Shane Scannell, Mark G. Healy, Gustavo Sambrano, John McGinley, Paraic C. Ryan, Per‐Erik Mellander, Liam Morrison, Jenny Harmon O’Driscoll, Alma Siggins
Herbicides, such as MCPA and clopyralid, may be transported to surface waters via runoff, which can have unintended environmental consequences. A split herbicide application strategy, wherein applications are spread across a season, may improve herbicide effectiveness, although impacts of this strategy on runoff mitigation have not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) quantify the impact of split‐dose applications of MCPA and clopyralid on herbicide losses in surface runoff and (2) assess the impact of split‐dose applications of MCPA on the quantity and classification of MCPA‐degrading soil bacteria. Intact grassed soil sods were placed in 1 m‐long × 0.25 m‐wide × 0.1 m‐deep laboratory flumes, onto which either MCPA or clopyralid were applied in one full‐dose (13.5 kg MCPA ha−1; 2 kg clopyralid ha−1) or two split‐doses (each 6.75 kg MCPA ha−1; 1 kg clopyralid ha−1) 42 days apart. On days 2, 7 and 21 following herbicide applications, flumes were subjected to controlled rainfall simulations at an intensity of 11 mm h−1, and the herbicides in the runoff were quantified. MCPA and clopyralid concentrations in the runoff were highest immediately after the initial application. Both herbicides were below the limit of detection (0.1 μg l−1 for MCPA and 0.45 μg l−1 for clopyralid) by 44 days. No herbicides were detected in the runoff following the second split‐dose application. For MCPA, this was attributed to an adaptation in the microbial community with the emergence of bacteria possessing the tfdA class III gene in the soil. These results support split‐dose herbicide application as a strategy for agricultural management.
{"title":"A split herbicide application strategy reduces surface runoff","authors":"Shane Scannell, Mark G. Healy, Gustavo Sambrano, John McGinley, Paraic C. Ryan, Per‐Erik Mellander, Liam Morrison, Jenny Harmon O’Driscoll, Alma Siggins","doi":"10.1111/sum.13086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13086","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicides, such as MCPA and clopyralid, may be transported to surface waters via runoff, which can have unintended environmental consequences. A split herbicide application strategy, wherein applications are spread across a season, may improve herbicide effectiveness, although impacts of this strategy on runoff mitigation have not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) quantify the impact of split‐dose applications of MCPA and clopyralid on herbicide losses in surface runoff and (2) assess the impact of split‐dose applications of MCPA on the quantity and classification of MCPA‐degrading soil bacteria. Intact grassed soil sods were placed in 1 m‐long × 0.25 m‐wide × 0.1 m‐deep laboratory flumes, onto which either MCPA or clopyralid were applied in one full‐dose (13.5 kg MCPA ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>; 2 kg clopyralid ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) or two split‐doses (each 6.75 kg MCPA ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>; 1 kg clopyralid ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) 42 days apart. On days 2, 7 and 21 following herbicide applications, flumes were subjected to controlled rainfall simulations at an intensity of 11 mm h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, and the herbicides in the runoff were quantified. MCPA and clopyralid concentrations in the runoff were highest immediately after the initial application. Both herbicides were below the limit of detection (0.1 μg l<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for MCPA and 0.45 μg l<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for clopyralid) by 44 days. No herbicides were detected in the runoff following the second split‐dose application. For MCPA, this was attributed to an adaptation in the microbial community with the emergence of bacteria possessing the <jats:italic>tfdA</jats:italic> class III gene in the soil. These results support split‐dose herbicide application as a strategy for agricultural management.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141740420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Disintegrated tire particles can easily be transferred into the road bases because of the abrasion of vehicle tires on roads. The fragmented tire particles that have a grain size of smaller than 5 mm can be expressed as microplastics. In order to simulate the tire chip microplastic concentration in a sandy road base and assess the effect of microplastics on the compaction degree of the road base, standard Proctor compaction tests were performed on 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8% tire chip microplastics‐amended sandy soil by dry mass. Results showed that maximum dry unit weight (ɣdmax) of the sand increased from 16.04 to 16.99 kN/m3 as the tire chip microplastic concentration increased up to 0.4%. Further increase in the microplastic concentration resulted in a decrease in ɣdmax. Contrarily, optimum water content (wopt) decreased from 15.9 to 12.5% as a result of the tire chip microplastic addition up to a concentration of 0.4%. An additional increase in the microplastic concentration led to an increase in wopt. By considering these results, a concentration of 0.4% tire chip microplastics was found to be the optimum amount that enhanced the degree of compaction. Besides contributing to the stabilization of a sandy road base, tire chip microplastics can also be assessed in terms of environmental protection. These microplastics are forced to be stacked in the sand because of compaction. As a result, they cannot easily be transferred to water resources or agricultural products that may threaten human health and cause environmental contamination.
