Seminars in cell & developmental biology最新文献

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Mechanics of oogenesis: Lessons from C. elegans germline cysts 卵发生机制：秀丽隐杆线虫种系囊肿的教训

IF 6 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103644

Kenji Kimura, Fumio Motegi

Germ cells are organized into a syncytial architecture, wherein individual cells remain connected via intercellular bridges. Within this structural framework, known as germline cysts, a subset of germ cells enlarges and develops into oocytes, while others shrink and are eliminated through cell death. Recent studies with Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed that both apoptosis-mediated germ cell death and enlargement of surviving germ cells are regulated by mechanical forces. Germ cells exhibit stochastic fluctuations in volume driven by actomyosin contractility. This initial size heterogeneity is progressively amplified due to mechanical instability driven by differential hydrostatic pressure within the cyst, which biases smaller cells toward shrinkage and subsequent apoptotic death. This mechanical instability is further reinforced by the RAS/MAPK signaling cascade and the ECT-2/RhoA pathway, both of which enhance actomyosin contractility. Surviving germ cells continue to grow by acquiring the cytoplasmic materials through actomyosin contractility-mediated hydrodynamic flow within the cyst. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical role of mechanical forces in modulating cell fate decisions between survival and death, facilitating cell volume dynamics and maintaining germline homeostasis during oogenesis.

生殖细胞被组织成合胞体结构，其中单个细胞通过细胞间桥保持连接。在这种被称为生殖系囊肿的结构框架中，一部分生殖细胞扩大并发育成卵母细胞，而其他生殖细胞则缩小并因细胞死亡而消失。最近对秀丽隐杆线虫的研究表明，凋亡介导的生殖细胞死亡和存活生殖细胞的扩大都受机械力的调节。生殖细胞表现出由肌动球蛋白收缩性驱动的体积随机波动。由于囊肿内流体静压差异驱动的机械不稳定性，这种初始大小的异质性逐渐扩大，使较小的细胞倾向于收缩和随后的凋亡死亡。RAS/MAPK信号级联和ECT-2/RhoA通路进一步加强了这种机械不稳定性，两者都增强了肌动球蛋白的收缩性。存活的生殖细胞通过肌动球蛋白收缩介导的囊内流体动力流动获取细胞质物质，继续生长。总的来说，这些发现强调了机械力在调节细胞生存和死亡之间的命运决定、促进细胞体积动力学和维持卵子发生期间种系稳态方面的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Start-Shape-Stop: Cell communication mechanisms controlling organ size. 开始-形状-停止：控制器官大小的细胞通讯机制。

IF 6 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103641

Lucas Ribas, Rita Mateus

Accurate growth control is critical for the achievement of proportional organs during animal development and repair processes. Either extra or deficient growth rates lead to organ functional impairment. The understanding of how organs acquire, recover, and fine-tune their final size has been a long-lasting biological problem. How do organs measure their current size? This review is centered on this question through the lens of the physical properties governing cell communication mechanisms. In particular, we highlight and discuss new insight into the dynamic connections between several cellular control mechanisms that operate at different timescales to regulate organ growth and morphogenesis.

在动物发育和修复过程中，准确的生长控制是实现器官比例的关键。生长速率过高或不足都会导致器官功能受损。对器官如何获得、恢复和调整其最终大小的理解一直是一个长期存在的生物学问题。器官如何测量它们当前的大小？这篇综述是通过控制细胞通讯机制的物理性质的镜头集中在这个问题上。特别是，我们强调并讨论了在不同时间尺度上运作以调节器官生长和形态发生的几种细胞控制机制之间动态联系的新见解。

引用次数: 0

Start early and pack light: Collaborative adventures in theory and experiment 尽早开始，轻装上阵：理论和实验的合作冒险

