa=distribution coefficientqt (mg/g)=dye amount adsorbed at anytimeCe (mg/L)=dye concentration at equilibriumC0 (mg/L)=dye concentration at initialΔH (kJ/mol)=enthalpy changeΔS (kJ/mol K)=entropy changeFTIR=Fourier transform infrared spectroscopyKF (mg1-n.g−1L−n)=Freundlich model constantR (8.314 J/mol K)=gas constantΔG (kJ/mol)=Gibbs free energy changeHe=heliumn−1=heterogeneity factorhBN=hexagonal boron nitrideHCl=hydrochloric acidH+=hydrogen ionH2O2=hydrogen peroxideKL (L/mg)=Langmuir model constantqm (mg/g)=maximum adsorption capacityN=nitrogenpzc=point of zero chargeKi (mg/(g min1/2))=rate constant for intra-particle diffusion modelK1 (1/min)=rate constant for pseudo-first-order kinetic modelK2 (g/(mg min))=rate constant for pseudo-second-order kinetic modelRB3R=reactive blue 3RRB 49=reactive blue 49RP4BN=red P4BNSEM=scanning electron microscopyNaCl=sodium chlorideNaOH=sodium hydroxideNa+=sodium ionT=temperaturet (min)=timeUV-Vis=ultraviolet-visibleV (L)=volumem (g)=weightXRD=X-ray diffractionStatement of Novelty • It has been presented that more than one stable and possible composite can be prepared by testing different mass ratios of chitosan and hexagonal boron nitride.• The characterization of the composites is presented comparatively depending on the chan","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135149043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT To eliminate the adverse effects of traditional lead ore flotation methods, such as high reagent cost, complex operation process, and a large amount of wastewater, a superconducting high gradient magnetic separation (S-HGMS) technology was proposed to prepare level I standard lead concentrate (IGC) from lead ore. Under optimal conditions including a magnetic flow ratio of 0.076 T·s/m, a pulp concentration of 1.5%, a slurry flow velocity of 500 mL/min, and a 90% mass fraction of minus 45 μm, the Pb grade of the IGC product increased from 45.36% to 68.79% with 55.43% of Pb recovery, while all Cu, Zn, As, Fe, MgO, and Al2O3 concentrations of IGC decreased. The obtained IGC product meets the standard of level I in YS/T319–2013. The characterization results showed that lead ore comprised galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. After S-HGMS, galena was effectively concentrated in the IGC product, while sphalerite and chalcopyrite were separated into the tailings. The magnetic field intensity and mineral magnetization characteristics were vital factors affecting the Pb grade and recovery of the IGC product. The S-HGMS technology efficiently achieved the preparation of the IGC product from lead ore, without using flotation agents and generating wastewater, and provides a valuable guideline for separating Cu – Pb, Zn – Pb, and Cu – Zn – Pb minerals.