{"title":"Compaction behaviour of a sandy road base contaminated with microplastics from vehicle tires","authors":"Hakki O. Ozhan, Abdelrahman Maher Taha Elnemr","doi":"10.1111/sum.13090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13090","url":null,"abstract":"Disintegrated tire particles can easily be transferred into the road bases because of the abrasion of vehicle tires on roads. The fragmented tire particles that have a grain size of smaller than 5 mm can be expressed as microplastics. In order to simulate the tire chip microplastic concentration in a sandy road base and assess the effect of microplastics on the compaction degree of the road base, standard Proctor compaction tests were performed on 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8% tire chip microplastics‐amended sandy soil by dry mass. Results showed that maximum dry unit weight (<jats:italic>ɣ</jats:italic><jats:sub>dmax</jats:sub>) of the sand increased from 16.04 to 16.99 kN/m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> as the tire chip microplastic concentration increased up to 0.4%. Further increase in the microplastic concentration resulted in a decrease in <jats:italic>ɣ</jats:italic><jats:sub>dmax</jats:sub>. Contrarily, optimum water content (<jats:italic>w</jats:italic><jats:sub>opt</jats:sub>) decreased from 15.9 to 12.5% as a result of the tire chip microplastic addition up to a concentration of 0.4%. An additional increase in the microplastic concentration led to an increase in <jats:italic>w</jats:italic><jats:sub>opt</jats:sub>. By considering these results, a concentration of 0.4% tire chip microplastics was found to be the optimum amount that enhanced the degree of compaction. Besides contributing to the stabilization of a sandy road base, tire chip microplastics can also be assessed in terms of environmental protection. These microplastics are forced to be stacked in the sand because of compaction. As a result, they cannot easily be transferred to water resources or agricultural products that may threaten human health and cause environmental contamination.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141567331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prior to the commercial nitrogen fertilizer production in 1919, all the world's terrestrial and aquatic carbon was supported by nitrogen fixation. Annual N deposition to semi‐arid lands and temperate forests is less than 5 kg/ha‐year and 10 kg/ha, respectively. Plant and soil C/N ratios range from 9.9 to 29.8 and 9 to 14, respectively. In an equilibrium, sustainable ecosystem where N is not removed from soil pools and is only dependent on annual N inputs, maximum C sequestration rates are approximately 3.25 kg to 46 kg/ha for arid ecosystems and 23 to 101 kg/ha for forest ecosystems. Commercial N applications range from approximately 70 to 160 kg/ha‐year. Managed nitrogen fixation rates range from approximately 50 to 130 kg N/ha‐year. For each additional kg N‐entering forests, the additional C is approximately 13 kg. N‐fixing plants range from alder and lupines in the arctic, to Prosopis and Acacias in semi‐arid lands and the large trees Inga and Pentaclethra in tropical rainforests. If N‐fixing plants achieving 50 kg N/ha‐year were planted on the equivalent of a 447 km square, on six continents, the IEA target of 1.7Gt CO2 (0.72 Gt of carbon) capture capacity by 2030 https://www.ief.org/news/whats‐the‐target‐for‐carbon‐sequestration‐and‐how‐do‐we‐get‐there could be achieved.