IF 6.2 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103624

Erin L. Barnhart , Elena F. Koslover

Collaboration between experimental and theoretical work is crucial to unraveling the complexity of living systems. To be productive, such collaborations require some often-scarce resources: most importantly, the time, manpower, and perseverance to iterate through multiple model formulations and experimental measurements. We argue that much can be learned from models which are highly simplified and initially ‘wrong’ or inconsistent with observations, and that the goal of theory in biology should not be primarily to provide a fit to existent experimental data. Instead, theoretical models should shed light on the key features of the system, providing insight on the missing pieces in our conceptual pictures and suggesting new measurements which can help fill in the gaps. Here, we describe a case-study from our own collaborative experience, focused on understanding the distribution of mitochondria in dendritic arbors. This story proceeded in an iterative manner from initial observations of dendritic structure and mitochondrial dynamics, to the construction of simple models, and back to original measurements and model refinement. Along the way, we came to appreciate some general principles for productive theory — experiment collaboration, which we proceed to highlight here.

实验和理论工作之间的合作对于揭示生命系统的复杂性至关重要。为了取得成效，这样的合作需要一些通常稀缺的资源：最重要的是，时间、人力和坚持不懈地通过多个模型公式和实验测量进行迭代。我们认为，我们可以从高度简化的模型中学到很多东西，这些模型最初是“错误的”或与观察结果不一致的，生物学理论的目标不应该主要是提供与现有实验数据的拟合。相反，理论模型应该揭示系统的关键特征，为我们的概念图中缺失的部分提供见解，并提出有助于填补空白的新测量方法。在这里，我们描述了一个案例研究，从我们自己的合作经验，重点了解线粒体在树突乔木的分布。这个故事以迭代的方式进行，从最初的树突结构和线粒体动力学观察，到简单模型的构建，再到原始测量和模型的改进。在此过程中，我们逐渐认识到一些有效的理论-实验合作的一般原则，我们在这里继续强调这些原则。

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引用次数: 0

Biophysical, cellular, and mouse model approaches to investigate the mechanical regulation of folliculogenesis 生物物理，细胞和小鼠模型方法来研究卵泡发生的机械调节

IF 6 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103649

Sara Pietroforte, Farners Amargant

Folliculogenesis, which is the process by which ovarian follicles develop to support oogenesis and hormone production, is essential for female fertility. Although hormonal and biochemical signaling pathways regulating folliculogenesis have been extensively studied, increasing evidence suggests that mechanical cues within the ovary also play a critical role. The ovary is composed of follicles, corpora lutea, and stroma, each contributing to a biomechanical microenvironment that might change across the reproductive lifespan. Additionally, the spatial organization of the ovary, with a collagen-rich cortex and a softer medulla, may influence follicle activation and growth. This review explores the hypothesis that mechanical properties of the ovary regulate folliculogenesis, integrating current knowledge on ovarian architecture, extracellular matrix composition, and mechanotransduction pathways. We highlight recent findings supporting mechanical regulation of folliculogenesis, discuss contradictory data, and describe the tools and models used to investigate this concept. By considering mechanical forces alongside hormonal and biochemical signals, we propose a more integrated view of the factors governing follicle development, with implications for understanding ovarian physiology and pathology.

卵泡发生是指卵巢卵泡发育以支持卵子发生和激素产生的过程，对女性生育能力至关重要。虽然调节卵泡发生的激素和生化信号通路已被广泛研究，但越来越多的证据表明卵巢内的机械信号也起着关键作用。卵巢由卵泡、黄体和基质组成，每一个组成的生物力学微环境都可能在整个生殖周期中发生变化。此外，卵巢的空间组织，胶原蛋白丰富的皮层和柔软的髓质，可能影响卵泡的激活和生长。本文结合目前关于卵巢结构、细胞外基质组成和机械转导途径的知识，探讨了卵巢的机械特性调节卵泡发生的假设。我们重点介绍了支持卵泡发生机械调节的最新发现，讨论了相互矛盾的数据，并描述了用于研究这一概念的工具和模型。通过考虑机械力以及激素和生化信号，我们提出了一个更综合的卵泡发育控制因素的观点，这对理解卵巢生理和病理具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Gradients, waves and nematics: quantitative perspectives on regeneration 梯度，波和向列：再生的定量观点