{"title":"Separation and preparation of level I standard lead concentrate from lead ore via S-HGMS technology: description of separation mechanism","authors":"Yongkui Li, Xiaodong Pan, Suqin Li, Xin Zhao, Penghui Guo, Cong Li, Zekun Zhao","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2258275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2258275","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To eliminate the adverse effects of traditional lead ore flotation methods, such as high reagent cost, complex operation process, and a large amount of wastewater, a superconducting high gradient magnetic separation (S-HGMS) technology was proposed to prepare level I standard lead concentrate (IGC) from lead ore. Under optimal conditions including a magnetic flow ratio of 0.076 T·s/m, a pulp concentration of 1.5%, a slurry flow velocity of 500 mL/min, and a 90% mass fraction of minus 45 μm, the Pb grade of the IGC product increased from 45.36% to 68.79% with 55.43% of Pb recovery, while all Cu, Zn, As, Fe, MgO, and Al2O3 concentrations of IGC decreased. The obtained IGC product meets the standard of level I in YS/T319–2013. The characterization results showed that lead ore comprised galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. After S-HGMS, galena was effectively concentrated in the IGC product, while sphalerite and chalcopyrite were separated into the tailings. The magnetic field intensity and mineral magnetization characteristics were vital factors affecting the Pb grade and recovery of the IGC product. The S-HGMS technology efficiently achieved the preparation of the IGC product from lead ore, without using flotation agents and generating wastewater, and provides a valuable guideline for separating Cu – Pb, Zn – Pb, and Cu – Zn – Pb minerals.","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135878300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2255738
Jyoti Dhakane-Lad, Abhijit Kar, A. Patel
ABSTRACT Lycopene was extracted from freeze-dried papaya using supercritical carbon dioxide and rice bran oil (RBO) as a co-solvent. Central composite design (Response surface methodology) with five levels of each process variable, i.e. pressure (25–50 MPa), temperature (55–85°C), and extraction time (60–210 min), was used for conducting the experiments. The single optimal point for various response variables was realized at 35.4 MPa, 67°C, and 130 min. Under these conditions, a lycopene extraction efficiency of 79.27 ± 1.69% and a γ-oryzanol content of 11,079 ± 146 mg/L were predicted. The combination of extraction temperature and time beyond 80°C and 180 minutes showed a detrimental effect on lycopene. Furthermore, the storage of extract under no-light conditions showed first-order degradation kinetics with half-life values of lycopene of 42, 24, and 9 days at 3, 10, and 25°C, respectively. Results show that the use of RBO as a co-solvent improved the extraction efficiency and prevented lycopene degradation during extraction and storage.
{"title":"SC-CO2 extraction of lycopene from red papaya using rice bran oil as a co-solvent lessens its degradation during storage","authors":"Jyoti Dhakane-Lad, Abhijit Kar, A. Patel","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2255738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2255738","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lycopene was extracted from freeze-dried papaya using supercritical carbon dioxide and rice bran oil (RBO) as a co-solvent. Central composite design (Response surface methodology) with five levels of each process variable, i.e. pressure (25–50 MPa), temperature (55–85°C), and extraction time (60–210 min), was used for conducting the experiments. The single optimal point for various response variables was realized at 35.4 MPa, 67°C, and 130 min. Under these conditions, a lycopene extraction efficiency of 79.27 ± 1.69% and a γ-oryzanol content of 11,079 ± 146 mg/L were predicted. The combination of extraction temperature and time beyond 80°C and 180 minutes showed a detrimental effect on lycopene. Furthermore, the storage of extract under no-light conditions showed first-order degradation kinetics with half-life values of lycopene of 42, 24, and 9 days at 3, 10, and 25°C, respectively. Results show that the use of RBO as a co-solvent improved the extraction efficiency and prevented lycopene degradation during extraction and storage.","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"82 1","pages":"2357 - 2368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89434307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2258273
Tonmoy Kundu, Surya Kanta Das, Nilima Dash, Pankaj Kumar Parhi, Prabhakar Sangurmath, Shivakumar I. Angadi
The exclusive properties of lithium make it indispensable for its diversified applications, resulting in a steep increase in the present-day demand. In the present investigation, characterization and laboratory beneficiation studies were carried out on the spodumene-bearing lithium pegmatites of India. The major minerals associated with the sample are spodumene, quartz, albite, orthoclase, and muscovite. The chemical analysis results of the collected samples show a variation of Li2O content between 0.02 to 1.85%. The gravity concentration studies were carried out on the feed material with a Li2O content of 1.10%. Gravity concentration studies following heavy liquid separation (HLS), mineral jig, shaking table, and Falcon concentrator were used to enrich the spodumene content. The sink and float analysis on feed material showed that the spodumene mineral is fairly liberated. A better separation of spodumene from the associated silicate gangue was achieved in HLS and mineral jig. Even though fine particles liberated well, separation in the shaking table and Falcon concentrators were inferior due to lower concentration criteria (CC-1.33). Further, the separation efficiency (SE) has been computed for all gravity concentrators. HLS has higher SE than the mineral jig, shaking table, and Falcon concentrator for separating spodumene from the silicate gangue.