{"title":"Nitrogen fixation‐driven carbon sequestration: Brief communication","authors":"Peter Felker","doi":"10.1111/sum.13083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13083","url":null,"abstract":"Prior to the commercial nitrogen fertilizer production in 1919, all the world's terrestrial and aquatic carbon was supported by nitrogen fixation. Annual N deposition to semi‐arid lands and temperate forests is less than 5 kg/ha‐year and 10 kg/ha, respectively. Plant and soil C/N ratios range from 9.9 to 29.8 and 9 to 14, respectively. In an equilibrium, sustainable ecosystem where N is not removed from soil pools and is only dependent on annual N inputs, maximum C sequestration rates are approximately 3.25 kg to 46 kg/ha for arid ecosystems and 23 to 101 kg/ha for forest ecosystems. Commercial N applications range from approximately 70 to 160 kg/ha‐year. Managed nitrogen fixation rates range from approximately 50 to 130 kg N/ha‐year. For each additional kg N‐entering forests, the additional C is approximately 13 kg. N‐fixing plants range from alder and lupines in the arctic, to <jats:italic>Prosopis</jats:italic> and Acacias in semi‐arid lands and the large trees Inga and Pentaclethra in tropical rainforests. If N‐fixing plants achieving 50 kg N/ha‐year were planted on the equivalent of a 447 km square, on six continents, the IEA target of 1.7Gt CO2 (0.72 Gt of carbon) capture capacity by 2030 <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://www.ief.org/news/whats-the-target-for-carbon-sequestration-and-how-do-we-get-there\">https://www.ief.org/news/whats‐the‐target‐for‐carbon‐sequestration‐and‐how‐do‐we‐get‐there</jats:ext-link> could be achieved.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Larissa M. de Oliveira, Vanessa N. Kavamura, Ian M. Clark, Tim H. Mauchline, Jorge T. De Souza
Beneficial microorganisms play essential roles in soil fertility, plant nutrition, and health. In this study, we examined the potential of a collection of 138 bacterial strains to promote plant growth. The strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of two monocotyledonous and two dicotyledonous plant species and from bare fallow soil, all from the same site. Our interest in this study was to investigate the diversity and the potential for growth promotion in this collection of culturable bacteria. The most common trait was phosphorus (P) solubilization from aluminium phosphate (in 66.7% of the strains), whereas solubilization of P from phytic acid (6.5%) and from iron phosphate (5.8%) was the least common and they were only detected in bacterial strains from faba bean and oilseed rape. All bacterial strains inhibited the growth of Fusarium graminearum (from 5.4% to 87.2%). In total, 10 genera were identified among the strains by 16S rRNA sequencing and Pseudomonas was the most common in monocotyledonous plants and in bulk soil, while Stenotrophomonas was dominant in the rhizosphere of the dicotyledonous plants. Combinations of bacterial strains improved the spectrum of in vitro activity in most cases, however, wheat growth was generally lower. These strains have potential to be used as biofertilizers and/or biocontrol agents and further studies should be pursued to develop them into practical solutions for a more sustainable agricultural production.
{"title":"Diversity and multifunctional potential for plant growth promotion in bacteria from soil and the rhizosphere","authors":"Larissa M. de Oliveira, Vanessa N. Kavamura, Ian M. Clark, Tim H. Mauchline, Jorge T. De Souza","doi":"10.1111/sum.13082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13082","url":null,"abstract":"Beneficial microorganisms play essential roles in soil fertility, plant nutrition, and health. In this study, we examined the potential of a collection of 138 bacterial strains to promote plant growth. The strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of two monocotyledonous and two dicotyledonous plant species and from bare fallow soil, all from the same site. Our interest in this study was to investigate the diversity and the potential for growth promotion in this collection of culturable bacteria. The most common trait was phosphorus (P) solubilization from aluminium phosphate (in 66.7% of the strains), whereas solubilization of P from phytic acid (6.5%) and from iron phosphate (5.8%) was the least common and they were only detected in bacterial strains from faba bean and oilseed rape. All bacterial strains inhibited the growth of <jats:italic>Fusarium graminearum</jats:italic> (from 5.4% to 87.2%). In total, 10 genera were identified among the strains by 16S rRNA sequencing and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas</jats:italic> was the most common in monocotyledonous plants and in bulk soil, while <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas</jats:italic> was dominant in the rhizosphere of the dicotyledonous plants. Combinations of bacterial strains improved the spectrum of in vitro activity in most cases, however, wheat growth was generally lower. These strains have potential to be used as biofertilizers and/or biocontrol agents and further studies should be pursued to develop them into practical solutions for a more sustainable agricultural production.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicolas Kovacs, Gilles Colinet, Bernard Longdoz, Marie Dincher, Karen Vancampenhout, Benito Heru Purwanto, Jan Oprins, Marc Peeters, Jeroen Meersmans
Bamboo (Phyllostachys sp.) is considered a sustainable resource that can replace fossil fuel‐based products. Its additional ability to sequester organic carbon in the soil (SOC) makes it a promising nature‐based solution for combating climate change. However, bamboo's soil C storage potential may vary considerably between species or growing conditions and needs to be better quantified, especially in temperate climates where data are lacking. In the present research, the SOC dynamics of plots converted from grassland to plantations of three bamboo species (i.e. Phyllostachys nigra, Phyllostachys aurea and Phyllostachys aureosulcata), planted 12 years ago on podzol (World Reference Base classification) in the Belgian Campine region, have been studied. Soil and root samples were taken until a depth of 40 cm using a 10 cm interval. Besides, the total belowground C stability (mgCO2‐C g−1 C h−1) was assessed by measuring during 3 months the carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux relative to the belowground C stock. Based on an equivalent soil mass, only P. aureosulcata, the species with the highest culm basal area, had a significant (p < .001) SOC increase of 5.0 kg C m−2 (relative increase of +94%) as compared with grassland. Considering the sum of C stocks in the soil, roots and leaf litter, all bamboo species showed significant (p < .001) C storage, i.e. +3.6 kg C m−2 (+64%), +5.3 kg C m−2 (+94%) and +8.6 kg C m−2 (+151%) for P. nigra, P. aurea and P. aureosulcata, respectively. In addition, bamboo's relative basal CO2 efflux (0.007, 0.006 and 0.008 mgCO2‐C g−1 C h−1, respectively) was remarkably lower than in the grassland (0.012 mgCO2‐C g−1 C h−1), though it was only significant for P. aurea. This study highlights that converting temperate permanent grassland into Phyllostachys bamboo plantation can result in net and rapid organic C storage by increasing the total belowground C stability and C input. Further research regarding the net CO2 balance of bamboo‐derived products is still required to fully assess its climate change mitigation potential.