IF 6.2 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103632

Tristan Guyomar, Alessandro De Simone

Regeneration restores a damaged body part to its original size, shape and structure. Research over the last decades identified signaling pathways, cell types and cellular processes that are key for regeneration. Moreover, mechanical cues and electric potentials are increasingly implicated in modulating regenerative processes. An intriguing open question regards how these chemical, mechanical and electric signals are dynamically organized to coordinate cell behaviors across large regenerating tissues and long regenerative timescales for proper morphogenesis. In addition, it is less explored how regeneration is stopped once tissues reach their proper final form. These questions and related models cross-talk with physical notions like information, pattern formation, self-organization, and control. An interdisciplinary approach combining methods and concepts of developmental biology and physics is offering new quantitative insights on these questions. In this approach, researchers characterize the spatial organization and temporal dynamics of chemical, mechanical and electric signal inputs and relate them to cell and tissue behaviors. Initial observations inform theory; in turn, theory guides experiments and data analysis, while state-of-the-art perturbations allow testing these models. After illustrating this approach, we provide examples of its application to animal regeneration in vivo. These works are extending the notion of “morphogen”, contributing to establishing the emerging field of quantitative regeneration and uncovering principles of multicellular organization.

再生将身体受损部位恢复到原来的大小、形状和结构。过去几十年的研究发现，信号通路、细胞类型和细胞过程是再生的关键。此外，机械线索和电势在调节再生过程中越来越多地涉及。一个有趣的开放性问题是，这些化学、机械和电子信号是如何动态组织的，以协调大型再生组织和长再生时间尺度的细胞行为，以实现适当的形态发生。此外，当组织达到合适的最终形态时，再生是如何停止的，这方面的研究较少。这些问题和相关模型与信息、模式形成、自组织和控制等物理概念相互作用。结合发育生物学和物理学的方法和概念的跨学科方法为这些问题提供了新的定量见解。在这种方法中，研究人员描述了化学、机械和电信号输入的空间组织和时间动态，并将它们与细胞和组织行为联系起来。最初的观察为理论提供信息；反过来，理论指导实验和数据分析，而最先进的扰动允许测试这些模型。在说明了这种方法之后，我们提供了它在动物体内再生中的应用实例。这些工作扩展了“形态发生”的概念，有助于建立定量再生的新兴领域和揭示多细胞组织的原理。

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引用次数: 0

C. elegans: An elegant experimental system for the study of cilia biology 秀丽隐杆线虫：研究纤毛生物学的一个优雅的实验系统

IF 6.2 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103636

Inna Nechipurenko , Piali Sengupta

Caenorhabditis elegans is a genetically tractable organism that has become one of the leading in vivo models for cilia research. Cilia are not required for viability in C. elegans, as only a subset of sensory neurons is ciliated in this organism. Yet, C. elegans cilia exhibit remarkable structural and functional diversity akin to their mammalian counterparts. Since the core mechanisms of cilia assembly are evolutionarily conserved, research in C. elegans has informed studies in other organisms on cilia biogenesis, trafficking, and functions and has provided key insights into mechanisms of cilia dysfunction in human disorders. Here, we provide a general overview of the C. elegans model for cilia research. Specifically, we review different cilia types and their underlying ultrastructural organization, discuss trafficking mechanisms for ciliary proteins, describe emerging functions of ciliary extracellular vesicles, and highlight a broad swathe of sophisticated tools available in C. elegans for studying multiple aspects of cilia biology.