{"title":"Characterization and gravity concentration studies on spodumene bearing pegmatites of India","authors":"Tonmoy Kundu, Surya Kanta Das, Nilima Dash, Pankaj Kumar Parhi, Prabhakar Sangurmath, Shivakumar I. Angadi","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2258273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2258273","url":null,"abstract":"The exclusive properties of lithium make it indispensable for its diversified applications, resulting in a steep increase in the present-day demand. In the present investigation, characterization and laboratory beneficiation studies were carried out on the spodumene-bearing lithium pegmatites of India. The major minerals associated with the sample are spodumene, quartz, albite, orthoclase, and muscovite. The chemical analysis results of the collected samples show a variation of Li2O content between 0.02 to 1.85%. The gravity concentration studies were carried out on the feed material with a Li2O content of 1.10%. Gravity concentration studies following heavy liquid separation (HLS), mineral jig, shaking table, and Falcon concentrator were used to enrich the spodumene content. The sink and float analysis on feed material showed that the spodumene mineral is fairly liberated. A better separation of spodumene from the associated silicate gangue was achieved in HLS and mineral jig. Even though fine particles liberated well, separation in the shaking table and Falcon concentrators were inferior due to lower concentration criteria (CC-1.33). Further, the separation efficiency (SE) has been computed for all gravity concentrators. HLS has higher SE than the mineral jig, shaking table, and Falcon concentrator for separating spodumene from the silicate gangue.","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134969603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2250550
Guohua Li, Aimin Zhang, Xianjin Qi, Guizhi Yan, Gang Zhi
ABSTRACTIn the process of removing arsenic in an arsenic-containing aqueous solution, a large amount of harmful arsenic-containing waste is usually discharged. In this paper, a recyclable and environmentally friendly method of removing arsenic with Al/Ti-supported chitosan (ATC) was proposed. The results show that ATC has the best adsorption effect on arsenic at pH 8 at room temperature. In addition, the ratio of Al and Ti to chitosan (CB) affects the adsorption effect of ATC on arsenic. When Al: Ti: CB is 1:1:10, the removal rate of arsenic is as high as 99%. ATC can rapidly adsorb arsenic within 30 min. The adsorption kinetics shows that the adsorption of ATC on arsenic follows the joint action of physical adsorption and chemical precipitation. The adsorption isotherm shows that the adsorption process is multilayer adsorption. Finally, ATC has good recycling ability and is an efficient arsenic-removing agent in the treatment of arsenic-containing aqueous solutions. It shows great potential in the remediation of heavy metal-containing aqueous solutions.KEYWORDS: Arsenicaqueous solutionchitosanadsorptiondynamics Highlights The formation of Al/Ti loaded-chitosan is simple and economical.Effective removal of arsenic from high-arsenic aqueous solution using Al/Ti loaded-chitosan.Al/Ti loaded-chitosan can be regenerated and continuously useDisclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authorStatement of noveltyIn the process of removing arsenic from arsenic-bearing aqueous solution, a large amount of hazardous arsenic-bearing waste is usually discharged. We propose a recyclable and environmentally friendly method for the efficient removal of arsenic using Al/Ti loaded-chitosan (ATC). The results show 99% of arsenic could be removed from arsenic-bearing aqueous solution and reduce the arsenic concentration from 200 mg/L to 10 μg/L using ATC at room temperature. The highest arsenic removal capacity of ATC reaches 45 mg/g due to the superior arsenic adsorption. ATC acts as a highly effective arsenic remover for the disposal of arsenic-bearing aqueous solution. It shows great potential for the remediation of aqueous solution containing heavy metals.Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2250550Additional informationFundingThis project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52160011), the Yunnan Province Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young Talents Training Fund (No. KKRD201952029), the University-Enterprise Cooperation Project of Kunming University of Science and Technology (No. KKZ4201552002).
