Xinglong Wang, Zonghong Shuang, Xiaolin Liu, Pijiang Yin, Fan Liu, Tianqiaong Lan, Dongju Feng, Jichao Yuan, Fanlei Kong
Soil amendments aiming to enhance soil quality and bolster carbon sequestration have been extensively investigated. However, the specific impacts of diverse soil amendment types on soil total organic carbon content (TOC), soil aggregate and the growth of ryegrass remain largely unexplored, particularly within the unique context of alpine grassland soils in northwest Sichuan. For this, four soil amendments (CK: no soil amendment, CM: cattle manure 2000 kg ha−1, CS: straw amendment 12,000 kg ha−1 and MS: mushroom substrate 18,000 kg ha−1) were applied to alpine grassland soils over a 2‐year duration, conducted in situ during 2017 and 2018, to investigate the influences of these soil amendments on 0–30 cm soil of TOC, total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil aggregation, the above‐ground biomass (DMA) and root traits of ryegrass. Compared to CK, the above‐ground biomass exhibited an average of 348.78% in MS, 287.18% in CS and 115.54% in CM, all reaching statistical significance (p < .05). In the topsoil (0–10 cm), the large soil aggregate rate (LSAR > 0.25 mm) showed a significant increase in CM, CS and MS, particularly in 2018, compared to CK. Our findings further indicated that the improvement in alpine grassland LSAR > 0.25 mm was correlated with a rise in TOC by over 69.89% and MBC by more than 27.14%. The MS treatment resulted in a significant increase in above‐ground biomass and TRL (total root length), while also increasing the levels of TN, MBC and soil aggregates (0.25 ~ 0.5 mm) within the 0–10 cm soil. A similar result of CS treatment was observed to increase the total chlorophyll content and RD (root diameter), as well as an increase in SWC and TOC levels. The TN, MBC, TOC and LSAR contributed 44.77%, 20.87%, 6.46% and 6.45% for ryegrass growth. The SEM indicated that soil amendments promote the growth of ryegrass by improving soil agglomerate and increasing MBC, TOC and TN. Our analysis revealed that ryegrass biomass production was limited by soil nutrients in the alpine grassland of northwest Sichuan. The study also highlights the potential impact of soil amendments on future management practices, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the subject.
{"title":"Soil amendment incorporation increases organic carbon by improving soil agglomerate and soil microbial biomass carbon in the alpine grassland","authors":"Xinglong Wang, Zonghong Shuang, Xiaolin Liu, Pijiang Yin, Fan Liu, Tianqiaong Lan, Dongju Feng, Jichao Yuan, Fanlei Kong","doi":"10.1111/sum.13080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13080","url":null,"abstract":"Soil amendments aiming to enhance soil quality and bolster carbon sequestration have been extensively investigated. However, the specific impacts of diverse soil amendment types on soil total organic carbon content (TOC), soil aggregate and the growth of ryegrass remain largely unexplored, particularly within the unique context of alpine grassland soils in northwest Sichuan. For this, four soil amendments (CK: no soil amendment, CM: cattle manure 2000 kg ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, CS: straw amendment 12,000 kg ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and MS: mushroom substrate 18,000 kg ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) were applied to alpine grassland soils over a 2‐year duration, conducted in situ during 2017 and 2018, to investigate the influences of these soil amendments on 0–30 cm soil of TOC, total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil aggregation, the above‐ground biomass (DMA) and root traits of ryegrass. Compared to CK, the above‐ground biomass exhibited an average of 348.78% in MS, 287.18% in CS and 115.54% in CM, all reaching statistical significance (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < .05). In the topsoil (0–10 cm), the large soil aggregate rate (LSAR > 0.25 mm) showed a significant increase in CM, CS and MS, particularly in 2018, compared to CK. Our findings further indicated that the improvement in alpine grassland LSAR > 0.25 mm was correlated with a rise in TOC by over 69.89% and MBC by more than 27.14%. The MS treatment resulted in a significant increase in above‐ground biomass and TRL (total root length), while also increasing the levels of TN, MBC and soil aggregates (0.25 ~ 0.5 mm) within the 0–10 cm soil. A similar result of CS treatment was observed to increase the total chlorophyll content and RD (root diameter), as well as an increase in SWC and TOC levels. The TN, MBC, TOC and LSAR contributed 44.77%, 20.87%, 6.46% and 6.45% for ryegrass growth. The SEM indicated that soil amendments promote the growth of ryegrass by improving soil agglomerate and increasing MBC, TOC and TN. Our analysis revealed that ryegrass biomass production was limited by soil nutrients in the alpine grassland of northwest Sichuan. The study also highlights the potential impact of soil amendments on future management practices, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the subject.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gunasekhar Nachimuthu, Blake Palmer, Andy Hundt, Graeme Schwenke, Hiz Jamali, Oliver Knox, Chris Guppy
The average lint yield of irrigated cotton in Australia ranges from 2270 to 3700 kg/ha, but yields vary substantially between farms and also between fields on the same farm. Differences in soil properties may cause these yield variations. Identifying which factors are causal and what management can be implemented to mitigate the impacts should help optimize inputs and improve profits. During the 2018–2019 summer cotton‐growing season, a paired‐field comparison approach was used to investigate and improve the understanding of soil property‐induced irrigated cotton yield differences within five farms across three regions of NSW, Australia. The paired fields at each farm recorded an average lint yield difference of >284 kg/ha (measured in 2018–2019 or 5‐year average lint yield). Several soil properties differed between the paired fields at each farm comparison. The soil organic carbon stocks were higher in the higher‐yielding fields at all the farm comparisons and the normalized lint yield percentage was positively correlated with soil organic carbon stocks. Soil sodicity was higher in the lower‐yielding fields at 3 of the 5 comparisons. Results for most soil nutrient tests were above the recommended critical concentrations for Australian cotton production. A stepwise linear regression excluding soil nutrients that were above soil test critical values for crop response and below crop toxicity levels indicated the lint yield was positively correlated with SOC stocks and negatively correlated with sodicity and bulk density. No earthworms were detected during visual soil assessment or soil sampling across all the sites. Visual soil assessment was not a sensitive predictor of cotton crop performance. Comparing soil properties using a paired field approach may assist cotton growers in understanding the factors behind yield differences. A similar strip comparison approach could be adopted for within‐field variability by dividing the fields into discrete performance zones and assessing the soil properties of each zone separately.