竹子（Phyllostachys sp.）被认为是一种可替代化石燃料产品的可持续资源。竹子在土壤中封存有机碳（SOC）的额外能力使其成为应对气候变化的一种有前景的自然解决方案。然而，竹子的土壤碳储存潜力可能因物种或生长条件的不同而有很大差异，需要更好地量化，尤其是在缺乏数据的温带气候区。本研究对比利时坎皮内地区 12 年前种植在豆荚土（世界基准分类）上的三种竹子（即黑竹、脲竹和金竹）从草地转变为种植园的地块的 SOC 动态进行了研究。土壤和根部样本的采集深度为 40 厘米，采样间隔为 10 厘米。此外，通过测量 3 个月内二氧化碳（CO2）相对于地下 C 储量的流出量，评估了地下 C 的总稳定性（mgCO2-C g-1 C h-1）。根据等效土壤质量，与草地相比，只有秆基部面积最大的物种 P. aureosulcata 的 SOC 显著增加（p < .001）5.0 千克 C m-2（相对增加 +94%）。考虑到土壤、根系和落叶中的碳储量总和，所有竹类都表现出显著的（p <.001）碳储量，即黑竹、脲竹和金竹的碳储量分别为 +3.6 kg C m-2 （+64%）、+5.3 kg C m-2 （+94%）和 +8.6 kg C m-2 （+151%）。此外，竹子的相对基础二氧化碳排出量（分别为 0.007、0.006 和 0.008 毫克 CO2-C g-1 C h-1）明显低于草地（0.012 毫克 CO2-C g-1 C h-1），但只有脲竹的排出量显著低于草地。这项研究强调，将温带永久性草地转化为竹子种植园可通过增加地下总C的稳定性和C的输入量，实现快速的净有机C储存。要全面评估竹子减缓气候变化的潜力，还需要进一步研究竹子衍生产品的二氧化碳净平衡。
{"title":"Assessing belowground carbon storage after converting a temperate permanent grassland into a bamboo (Phyllostachys) plantation","authors":"Nicolas Kovacs, Gilles Colinet, Bernard Longdoz, Marie Dincher, Karen Vancampenhout, Benito Heru Purwanto, Jan Oprins, Marc Peeters, Jeroen Meersmans","doi":"10.1111/sum.13085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13085","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboo (<jats:italic>Phyllostachys</jats:italic> sp.) is considered a sustainable resource that can replace fossil fuel‐based products. Its additional ability to sequester organic carbon in the soil (SOC) makes it a promising nature‐based solution for combating climate change. However, bamboo's soil C storage potential may vary considerably between species or growing conditions and needs to be better quantified, especially in temperate climates where data are lacking. In the present research, the SOC dynamics of plots converted from grassland to plantations of three bamboo species (i.e. <jats:italic>Phyllostachys nigra</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Phyllostachys aurea</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Phyllostachys aureosulcata</jats:italic>), planted 12 years ago on podzol (World Reference Base classification) in the Belgian Campine region, have been studied. Soil and root samples were taken until a depth of 40 cm using a 10 cm interval. Besides, the total belowground C stability (mgCO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐C g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> C h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) was assessed by measuring during 3 months the carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) efflux relative to the belowground C stock. Based on an equivalent soil mass, only <jats:italic>P. aureosulcata</jats:italic>, the species with the highest culm basal area, had a significant (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < .001) SOC increase of 5.0 kg C m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> (relative increase of +94%) as compared with grassland. Considering the sum of C stocks in the soil, roots and leaf litter, all bamboo species showed significant (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < .001) C storage, i.e. +3.6 kg C m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> (+64%), +5.3 kg C m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> (+94%) and +8.6 kg C m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> (+151%) for <jats:italic>P. nigra</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. aurea</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. aureosulcata</jats:italic>, respectively. In addition, bamboo's relative basal CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> efflux (0.007, 0.006 and 0.008 mgCO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐C g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> C h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, respectively) was remarkably lower than in the grassland (0.012 mgCO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐C g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> C h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>), though it was only significant for <jats:italic>P. aurea</jats:italic>. This study highlights that converting temperate permanent grassland into <jats:italic>Phyllostachys</jats:italic> bamboo plantation can result in net and rapid organic C storage by increasing the total belowground C stability and C input. Further research regarding the net CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> balance of bamboo‐derived products is still required to fully assess its climate change mitigation potential.