{"title":"Arsenic removal from aqueous solution by chitosan loaded with Al/Ti elements","authors":"Guohua Li, Aimin Zhang, Xianjin Qi, Guizhi Yan, Gang Zhi","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2250550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2250550","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn the process of removing arsenic in an arsenic-containing aqueous solution, a large amount of harmful arsenic-containing waste is usually discharged. In this paper, a recyclable and environmentally friendly method of removing arsenic with Al/Ti-supported chitosan (ATC) was proposed. The results show that ATC has the best adsorption effect on arsenic at pH 8 at room temperature. In addition, the ratio of Al and Ti to chitosan (CB) affects the adsorption effect of ATC on arsenic. When Al: Ti: CB is 1:1:10, the removal rate of arsenic is as high as 99%. ATC can rapidly adsorb arsenic within 30 min. The adsorption kinetics shows that the adsorption of ATC on arsenic follows the joint action of physical adsorption and chemical precipitation. The adsorption isotherm shows that the adsorption process is multilayer adsorption. Finally, ATC has good recycling ability and is an efficient arsenic-removing agent in the treatment of arsenic-containing aqueous solutions. It shows great potential in the remediation of heavy metal-containing aqueous solutions.KEYWORDS: Arsenicaqueous solutionchitosanadsorptiondynamics Highlights The formation of Al/Ti loaded-chitosan is simple and economical.Effective removal of arsenic from high-arsenic aqueous solution using Al/Ti loaded-chitosan.Al/Ti loaded-chitosan can be regenerated and continuously useDisclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authorStatement of noveltyIn the process of removing arsenic from arsenic-bearing aqueous solution, a large amount of hazardous arsenic-bearing waste is usually discharged. We propose a recyclable and environmentally friendly method for the efficient removal of arsenic using Al/Ti loaded-chitosan (ATC). The results show 99% of arsenic could be removed from arsenic-bearing aqueous solution and reduce the arsenic concentration from 200 mg/L to 10 μg/L using ATC at room temperature. The highest arsenic removal capacity of ATC reaches 45 mg/g due to the superior arsenic adsorption. ATC acts as a highly effective arsenic remover for the disposal of arsenic-bearing aqueous solution. It shows great potential for the remediation of aqueous solution containing heavy metals.Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2250550Additional informationFundingThis project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52160011), the Yunnan Province Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young Talents Training Fund (No. KKRD201952029), the University-Enterprise Cooperation Project of Kunming University of Science and Technology (No. KKZ4201552002).","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134968538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2250549
Maria de Lourdes Mendoza, Jose Delgado, Pablo Villa, Bernardo Mora, Haci Baykara
ABSTRACTSelenium is found in natural waters of developing countries. The present study refers to Se (IV) adsorption onto an Ecuadorian natural zeolite, activated at 225°C. Its physicochemical characterization included particle size analysis, XRD, SEM-EDX, and FTIR. After selenium adsorption, the FTIR spectra denoted the presence of moved bands and new peaks, probably corresponding to new metal bond vibrations. Batch experiments were carried out at 26°C, for 2 h, at adsorbate doses within 0.01–50 mg L−1, bringing about a removal percentage in the range of 57−90%. Eventually, Se (IV) adsorption was performed at a pH of 7.5, resembling realistic well-water matrix conditions. Zeolite accomplished a maximum Se adsorption capacity of 53 mg g−1 zeolite, corresponding to roughly 90% of Se removal. The results obtained upon constant flow mode were analyzed with various kinetic models, appearing Thomas and BDST models to fit better. The highest Se removal percentage on typical well waters leaves a Se value lower than the permissible levels. Thus, natural zeolites offer an economic and competitive alternative for Se (IV) removal, especially from groundwater and industrial wastewater in developing countries.KEYWORDS: Adsorption bed columnsadsorption isotherm modelsadsorption selenium removalbreakthrough curvesnatural zeolites Highlights Batch experiments with doses resembling groundwater and industrial waters brought about 57% 90% Se removal.Se (IV) adsorption could be successfully attained at pH 7.5, thus avoiding chemicals usage.Natural mordenite-type zeolite accomplished a maximum Se adsorption capacity of 53 µg L–1 zeolite.Kinetic studies from Se adsorption on column fit well Thomas and BDST models.The highest Se removal percentage at groundwater levels leaves a Se value lower than permissible levels.