{"title":"Soil property differences and irrigated‐cotton lint yield—Cause and effect? An on‐farm case study across three cotton‐growing regions in Australia","authors":"Gunasekhar Nachimuthu, Blake Palmer, Andy Hundt, Graeme Schwenke, Hiz Jamali, Oliver Knox, Chris Guppy","doi":"10.1111/sum.13065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13065","url":null,"abstract":"The average lint yield of irrigated cotton in Australia ranges from 2270 to 3700 kg/ha, but yields vary substantially between farms and also between fields on the same farm. Differences in soil properties may cause these yield variations. Identifying which factors are causal and what management can be implemented to mitigate the impacts should help optimize inputs and improve profits. During the 2018–2019 summer cotton‐growing season, a paired‐field comparison approach was used to investigate and improve the understanding of soil property‐induced irrigated cotton yield differences within five farms across three regions of NSW, Australia. The paired fields at each farm recorded an average lint yield difference of >284 kg/ha (measured in 2018–2019 or 5‐year average lint yield). Several soil properties differed between the paired fields at each farm comparison. The soil organic carbon stocks were higher in the higher‐yielding fields at all the farm comparisons and the normalized lint yield percentage was positively correlated with soil organic carbon stocks. Soil sodicity was higher in the lower‐yielding fields at 3 of the 5 comparisons. Results for most soil nutrient tests were above the recommended critical concentrations for Australian cotton production. A stepwise linear regression excluding soil nutrients that were above soil test critical values for crop response and below crop toxicity levels indicated the lint yield was positively correlated with SOC stocks and negatively correlated with sodicity and bulk density. No earthworms were detected during visual soil assessment or soil sampling across all the sites. Visual soil assessment was not a sensitive predictor of cotton crop performance. Comparing soil properties using a paired field approach may assist cotton growers in understanding the factors behind yield differences. A similar strip comparison approach could be adopted for within‐field variability by dividing the fields into discrete performance zones and assessing the soil properties of each zone separately.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jia Shi, Zhiyong Zhang, Zi Wang, Yumei Peng, Xiang Wang
Soil erosion transports and redistributes sediment across the landscape, altering soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) availability and stocks. However, the effect of erosion on soil N remains largely unclear. In this study, SOC, soil total N (TN), mineral N ( and ), dissolved organic N (DON) and total dissolved N (TDN) were evaluated in 100‐cm soil profiles in different sites (including the non‐erosion flat site, erosional site and depositional site) to examine the responses of the concentration and composition of soil N to different erosional intensity. Additionally, N mineralization and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) were determined to evaluate the bioavailability of soil N. Our results showed that erosion depleted TN in the erosional sites while enriching it in the depositional site throughout the soil profile. The erosion, rather than the deposition, altered the composition of dissolved N, with TDN (DON and mineral N) dominating deeper soil profiles (40–100 cm, accounting for 18%–50% of TN). The wide soil C:N ratio in the erosional site altered microbial metabolism to mine N to maintain their growth rather than mineralizing organic matter into soil bioavailable forms. This was supported by the net N mineralization (Nm), which exhibited a significant negative correlation with MBN and soil C:N ratio. The imbalanced loss of SOC and TN caused by the erosion induces soil N limitations. Collectively, our results suggested that erosion decreased TN concentrations and altered the composition of dissolved N, inducing N immobilization and decreasing soil bioavailable N.