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil aggregation is one of the key processes controlling air, water and gas transport in soil. Long‐term cropping without returning organic matter in the soil can reduce the water stability of the aggregates. Microbial decomposition of organic matter plays a significant role in aggregate formation and hence can reverse the decline in the water stability of the aggregates. The inoculation of soil with beneficial microbes can improve the aggregate stability of cropping soil, potentially restoring its condition to healthy soil. However, the restoration of the aggregate stability may also be dependent on the C:N ratio of added organic matter. We hypothesize that a higher C:N ratio of added organic matter and microbial inoculation can trigger a more persistent improvement in aggregates. We treated pasture (aggregates were water‐stable) and cropping (aggregates were unstable in water) vertisols with sugarcane (C:N = 104) and lucerne (C:N = 23) residues with and without microbial inoculant that had both bacteria and fungi. After 4 months of incubation, we found that the slaking index dropped by 46% in sugarcane‐treated cropping soils, whereas the reduction was 27% in lucerne treatment. A similar reduction in the slaking index was also observed in the pasture soil but the magnitude of the reduction was lower than in the cropping soils. However, microbial inoculation did not show a statistically significant influence on reducing the slaking of cropping or pasture soils in this study. The reduction of slaking in both soils was supported by an increase in mean weight diameter (MWD), macro‐aggregates and the aggregate‐associated soil organic carbon. Our results demonstrated that organic carbon input with a high C:N ratio facilitates the restoration of water stability of the structurally unstable cropping soils.
{"title":"Carbon to nitrogen stoichiometry of organic amendments influences the improvement of aggregate stability of a cropping vertisol","authors":"Mingming Du, Budiman Minasny, Sheikh M. F. Rabbi","doi":"10.1111/sum.13087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13087","url":null,"abstract":"Soil aggregation is one of the key processes controlling air, water and gas transport in soil. Long‐term cropping without returning organic matter in the soil can reduce the water stability of the aggregates. Microbial decomposition of organic matter plays a significant role in aggregate formation and hence can reverse the decline in the water stability of the aggregates. The inoculation of soil with beneficial microbes can improve the aggregate stability of cropping soil, potentially restoring its condition to healthy soil. However, the restoration of the aggregate stability may also be dependent on the C:N ratio of added organic matter. We hypothesize that a higher C:N ratio of added organic matter and microbial inoculation can trigger a more persistent improvement in aggregates. We treated pasture (aggregates were water‐stable) and cropping (aggregates were unstable in water) vertisols with sugarcane (C:N = 104) and lucerne (C:N = 23) residues with and without microbial inoculant that had both bacteria and fungi. After 4 months of incubation, we found that the slaking index dropped by 46% in sugarcane‐treated cropping soils, whereas the reduction was 27% in lucerne treatment. A similar reduction in the slaking index was also observed in the pasture soil but the magnitude of the reduction was lower than in the cropping soils. However, microbial inoculation did not show a statistically significant influence on reducing the slaking of cropping or pasture soils in this study. The reduction of slaking in both soils was supported by an increase in mean weight diameter (MWD), macro‐aggregates and the aggregate‐associated soil organic carbon. Our results demonstrated that organic carbon input with a high C:N ratio facilitates the restoration of water stability of the structurally unstable cropping soils.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cotton holds a significant position among cash crops in China, with Xinjiang serving as the primary cotton‐growing region within the country. Agricultural practices involving plastic mulching have gained importance. However, the presence of residual plastic film affects the growth of cotton seedlings as well as the soil environment. Our study aimed to explore the impact of residual plastic film accumulation on the growth of cotton seedlings and the associated soil water‐salt environment. This was done through a barrel planting experiment, utilizing soil from cotton fields with varying durations of mulching. The study showed that when the mulching period exceeded 12 years (residual plastic film content of 260.77 kg hm−2), residual plastic film had a significant impact on cotton seedling growth and the soil environment. Residual plastic film reduces the seedling germination rate of cotton by up to 11.11% (7 days after irrigation, 15 years of film mulching, residual plastic film content of 309.88 kg hm−2). It also impedes the growth of cotton seedlings; plant height, stem thickness, and leaf area were reduced by 34.52%, 10.73%, and 37.18%, respectively (19 days after irrigation, 15 years of film mulching, residual plastic film content of 309.88 kg·hm−2). Compared with the treatment without residual plastic film, the shallow soil water content in the T5 treatment decreased by 1.19% (10 days after irrigation, 15 years of film mulching, residual plastic film content of 309.88 kg·hm−2). Residual plastic film in cotton fields subjected to long‐term mulching obstructs the normal growth and development of cotton seedlings while also impacting the transport of soil water and salt. Therefore, we recommend adopting biodegradable mulch or regularly recycling residual plastic film within mulched areas to prevent its accumulation and subsequent negative impacts.