秀丽隐杆线虫是一种遗传易感的生物，已成为纤毛研究的主要活体模型之一。纤毛不是秀丽隐杆线虫生存所必需的，因为在这种生物体中只有一部分感觉神经元是纤毛的。然而，秀丽隐杆线虫纤毛表现出与哺乳动物纤毛相似的显著结构和功能多样性。由于纤毛组装的核心机制是进化保守的，因此秀丽隐杆线虫的研究为其他生物对纤毛的生物发生、运输和功能的研究提供了信息，并为人类疾病中纤毛功能障碍的机制提供了关键见解。在这里，我们提供秀丽隐杆线虫模型纤毛研究的总体概述。具体来说，我们回顾了不同纤毛类型及其潜在的超微结构组织，讨论了纤毛蛋白的运输机制，描述了纤毛细胞外囊泡的新功能，并强调了秀丽隐杆线虫中用于研究纤毛生物学多个方面的广泛的复杂工具。

引用次数: 0

Retinal photoreceptor cilia and ciliopathies: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies 视网膜光感受器纤毛和纤毛病：分子机制和治疗策略

IF 6 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103635

Lin Li , Jun Zhou , Jie Ran

Photoreceptor outer segments are specialized sensory cilia that are filled with flattened membranous discs responsible for transducing light into neural signals. These cilia maintain a dynamic system in which daily shedding of outer segments at distal tips balances continuous membrane synthesis, ensuring photoreceptor homeostasis. Mutations in ciliary genes impair the biogenesis or shedding of outer segments, leading to retinal ciliopathies. Recent studies have elucidated molecular mechanisms governing photoreceptor ciliary formation, maintenance, and renewal. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation of photoreceptor ciliogenesis and disc renewal, structural adaptations enabling light detection and protein trafficking, and pathogenic pathways from defective ciliary transport to photoreceptor degeneration. We further discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting cilia, including gene therapy and pharmacological intervention, as well as the potential application of targeted protein degradation and retinal organoid technologies, aimed at restoring ciliary function and photoreceptor viability.

光感受器外节是专门的感觉纤毛，充满扁平的膜状圆盘，负责将光转导成神经信号。这些纤毛维持着一个动态系统，在这个系统中，远端尖端外段的日常脱落平衡了连续的膜合成，确保了光感受器的稳态。纤毛基因突变损害生物发生或脱落的外段，导致视网膜纤毛病。最近的研究已经阐明了光感受器纤毛形成、维持和更新的分子机制。在这篇综述中，我们总结了目前对光感受器纤毛发生和盘更新的时空调节，光检测和蛋白质运输的结构适应，以及从缺陷纤毛运输到光感受器变性的致病途径的理解。我们进一步讨论了针对纤毛的新兴治疗策略，包括基因治疗和药物干预，以及靶向蛋白降解和视网膜类器官技术的潜在应用，旨在恢复纤毛功能和光感受器的活力。

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引用次数: 0

Engineered implementations of spatial computation in biological systems 生物系统中空间计算的工程实现

IF 6.2 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103631

Soutrick Das , Jurgen Riedel , Kathleen JY. Zhang , Alice Cook, Chris P. Barnes

The field of biological computation has advanced significantly by leveraging natural cellular processes for sophisticated information processing. This review explores how spatially distributed and compartmentalised frameworks for engineered biological computation move beyond traditional single-cell logic systems. By emulating natural phenomena such as morphogen gradients and cellular compartmentalisation, synthetic spatial computing systems have the potential to achieve scalability, robustness, and adaptability. By integrating spatial and adaptive computation, synthetic biology can tackle complex computational challenges that move beyond traditional computing architectures, paving the way for novel therapeutic, environmental, and diagnostic tools.

通过利用自然细胞过程进行复杂的信息处理，生物计算领域取得了显著进展。这篇综述探讨了空间分布和划分框架的工程生物计算如何超越传统的单细胞逻辑系统。通过模拟自然现象，如形态梯度和细胞分隔，合成空间计算系统具有实现可扩展性、鲁棒性和适应性的潜力。通过整合空间计算和自适应计算，合成生物学可以解决超越传统计算架构的复杂计算挑战，为新型治疗、环境和诊断工具铺平道路。

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Evolvability in vertebrate segmentation 脊椎动物分割的可进化性

IF 6 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103630

James E. Hammond, Callum V. Bucklow, Berta Verd

The number of vertebrae in the axial skeleton of vertebrates is extremely diverse, and reflects adaptations to a diverse range of habitats and lifestyles. The capacity for heritable evolutionary change in the number of vertebrae — its evolvability — is underpinned by the process of somitogenesis, which determines the number of somites that form in the early embryo. However, despite the evolvability of somitogenesis having been crucial for the success of the vertebrates across evolutionary history, the developmental sources of evolvability in somitogenesis are still unknown. Here, we review the evolution of somitogenesis and vertebral number, and attempt to identify sources of evolvability within this important developmental process.