土壤侵蚀会将沉积物输送到地表并重新分配，从而改变土壤有机碳（SOC）和氮（N）的可用性和储量。然而，水土流失对土壤氮的影响在很大程度上仍不清楚。本研究评估了不同地点（包括非侵蚀平坦地点、侵蚀地点和沉积地点）100 厘米土壤剖面中的 SOC、土壤全氮（TN）、矿质氮（和）、溶解有机氮（DON）和总溶解氮（TDN），以研究土壤氮的浓度和组成对不同侵蚀强度的响应。我们的研究结果表明，在整个土壤剖面中，侵蚀造成侵蚀地土壤氮含量减少，而沉积地土壤氮含量增加。侵蚀而非沉积改变了溶解氮的组成，TDN（DON 和矿物氮）在较深的土壤剖面（40-100 厘米，占 TN 的 18%-50%）中占主导地位。侵蚀区土壤中较大的碳氮比改变了微生物的新陈代谢，使其为维持生长而开采氮，而不是将有机物矿化成土壤生物可利用的形式。净氮矿化度（Nm）证实了这一点，它与甲基溴氮和土壤碳氮比呈显著负相关。侵蚀造成的 SOC 和 TN 的不平衡流失导致了土壤氮的限制。总之，我们的研究结果表明，水土流失降低了 TN 的浓度，改变了溶解 N 的组成，导致 N 固定化，降低了土壤生物可利用的 N。
{"title":"Soil erosion alters the composition of soil nitrogen and induces nitrogen immobilization along a sloping agricultural landscape","authors":"Jia Shi, Zhiyong Zhang, Zi Wang, Yumei Peng, Xiang Wang","doi":"10.1111/sum.13067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13067","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion transports and redistributes sediment across the landscape, altering soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) availability and stocks. However, the effect of erosion on soil N remains largely unclear. In this study, SOC, soil total N (TN), mineral N ( and ), dissolved organic N (DON) and total dissolved N (TDN) were evaluated in 100‐cm soil profiles in different sites (including the non‐erosion flat site, erosional site and depositional site) to examine the responses of the concentration and composition of soil N to different erosional intensity. Additionally, N mineralization and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) were determined to evaluate the bioavailability of soil N. Our results showed that erosion depleted TN in the erosional sites while enriching it in the depositional site throughout the soil profile. The erosion, rather than the deposition, altered the composition of dissolved N, with TDN (DON and mineral N) dominating deeper soil profiles (40–100 cm, accounting for 18%–50% of TN). The wide soil C:N ratio in the erosional site altered microbial metabolism to mine N to maintain their growth rather than mineralizing organic matter into soil bioavailable forms. This was supported by the net N mineralization (N<jats:italic>m</jats:italic>), which exhibited a significant negative correlation with MBN and soil C:N ratio. The imbalanced loss of SOC and TN caused by the erosion induces soil N limitations. Collectively, our results suggested that erosion decreased TN concentrations and altered the composition of dissolved N, inducing N immobilization and decreasing soil bioavailable N.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lenka Fišarová, Kateřina Berchová, Martin Lukáč, Luke Beesley, Miroslav Vosátka, Michal Hausenblas, Lukáš Trakal
Intensive agricultural practices have accelerated soil organic carbon mineralization, compromising soil health and function. This study evaluated the efficacy of microgranular biochar (MicroCHAR) and powdered biochar as soil additives enhancing soil function, and pea, maize and wheat growth and yield. We carried out a series of experiments with degraded drought‐prone soils in greenhouse and field conditions, combining biochar addition with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The combination of amendments variously impacted soil nutrient status; availability of extractable potassium (K) increased in all cases, whilst that of calcium (Ca) was reduced when AMF inoculation was applied alone but not in combination with biochar. MicroCHAR positively affected root biomass and pea P content compared with the control, but biochar did not enhance N or K. Crop yield was not significantly increased by MicroCHAR amendment. MicroCHAR enhanced the mycorrhization rate of crop roots by 260%, an effect seen in the greenhouse and field conditions. This study suggests that credible benefits in some crops can be gained by the application of MicroCHAR to some soils. Observed effects may be soil and crop specific; future study of optimal nutrient and microorganism coatings on microgranular biochar opens exciting avenues for the improvement of crop yields in degraded agricultural soils.