{"title":"How residual plastic film affects the soil water–salt and cotton growth at the seeding stage","authors":"Qinggang Liu, Zhenhua Wang, Jihong Zhang, Yue Wen, Rui Chen, Ningning Liu, Miao Li, Pengcheng Luo","doi":"10.1111/sum.13084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13084","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton holds a significant position among cash crops in China, with Xinjiang serving as the primary cotton‐growing region within the country. Agricultural practices involving plastic mulching have gained importance. However, the presence of residual plastic film affects the growth of cotton seedlings as well as the soil environment. Our study aimed to explore the impact of residual plastic film accumulation on the growth of cotton seedlings and the associated soil water‐salt environment. This was done through a barrel planting experiment, utilizing soil from cotton fields with varying durations of mulching. The study showed that when the mulching period exceeded 12 years (residual plastic film content of 260.77 kg hm<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>), residual plastic film had a significant impact on cotton seedling growth and the soil environment. Residual plastic film reduces the seedling germination rate of cotton by up to 11.11% (7 days after irrigation, 15 years of film mulching, residual plastic film content of 309.88 kg hm<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>). It also impedes the growth of cotton seedlings; plant height, stem thickness, and leaf area were reduced by 34.52%, 10.73%, and 37.18%, respectively (19 days after irrigation, 15 years of film mulching, residual plastic film content of 309.88 kg·hm<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>). Compared with the treatment without residual plastic film, the shallow soil water content in the T5 treatment decreased by 1.19% (10 days after irrigation, 15 years of film mulching, residual plastic film content of 309.88 kg·hm<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>). Residual plastic film in cotton fields subjected to long‐term mulching obstructs the normal growth and development of cotton seedlings while also impacting the transport of soil water and salt. Therefore, we recommend adopting biodegradable mulch or regularly recycling residual plastic film within mulched areas to prevent its accumulation and subsequent negative impacts.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organic wastes (OW) are rich in nutrients, and their recycling into agriculture can substitute chemical fertilizers. The level of substitution (partial with mineral fertilizer or exclusive with only OW), along with the method, amount, and timing of OW application, as well as the crop type, can impact crop productivity. The temporal dynamics of crop productivity after repeated applications of OW remain uncertain. Thus, two French long‐term field experiments (QualiAgro and PROspective, started in 1998 and 2000, respectively) were used to evaluate the effect of repeated OW applications on crop yield dynamics and investigate the potential driving factors affecting crop yields. Six different OW were applied: urban sewage sludge (SLU), green waste and SLU compost (GWS), biowaste compost (BIO), municipal solid waste compost (MSW), farmyard manure (FYM), and composted FYM (FYMC). The OW were applied every 2 years in QualiAgro (~4 t C ha−1) and PROspective (~1.7 t C ha−1). QualiAgro was studied under high and low mineral N conditions, while PROspective was examined with and without mineral N fertilization. The results indicated that at the QualiAgro site, a combination of OW and high mineral N treatments resulted in higher maize and wheat yields compared to the mineral N control, while the combination of OW and low mineral N reached the same maize and wheat yield as the mineral N control after 3 and 6 applications of OW, respectively. At the PROspective site, partially substituting mineral fertilizer with OW maintained maize yields but decreased wheat yields, while full substitution led to a decrease in both maize and wheat yields compared to the mineral N control. Results from the gradient boosting model (GBM) showed that soil total N rather than mineral N input was the primary driver of the relative maize yield, while mineral N fertilizer input was more critical for wheat during the second year. We conclude that the joined use of OW and mineral fertilizers is superior to using OW or mineral fertilizer alone for maintaining high yields and soil fertility. We further suggest that OW full substitution of mineral fertilizer may need to apply OW more frequently to meet the crop demands, and/or to use OW with higher N availability like digestates.