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.Statement of noveltyThe present study deals with the treatment of water contaminated with selenium, a typical nonmetal in groundwaters generated from industrial activities. The metal has been proposed to be removed using the adsorption principle onto a natural mordenite-type zeolite, on which scarce studies are reported for selenium removal, unlike artificial ones. In a particular way, the study is outstanding because it also compares Se adsorption on natural and artificial mordenite and intentionally declines the most suitable adsorption conditions to favor others which still results in practical, i.e., pH adjustment avoidance, consequently avoiding chemical usage. Upon these conditions, batch and column trials were performed. Finally, the strategy brings economic and environmental benefits such as reducing costs, especially for developing countries, where inexpensive adsorption technologies are not common.Supplementary materialSupplemental data
{"title":"The potential of a natural Ecuadorian mordenite-type zeolite for batch and column selenium removal","authors":"Maria de Lourdes Mendoza, Jose Delgado, Pablo Villa, Bernardo Mora, Haci Baykara","doi":"10.1080/01496395.2023.2250549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2250549","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTSelenium is found in natural waters of developing countries. The present study refers to Se (IV) adsorption onto an Ecuadorian natural zeolite, activated at 225°C. Its physicochemical characterization included particle size analysis, XRD, SEM-EDX, and FTIR. After selenium adsorption, the FTIR spectra denoted the presence of moved bands and new peaks, probably corresponding to new metal bond vibrations. Batch experiments were carried out at 26°C, for 2 h, at adsorbate doses within 0.01–50 mg L−1, bringing about a removal percentage in the range of 57−90%. Eventually, Se (IV) adsorption was performed at a pH of 7.5, resembling realistic well-water matrix conditions. Zeolite accomplished a maximum Se adsorption capacity of 53 mg g−1 zeolite, corresponding to roughly 90% of Se removal. The results obtained upon constant flow mode were analyzed with various kinetic models, appearing Thomas and BDST models to fit better. The highest Se removal percentage on typical well waters leaves a Se value lower than the permissible levels. Thus, natural zeolites offer an economic and competitive alternative for Se (IV) removal, especially from groundwater and industrial wastewater in developing countries.KEYWORDS: Adsorption bed columnsadsorption isotherm modelsadsorption selenium removalbreakthrough curvesnatural zeolites Highlights Batch experiments with doses resembling groundwater and industrial waters brought about 57% 90% Se removal.Se (IV) adsorption could be successfully attained at pH 7.5, thus avoiding chemicals usage.Natural mordenite-type zeolite accomplished a maximum Se adsorption capacity of 53 µg L–1 zeolite.Kinetic studies from Se adsorption on column fit well Thomas and BDST models.The highest Se removal percentage at groundwater levels leaves a Se value lower than permissible levels.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.Statement of noveltyThe present study deals with the treatment of water contaminated with selenium, a typical nonmetal in groundwaters generated from industrial activities. The metal has been proposed to be removed using the adsorption principle onto a natural mordenite-type zeolite, on which scarce studies are reported for selenium removal, unlike artificial ones. In a particular way, the study is outstanding because it also compares Se adsorption on natural and artificial mordenite and intentionally declines the most suitable adsorption conditions to favor others which still results in practical, i.e., pH adjustment avoidance, consequently avoiding chemical usage. Upon these conditions, batch and column trials were performed. Finally, the strategy brings economic and environmental benefits such as reducing costs, especially for developing countries, where inexpensive adsorption technologies are not common.Supplementary materialSupplemental data ","PeriodicalId":21680,"journal":{"name":"Separation Science and Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134968662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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