集约化的农业生产方式加速了土壤有机碳的矿化，损害了土壤的健康和功能。本研究评估了微颗粒生物炭（MicroCHAR）和粉末生物炭作为土壤添加剂对提高土壤功能以及豌豆、玉米和小麦生长和产量的功效。我们在温室和田间条件下对易受干旱影响的退化土壤进行了一系列实验，将生物炭添加剂与丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）相结合。在所有情况下，可提取钾（K）的供应量都有所增加，而在单独施用 AMF 而不是与生物炭结合施用时，钙（Ca）的供应量则有所减少。与对照组相比，MicroCHAR 对根部生物量和豌豆 P 含量有积极影响，但生物炭并未提高 N 或 K 含量。在温室和田间条件下，MicroCHAR 可使作物根部的菌根率提高 260%。这项研究表明，在某些土壤中施用 MicroCHAR 可为某些作物带来可信的益处。观察到的效果可能与土壤和作物有关；未来对微颗粒生物炭最佳养分和微生物涂层的研究为提高退化农田土壤中的作物产量开辟了令人兴奋的道路。
{"title":"Microgranular biochar improves soil fertility and mycorrhization in crop systems","authors":"Lenka Fišarová, Kateřina Berchová, Martin Lukáč, Luke Beesley, Miroslav Vosátka, Michal Hausenblas, Lukáš Trakal","doi":"10.1111/sum.13068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13068","url":null,"abstract":"Intensive agricultural practices have accelerated soil organic carbon mineralization, compromising soil health and function. This study evaluated the efficacy of microgranular biochar (MicroCHAR) and powdered biochar as soil additives enhancing soil function, and pea, maize and wheat growth and yield. We carried out a series of experiments with degraded drought‐prone soils in greenhouse and field conditions, combining biochar addition with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The combination of amendments variously impacted soil nutrient status; availability of extractable potassium (K) increased in all cases, whilst that of calcium (Ca) was reduced when AMF inoculation was applied alone but not in combination with biochar. MicroCHAR positively affected root biomass and pea P content compared with the control, but biochar did not enhance N or K. Crop yield was not significantly increased by MicroCHAR amendment. MicroCHAR enhanced the mycorrhization rate of crop roots by 260%, an effect seen in the greenhouse and field conditions. This study suggests that credible benefits in some crops can be gained by the application of MicroCHAR to some soils. Observed effects may be soil and crop specific; future study of optimal nutrient and microorganism coatings on microgranular biochar opens exciting avenues for the improvement of crop yields in degraded agricultural soils.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dominique Serrani, Ilario Ferrocino, Cristiana Garofalo, Andrea Osimani, Maria Rita Corvaglia, Vesna Milanović, Lucia Aquilanti, Valeria Cardelli, Andrea Salvucci, Stefania Cocco, Alves Rafael Rogerio Borguete, Giuseppe Corti
This study provides a metataxonomic analysis of the fungal communities in soils under slash‐and‐burn agroforestry system and offers new insights into the relationships between fungal populations and soil physicochemical features such as pH, the particle size distribution, easily oxidizable organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and the mineralogical composition. Soils from three locations in central Mozambique—Vanduzi, Sussundenga, and Macate—that are subjected to slash‐and‐burn were considered to assess the effects of the forest fallow length (temporal variation) and of the land use (charcoal kiln, crop field, and forest; meaning horizontal variation) on the fungal community. The fungi of the genetic horizons (vertical variation) were also considered. Most of the detected fungi were decomposers, antagonists of plant pathogens, and plant‐growth promoters; they were differently distributed in relation to the soil's physicochemical properties and the soil use. The variations in the fungi distribution among the locations and between the horizons were considerable, while there were few variations between the different land‐use types. The limited differences between land uses indicate the inability of a forest fallow period shorter than 50 years to improve soil fertility and induce changes in the fungal community. The pedological approach used to identify and sample soil horizons allowed us to clearly distinguish the fungal community of the A horizons, those richest in organics and nutrients, and that of the Bo horizons, which have poor fertility.
本研究对刀耕火种农林系统下土壤中的真菌群落进行了元分类分析，并对真菌种群与土壤理化特征（如 pH 值、粒径分布、易氧化有机碳、总氮、可利用磷和矿物成分）之间的关系提出了新的见解。研究人员考虑了莫桑比克中部三个地方的土壤--万杜齐（Vanduzi）、苏森登加（Sussundenga）和马卡特（Macate）--这些土壤都是刀耕火种的土壤，以评估森林休耕期（时间变化）和土地利用（木炭窑、农田和森林，即水平变化）对真菌群落的影响。此外，还考虑了遗传地层的真菌（垂直变化）。检测到的大多数真菌都是分解者、植物病原体的拮抗剂和植物生长促进剂；它们的分布与土壤的理化性质和土壤用途有关。不同地点和不同地层之间的真菌分布差异很大，而不同土地利用类型之间的差异很小。不同土地用途之间的差异有限，这表明森林休耕期短于 50 年并不能提高土壤肥力和引起真菌群落的变化。采用土壤学方法识别和取样土壤层，使我们能够清楚地区分有机物和养分最丰富的 A 层和肥力较差的 Bo 层的真菌群落。
{"title":"Soil fungal communities under slash‐and‐burn system in Mozambique: A metataxonomic approach","authors":"Dominique Serrani, Ilario Ferrocino, Cristiana Garofalo, Andrea Osimani, Maria Rita Corvaglia, Vesna Milanović, Lucia Aquilanti, Valeria Cardelli, Andrea Salvucci, Stefania Cocco, Alves Rafael Rogerio Borguete, Giuseppe Corti","doi":"10.1111/sum.13062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13062","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides a metataxonomic analysis of the fungal communities in soils under slash‐and‐burn agroforestry system and offers new insights into the relationships between fungal populations and soil physicochemical features such as pH, the particle size distribution, easily oxidizable organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and the mineralogical composition. Soils from three locations in central Mozambique—Vanduzi, Sussundenga, and Macate—that are subjected to slash‐and‐burn were considered to assess the effects of the forest fallow length (temporal variation) and of the land use (charcoal kiln, crop field, and forest; meaning horizontal variation) on the fungal community. The fungi of the genetic horizons (vertical variation) were also considered. Most of the detected fungi were decomposers, antagonists of plant pathogens, and plant‐growth promoters; they were differently distributed in relation to the soil's physicochemical properties and the soil use. The variations in the fungi distribution among the locations and between the horizons were considerable, while there were few variations between the different land‐use types. The limited differences between land uses indicate the inability of a forest fallow period shorter than 50 years to improve soil fertility and induce changes in the fungal community. The pedological approach used to identify and sample soil horizons allowed us to clearly distinguish the fungal community of the A horizons, those richest in organics and nutrients, and that of the Bo horizons, which have poor fertility.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Fiorentini, Roberto Orsini, Stefano Zenobi, Matteo Francioni, Chiara Rivosecchi, Marco Bianchini, Biagio di Tella, Paride D'Ottavio, Luigi Ledda, Rodolfo Santilocchi, Paola Deligios