{"title":"Substitution of mineral N fertilizers with organic wastes in two long‐term field experiments: Dynamics and drivers of crop yields","authors":"Haotian Chen, Florent Levavasseur, Sabine Houot","doi":"10.1111/sum.13079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13079","url":null,"abstract":"Organic wastes (OW) are rich in nutrients, and their recycling into agriculture can substitute chemical fertilizers. The level of substitution (partial with mineral fertilizer or exclusive with only OW), along with the method, amount, and timing of OW application, as well as the crop type, can impact crop productivity. The temporal dynamics of crop productivity after repeated applications of OW remain uncertain. Thus, two French long‐term field experiments (QualiAgro and PROspective, started in 1998 and 2000, respectively) were used to evaluate the effect of repeated OW applications on crop yield dynamics and investigate the potential driving factors affecting crop yields. Six different OW were applied: urban sewage sludge (SLU), green waste and SLU compost (GWS), biowaste compost (BIO), municipal solid waste compost (MSW), farmyard manure (FYM), and composted FYM (FYMC). The OW were applied every 2 years in QualiAgro (~4 t C ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) and PROspective (~1.7 t C ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). QualiAgro was studied under high and low mineral N conditions, while PROspective was examined with and without mineral N fertilization. The results indicated that at the QualiAgro site, a combination of OW and high mineral N treatments resulted in higher maize and wheat yields compared to the mineral N control, while the combination of OW and low mineral N reached the same maize and wheat yield as the mineral N control after 3 and 6 applications of OW, respectively. At the PROspective site, partially substituting mineral fertilizer with OW maintained maize yields but decreased wheat yields, while full substitution led to a decrease in both maize and wheat yields compared to the mineral N control. Results from the gradient boosting model (GBM) showed that soil total N rather than mineral N input was the primary driver of the relative maize yield, while mineral N fertilizer input was more critical for wheat during the second year. We conclude that the joined use of OW and mineral fertilizers is superior to using OW or mineral fertilizer alone for maintaining high yields and soil fertility. We further suggest that OW full substitution of mineral fertilizer may need to apply OW more frequently to meet the crop demands, and/or to use OW with higher N availability like digestates.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The soil and vegetation of urban greenspace can potentially contribute to ambitious climate action plans declared by city institutions and councils. To assess how urban greenspace could make a contribution to institutional carbon management, we measured soil carbon at 42 sampling locations across three land‐covers and vegetation carbon of 490 trees (67 species), over the city campus of Newcastle University. Soil carbon varied with pH and land‐cover classes (lawned with some free‐standing trees, woodland park, sports fields), and tree cover significantly enhanced soil carbon storage. Soil carbon storage from 0 to 30 cm depth averaged 18.85 kg·m−2, more than double the tree carbon storage (average 7.66 kg·m−2) estimated using biomass empirical equations. According to our scenarios, even if all currently available urban greenspace were converted to woodland, this would offset only 1% of current annual greenhouse gas emissions of Newcastle University or, if implemented more widely, of Newcastle city overall. While urban woodland brings benefits beyond carbon storage, the limit to what can be achieved within cities emphasizes the need for urban–rural partnerships. In exchange for helping cities with carbon abatement, their surrounding rural regions could benefit from carbon offsetting payments to improve their infrastructure provision. Overall, a carbon‐friendly and nature‐based land management strategy should be developed with full consideration of collaborative partnerships between urban and surrounding rural areas, particularly placing a high value on soil and tree carbon.