脊椎动物轴向骨骼中椎骨的数量非常多样化，反映了对各种栖息地和生活方式的适应。椎骨数量的可遗传进化变化能力——它的可进化性——是由体细胞发生过程支撑的，体细胞发生过程决定了早期胚胎中形成的体细胞的数量。然而，尽管在整个进化史上，体细胞发生的可进化性对脊椎动物的成功至关重要，但体细胞发生的可进化性的发育来源仍然未知。在这里，我们回顾了体细胞发生和椎体数目的进化，并试图在这一重要的发育过程中确定可进化性的来源。

引用次数: 0

Ovulation: A cellular symphony in three movements 排卵：三乐章的细胞交响乐

IF 6.2 2区生物学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY

Seminars in cell & developmental biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2025.103634

Christopher Thomas

Ovulation is a complex and tightly regulated process essential for mammalian reproduction. It involves the coordinated, tissue-scale remodelling of the ovulatory follicle, culminating in the release of a fertilisation-competent egg. Ovulation is triggered by external hormonal cues: rising levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), followed by a surge in luteinising hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. These cues initiate a cascade of downstream events driven by follicle-derived signals, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and progesterone, which propagate the ovulatory response. Recent advances using ex vivo follicle culture and live imaging in mouse follicles have revealed ovulation as a stepwise, self-contained programme characterised by dynamic spatial and temporal coordination. Notably, the oocyte remains largely stationary during most of ovulation, only moving toward the rupture site minutes before its release. This finding emphasises that ovulation is not defined by egg release alone, but by a prolonged and tightly regulated sequence of cellular and tissue-level events. This review presents ovulation through a temporal framework, metaphorically structured as a symphony performed by the four major follicular cell types. Beginning with an FSH-driven prelude, the symphony progresses through three movements: LH-induced initiation and meiotic resumption; progesterone-driven late events; and finally, follicle rupture and oocyte release. Together, this framework offers a new lens to understand ovulation as a developmental performance marking the transition from reproductive readiness to potential fertilisation and new life.

排卵是哺乳动物生殖过程中一个复杂而受严格调控的过程。它涉及排卵泡的协调，组织规模的重塑，最终释放一个受精能力的卵子。排卵是由外部激素信号触发的：促卵泡激素（FSH）水平上升，随后垂体前叶促黄体生成素（LH）激增。这些提示启动了一系列由卵泡源性信号驱动的下游事件，包括表皮生长因子（EGF）和黄体酮，它们传播排卵反应。利用离体卵泡培养和小鼠卵泡实时成像的最新进展表明，排卵是一个逐步的、独立的程序，其特征是动态的空间和时间协调。值得注意的是，在排卵的大部分时间里，卵母细胞基本保持静止，只有在释放前几分钟才向破裂部位移动。这一发现强调，排卵不仅仅是由卵子释放来定义的，而是由细胞和组织水平的一系列长期和严格调节的事件来定义的。这篇综述介绍了排卵通过一个时间框架，比喻结构作为一个交响乐由四个主要卵泡细胞类型执行。从fsh驱动的前奏开始，交响曲通过三个乐章进行：lh诱导的起始和减数分裂恢复；孕激素驱动的晚期事件；最后，卵泡破裂，卵母细胞释放。总之，这个框架提供了一个新的视角来理解排卵作为一种发育表现，标志着从生殖准备到潜在受精和新生命的过渡。

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