According to climate change projections, global temperatures would increase by 2°C by 2070, and agriculture is expected to be among the most affected sectors, particularly intensive field crops like cereals. Therefore, researchers need to investigate the most cost‐effective agricultural strategies that can prevent production losses and ensure global food security. This study aimed to identify the limiting factors of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. Durum (Desf.) Husn.) yield production under Mediterranean conditions. Durum wheat yield data of over 5 years (2017–2022), from a 30‐year rainfed long‐term experiment conducted in the ‘Pasquale Rosati’ experimental farm of the Polytechnic University of Marche in Agugliano, Italy (43°32’ N, 13°22′ E, 100 a.s.l.) on Calcaric Gleyic Cambisols with a silt‐clay texture, were analysed and compared with the recorded thermo‐pluviometric trend. The field trial included two soil managements (no tillage vs. conventional tillage) and three Nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha−1). The most important driver for durum wheat production was N fertilization. However, in the absence of N fertilization, no tillage showed a higher yield (+1.2 t ha−1) than conventional tillage due to the accumulation of organic matter in the soil. When wheat was fertilized with 90 kg N ha−1, no tillage resulted in 25% yield more than conventional tillage (+1.2 t ha−1), but this occurred only when the increase in temperatures was constant from January until harvest (this happened in 3 of 5 years of monitoring). The non‐constant increase in temperature from January to wheat harvest may hamper crop phenological development and reduce the potential yield. The highest fertilization rate (180 Kg N ha−1) resulted in the highest wheat yields regardless of soil management and thermo‐pluviometric trends (5.78 t ha−1). After N fertilization and soil management, the minimum and maximum temperature in February and the maximum temperature in April were crucial for durum wheat production under Mediterranean condition. When there is non‐constant increase in temperature from January to wheat harvest no‐tillage should be preferred over conventional tillage because wheat yields did not reduce under no tillage. Thus, agricultural policies that support the switch from conventional tillage to no‐tillage management should be promoted to enable food security in Mediterranean environments.
{"title":"Soil tillage reduction as a climate change mitigation strategy in Mediterranean cereal‐based cropping systems","authors":"Marco Fiorentini, Roberto Orsini, Stefano Zenobi, Matteo Francioni, Chiara Rivosecchi, Marco Bianchini, Biagio di Tella, Paride D'Ottavio, Luigi Ledda, Rodolfo Santilocchi, Paola Deligios","doi":"10.1111/sum.13050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13050","url":null,"abstract":"According to climate change projections, global temperatures would increase by 2°C by 2070, and agriculture is expected to be among the most affected sectors, particularly intensive field crops like cereals. Therefore, researchers need to investigate the most cost‐effective agricultural strategies that can prevent production losses and ensure global food security. This study aimed to identify the limiting factors of durum wheat (<jats:italic>Triticum turgidum</jats:italic> L. subsp. <jats:italic>Durum</jats:italic> (Desf.) Husn.) yield production under Mediterranean conditions. Durum wheat yield data of over 5 years (2017–2022), from a 30‐year rainfed long‐term experiment conducted in the ‘Pasquale Rosati’ experimental farm of the Polytechnic University of Marche in Agugliano, Italy (43°32’ N, 13°22′ E, 100 a.s.l.) on Calcaric Gleyic Cambisols with a silt‐clay texture, were analysed and compared with the recorded thermo‐pluviometric trend. The field trial included two soil managements (no tillage vs. conventional tillage) and three Nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). The most important driver for durum wheat production was N fertilization. However, in the absence of N fertilization, no tillage showed a higher yield (+1.2 t ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) than conventional tillage due to the accumulation of organic matter in the soil. When wheat was fertilized with 90 kg N ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, no tillage resulted in 25% yield more than conventional tillage (+1.2 t ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>), but this occurred only when the increase in temperatures was constant from January until harvest (this happened in 3 of 5 years of monitoring). The non‐constant increase in temperature from January to wheat harvest may hamper crop phenological development and reduce the potential yield. The highest fertilization rate (180 Kg N ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) resulted in the highest wheat yields regardless of soil management and thermo‐pluviometric trends (5.78 t ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). After N fertilization and soil management, the minimum and maximum temperature in February and the maximum temperature in April were crucial for durum wheat production under Mediterranean condition. When there is non‐constant increase in temperature from January to wheat harvest no‐tillage should be preferred over conventional tillage because wheat yields did not reduce under no tillage. Thus, agricultural policies that support the switch from conventional tillage to no‐tillage management should be promoted to enable food security in Mediterranean environments.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141149190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Rayhan Shaheb, Paula A. Misiewicz, Richard J. Godwin, Edward Dickin, David R. White, Tony E. Grift
Soil compaction causes adverse effects on soil structure and the performance of crops. There is significant literature supporting the hypothesis that reducing tire inflation pressure can help to minimize compaction, but there is no data on the potential benefits of high flexion tires operating at reduced tire pressures in Midwestern United States agriculture. Hence, a field‐scale study was established in Illinois to determine the potential benefits of high flexion tires at low tire pressure (LTP) in comparison with those operated at standard tire inflation pressure (STP) on soil condition, crop growth and yield of maize and soybean for three tillage systems; deep tillage (450 mm), shallow tillage (100 mm) and no‐till. Two adjacent experiments were established in typical maize/soybean and soybean/maize rotations, respectively. The experiment used a 2 × 3 factorial design with five completely randomized blocks. The results showed that the use of LTP tires resulted in lower soil penetrometer resistance for three tillage systems in 2017 and 2018 in the maize field and 