{"title":"The limited potential of soil and vegetation in urban greenspace for nature‐based offsetting of institutional carbon emissions","authors":"Jiaqian Wang, David A. C. Manning, David Werner","doi":"10.1111/sum.13081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13081","url":null,"abstract":"The soil and vegetation of urban greenspace can potentially contribute to ambitious climate action plans declared by city institutions and councils. To assess how urban greenspace could make a contribution to institutional carbon management, we measured soil carbon at 42 sampling locations across three land‐covers and vegetation carbon of 490 trees (67 species), over the city campus of Newcastle University. Soil carbon varied with pH and land‐cover classes (lawned with some free‐standing trees, woodland park, sports fields), and tree cover significantly enhanced soil carbon storage. Soil carbon storage from 0 to 30 cm depth averaged 18.85 kg·m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>, more than double the tree carbon storage (average 7.66 kg·m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>) estimated using biomass empirical equations. According to our scenarios, even if all currently available urban greenspace were converted to woodland, this would offset only 1% of current annual greenhouse gas emissions of Newcastle University or, if implemented more widely, of Newcastle city overall. While urban woodland brings benefits beyond carbon storage, the limit to what can be achieved within cities emphasizes the need for urban–rural partnerships. In exchange for helping cities with carbon abatement, their surrounding rural regions could benefit from carbon offsetting payments to improve their infrastructure provision. Overall, a carbon‐friendly and nature‐based land management strategy should be developed with full consideration of collaborative partnerships between urban and surrounding rural areas, particularly placing a high value on soil and tree carbon.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo Jing, Wenjuan Shi, Ying Wang, Zhongmin Zhai, Tao Chen
Poly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) has been demonstrated to exhibit a soil water retention effect; however, the agricultural irrigation practices induce a cyclic pattern of wetting and drying in the soil, and its synergistic interaction with γ‐PGA remains unclear. To explore the amendment effects of γ‐PGA on pores structure, aggregates distribution, and soil water retention characteristics under dry‐wet cycles, an experiment was established with the number of dry‐wet cycles (0, 2, 4, and 8 times; a single dry‐wet cycle involved reducing soil water content from 80% to 40% of field water capacity) and γ‐PGA addition rates (0%, 4%, and 8%, represented by P0, P4, and P8, respectively). The results indicated that γ‐PGA enhanced the structure of soil pores and distribution of aggregates; especially, P8 exhibited a remarkable increase in pore number by 91.68% and mean weight diameter of aggregates by 17.17%, compared to P0. Additionally, the soil enhanced by γ‐PGA exhibited higher water retention capacity, with P4 and P8 showing average increases of 4.26% and 12.58% in saturated water content compared to P0. Notably, the effect of γ‐PGA on pores structure, aggregates distribution, and water retention characteristics was regulated by dry‐wet cycles. The γ‐PGA had the most significant improvement effect on soil structure under 8 times dry‐wet cycles, the optimal development on water retention characteristics under four times dry‐wet cycles. Therefore, these findings suggest that the optimal approach to enhance soil structure and water retention capacity is by incorporating γ‐PGA at a concentration of 0.8% in conjunction with 4–8 dry‐wet cycles.
{"title":"Effects of poly‐γ‐glutamic acid on soil structure and water retention characteristics under dry‐wet cycles","authors":"Bo Jing, Wenjuan Shi, Ying Wang, Zhongmin Zhai, Tao Chen","doi":"10.1111/sum.13076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13076","url":null,"abstract":"Poly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) has been demonstrated to exhibit a soil water retention effect; however, the agricultural irrigation practices induce a cyclic pattern of wetting and drying in the soil, and its synergistic interaction with γ‐PGA remains unclear. To explore the amendment effects of γ‐PGA on pores structure, aggregates distribution, and soil water retention characteristics under dry‐wet cycles, an experiment was established with the number of dry‐wet cycles (0, 2, 4, and 8 times; a single dry‐wet cycle involved reducing soil water content from 80% to 40% of field water capacity) and γ‐PGA addition rates (0%, 4%, and 8%, represented by P0, P4, and P8, respectively). The results indicated that γ‐PGA enhanced the structure of soil pores and distribution of aggregates; especially, P8 exhibited a remarkable increase in pore number by 91.68% and mean weight diameter of aggregates by 17.17%, compared to P0. Additionally, the soil enhanced by γ‐PGA exhibited higher water retention capacity, with P4 and P8 showing average increases of 4.26% and 12.58% in saturated water content compared to P0. Notably, the effect of γ‐PGA on pores structure, aggregates distribution, and water retention characteristics was regulated by dry‐wet cycles. The γ‐PGA had the most significant improvement effect on soil structure under 8 times dry‐wet cycles, the optimal development on water retention characteristics under four times dry‐wet cycles. Therefore, these findings suggest that the optimal approach to enhance soil structure and water retention capacity is by incorporating γ‐PGA at a concentration of 0.8% in conjunction with 4–8 dry‐wet cycles.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：