2018 in the soybean field. This improved plant establishment and the number of plants per hectare of maize in both 2016 (*p ≤ .05) and 2018 (**p ≤ .01) and plant establishment (***p ≤ .001) and the number of plants per hectare (***p ≤ .001) of soybean in 2018. The penetrometer resistance was higher in the no‐till plots compared to deep and shallow tillage plots in maize and was higher in the deep tillage plots compared to the shallow tillage in the soybean field. The use of LTP tires resulted in an increased grain yield of maize by 4.31% (15.02 Mg ha−1) and 2.70% (14.76 Mg ha−1) in 2017 (**p ≤ .01) and 2018 (*p ≤ .05), respectively, and soybean by 3.70% (4.25 Mg ha−1) in 2018 (*p ≤ .05). The depth of tillage had a significant effect on soybean and maize yields in 2017 (***p ≤ .001) and 2018 (***p ≤ .001), respectively, with higher yields of both soybean and maize in the deep and shallow tillage compared to no‐till plots. The study concludes that the use of the LTP systems can be a potential means of addressing soil compaction and maintaining soil porosity while increasing crop productivity in silty clay loam soils in Central Illinois.
{"title":"The effect of tire inflation pressure and tillage systems on soil properties, growth and yield of maize and soybean in a silty clay loam soil","authors":"Md Rayhan Shaheb, Paula A. Misiewicz, Richard J. Godwin, Edward Dickin, David R. White, Tony E. Grift","doi":"10.1111/sum.13063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13063","url":null,"abstract":"Soil compaction causes adverse effects on soil structure and the performance of crops. There is significant literature supporting the hypothesis that reducing tire inflation pressure can help to minimize compaction, but there is no data on the potential benefits of high flexion tires operating at reduced tire pressures in Midwestern United States agriculture. Hence, a field‐scale study was established in Illinois to determine the potential benefits of high flexion tires at low tire pressure (LTP) in comparison with those operated at standard tire inflation pressure (STP) on soil condition, crop growth and yield of maize and soybean for three tillage systems; deep tillage (450 mm), shallow tillage (100 mm) and no‐till. Two adjacent experiments were established in typical maize/soybean and soybean/maize rotations, respectively. The experiment used a 2 × 3 factorial design with five completely randomized blocks. The results showed that the use of LTP tires resulted in lower soil penetrometer resistance for three tillage systems in 2017 and 2018 in the maize field and 2018 in the soybean field. This improved plant establishment and the number of plants per hectare of maize in both 2016 (*<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ .05) and 2018 (**<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ .01) and plant establishment (***<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ .001) and the number of plants per hectare (***<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ .001) of soybean in 2018. The penetrometer resistance was higher in the no‐till plots compared to deep and shallow tillage plots in maize and was higher in the deep tillage plots compared to the shallow tillage in the soybean field. The use of LTP tires resulted in an increased grain yield of maize by 4.31% (15.02 Mg ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) and 2.70% (14.76 Mg ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) in 2017 (**<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ .01) and 2018 (*<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ .05), respectively, and soybean by 3.70% (4.25 Mg ha<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) in 2018 (*<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ .05). The depth of tillage had a significant effect on soybean and maize yields in 2017 (***<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ .001) and 2018 (***<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> ≤ .001), respectively, with higher yields of both soybean and maize in the deep and shallow tillage compared to no‐till plots. The study concludes that the use of the LTP systems can be a potential means of addressing soil compaction and maintaining soil porosity while increasing crop productivity in silty clay loam soils in Central Illinois.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141059257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernanda Souza Krupek, Michael Kaiser, Daren Redfearn, Andrea Basche
Understanding soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics along gradients of land intensification is critical to guide conservation goals towards improvements in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. In this study, we clarified (a) how the C and N concentrations within SOM fractions of distinct ecological relevance responded to soil management representing a cropland‐grassland gradient and (b) how these operationally defined fractions affected soil physicochemical and biological properties. We compared sites with annual row crop rotations with and without cover crops (i.e. cropland soils) with perennial grassland sites (i.e. reference soil) by sampling near‐surface soils from statewide on‐farm cover crop experiments replicated across four agro‐ecoregions in Midwest USA. Soil management had a significant main effect on C and N content in SOM fractions, but responses were site‐ and fraction‐specific. We found that C content of free particulate organic matter and water‐extractable organic matter (WEOM) of reference soils were 58%–76% and 31%–59% greater than those of the cropland soils in two of the four sites. Differences in N content of WEOM because of soil management were observed in two of the four sites. These reference soils had between 40% and 60% greater N than cropland soils. Additionally, the N content of aggregate occluded POM (o‐POM) of reference soils was three times greater than those of the cropland soils in one of the four sites. Broadly across bulk and SOM fractions, high declines in cropland C and N relative to reference soils were observed in non‐irrigated and strip‐till sites and coarse‐texture soils. Free and o‐POM C and N were strongly associated with aggregate stability, water infiltration and enzyme activity, whereas C and N contents of WEOM and MAOM were correlated with soil's ability to hold onto essential nutrients (e.g. calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium). Although the potential of cover crops to drive changes on ecologically meaningful SOM fractions is less pronounced in the short (3 year) term, the findings demonstrate the potential of continuous living cover as an approach to agroecosystem design to improve soil functions closely related to SOM characteristics.
了解土地集约化梯度上的土壤有机质（SOM）动态，对于指导实现改善土壤碳（C）和氮（N）储存的保护目标至关重要。在这项研究中，我们阐明了：（a）具有不同生态相关性的 SOM 部分中的碳和氮浓度如何对代表耕地-草地梯度的土壤管理做出响应；（b）这些操作定义的部分如何影响土壤理化和生物特性。我们对美国中西部四个农业生态区域的全州农田覆盖作物试验的近表层土壤进行了取样，比较了有覆盖作物和无覆盖作物的一年生轮作地（即耕地土壤）与多年生草地（即参考土壤）。土壤管理对 SOM 部分的碳和氮含量有显著的主效应，但反应是因地点和部分而异的。我们发现，在四个地点中的两个地点，参考土壤中游离颗粒有机质和水提取有机质（WEOM）的碳含量分别比耕地土壤高出 58%-76% 和 31%-59%。在四个观测点中的两个观测点，由于土壤管理的原因，WEOM 的氮含量存在差异。这些参考土壤的氮含量比耕地土壤高 40% 到 60%。此外，在四个观测点中，有一个观测点的参比土壤中聚合闭合 POM（o-POM）的氮含量是耕地土壤的三倍。在非灌溉和带状耕作地点以及粗质土壤中，与参考土壤相比，耕地中的 C 和 N 含量普遍下降。游离和邻源有机质的碳和氮与团聚体稳定性、水分渗透和酶活性密切相关，而 WEOM 和 MAOM 的碳和氮含量与土壤保持必需养分（如钙、镁、钾和钠）的能力相关。尽管在短期（3 年）内，覆盖作物推动具有生态意义的 SOM 成分发生变化的潜力并不明显，但研究结果表明，作为农业生态系统设计的一种方法，连续生物覆盖具有改善与 SOM 特性密切相关的土壤功能的潜力。
{"title":"Potential gains in soil carbon and nitrogen as a result of systems perenniality: Insights from on‐farm experiments and soil organic matter fractions","authors":"Fernanda Souza Krupek, Michael Kaiser, Daren Redfearn, Andrea Basche","doi":"10.1111/sum.13064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13064","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics along gradients of land intensification is critical to guide conservation goals towards improvements in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. In this study, we clarified (a) how the C and N concentrations within SOM fractions of distinct ecological relevance responded to soil management representing a cropland‐grassland gradient and (b) how these operationally defined fractions affected soil physicochemical and biological properties. We compared sites with annual row crop rotations with and without cover crops (i.e. cropland soils) with perennial grassland sites (i.e. reference soil) by sampling near‐surface soils from statewide on‐farm cover crop experiments replicated across four agro‐ecoregions in Midwest USA. Soil management had a significant main effect on C and N content in SOM fractions, but responses were site‐ and fraction‐specific. We found that C content of free particulate organic matter and water‐extractable organic matter (WEOM) of reference soils were 58%–76% and 31%–59% greater than those of the cropland soils in two of the four sites. Differences in N content of WEOM because of soil management were observed in two of the four sites. These reference soils had between 40% and 60% greater N than cropland soils. Additionally, the N content of aggregate occluded POM (o‐POM) of reference soils was three times greater than those of the cropland soils in one of the four sites. Broadly across bulk and SOM fractions, high declines in cropland C and N relative to reference soils were observed in non‐irrigated and strip‐till sites and coarse‐texture soils. Free and o‐POM C and N were strongly associated with aggregate stability, water infiltration and enzyme activity, whereas C and N contents of WEOM and MAOM were correlated with soil's ability to hold onto essential nutrients (e.g. calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium). Although the potential of cover crops to drive changes on ecologically meaningful SOM fractions is less pronounced in the short (3 year) term, the findings demonstrate the potential of continuous living cover as an approach to agroecosystem design to improve soil functions closely related to SOM characteristics.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141059256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ophélie Sauzet, Alice Johannes, Cédric Deluz, Xavier Dupla, Adrien Matter, Philippe C. Baveye, Pascal Boivin
The soil organic carbon to clay ratio (SOC:clay) is a metric used in soil quality management. In Switzerland and the United Kingdom, for example, threshold values for SOC:clay ratios have been determined to indicate very good (>1:8) to degraded (<1:13) soil structures. A recent article in Soil Use and Management by Poeplau and Don, however, suggested that this metric is ‘strongly biased and misleading’, based on their observation that German sandy soils and heavy clay soils tend to show very high and very low SOC:clay ratios, respectively. An alternative metric was proposed based on the ratio of actual SOC to expected SOC level for a considered area. We offer a commentary on the proposal, arguing that because soil structure quality is overlooked by the approach, it fails to provide appropriate SOC levels for soil health and could lead to soils with highly depleted SOC being classified ‘good’. The SOC:clay ratio, on the other hand, does address soil structure condition, providing a structure vulnerability index, a key function independent of local soil management conditions. When soils are found to have high structure vulnerability, as indicated by the SOC:clay ratio, the cropping practices at the site should be investigated and ways to increase the SOC content considered. Structure condition threshold values may only need to be reassessed if it is shown that the average structure quality observed is not in conformity with the present thresholds, which would be expected for some soils, such as Andosols.
{"title":"The organic carbon‐to‐clay ratio as an indicator of soil structure vulnerability, a metric focused on the condition of soil structure","authors":"Ophélie Sauzet, Alice Johannes, Cédric Deluz, Xavier Dupla, Adrien Matter, Philippe C. Baveye, Pascal Boivin","doi":"10.1111/sum.13060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13060","url":null,"abstract":"The soil organic carbon to clay ratio (SOC:clay) is a metric used in soil quality management. In Switzerland and the United Kingdom, for example, threshold values for SOC:clay ratios have been determined to indicate very good (>1:8) to degraded (<1:13) soil structures. A recent article in Soil Use and Management by Poeplau and Don, however, suggested that this metric is ‘strongly biased and misleading’, based on their observation that German sandy soils and heavy clay soils tend to show very high and very low SOC:clay ratios, respectively. An alternative metric was proposed based on the ratio of actual SOC to expected SOC level for a considered area. We offer a commentary on the proposal, arguing that because soil structure quality is overlooked by the approach, it fails to provide appropriate SOC levels for soil health and could lead to soils with highly depleted SOC being classified ‘good’. The SOC:clay ratio, on the other hand, does address soil structure condition, providing a structure vulnerability index, a key function independent of local soil management conditions. When soils are found to have high structure vulnerability, as indicated by the SOC:clay ratio, the cropping practices at the site should be investigated and ways to increase the SOC content considered. Structure condition threshold values may only need to be reassessed if it is shown that the average structure quality observed is not in conformity with the present thresholds, which would be expected for some soils, such as Andosols.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140932312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jusimara de Andrade Santos, Alceu Pedrotti, Francisco Sandro Rodrigues Holanda, Luiz Diego Vidal Santos, Brisa Marina da Silva Andrade, Renisson Neponuceno de Araújo Filho, Ana Paula Schervinski Villwock, Raimundo Rodrigues Gomes Filho, Soenne França Conceição, Larissa dos Santos Carvalho
In the current global context of climate change and the increasing demand for sustainability, optimizing agricultural production is very important in order to meet the demands for food and to mitigate environmental impact. To achieve sustainable agricultural production, particularly in regions with tropical soil and climate conditions, is necessary to adopt conservation‐oriented techniques. This includes no‐tillage system, the use of soil‐cover crops, and the application of inoculants. The objective of this research was, at the end of the 22nd cropping season, to assess the influence of soil compaction in the production of green corn (Zea mays L.) in a long‐term field experiment. This study was conducted under different soil tillage systems in a Red‐Yellow Ultisol from the Coastal Tablelands of northeastern Brazil. Three soil tillage systems were applied: Conventional Tillage (CT), Minimum Tillage (MT), and No‐tillage (NT). These were combined with four previous crops: cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), crotalaria (Crotalaria juncacea), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), and millet (Pennisetum glaucum), as well as two levels of nitrogen fertilizer application: (1) 100% of the recommended N dose, and (2) 50% of the recommended N dose plus Azospirillum brasilense inoculant. The experimental design consisted of strip plots with subplots divided and randomized within each strip, with three replications. Soil compaction was assessed using parameters of soil density (SD) and soil mechanical resistance to penetration (MRP) in conjunction with moisture content (MC). The principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted that conservation‐oriented systems exhibited greater soil organic carbon (SOC) levels, leading to increased productivity of commercial green corn cobs. The synergistic effect of diversifying previous crops and adopting conservation tillage systems, especially in soils under long‐term tillage, resulted in heightened productivity of commercial green corn ears.
{"title":"Impacts of the tillage systems on the production of green corn (Zea mays L.) in long‐term plots in Northeastern Brazil","authors":"Jusimara de Andrade Santos, Alceu Pedrotti, Francisco Sandro Rodrigues Holanda, Luiz Diego Vidal Santos, Brisa Marina da Silva Andrade, Renisson Neponuceno de Araújo Filho, Ana Paula Schervinski Villwock, Raimundo Rodrigues Gomes Filho, Soenne França Conceição, Larissa dos Santos Carvalho","doi":"10.1111/sum.13061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13061","url":null,"abstract":"In the current global context of climate change and the increasing demand for sustainability, optimizing agricultural production is very important in order to meet the demands for food and to mitigate environmental impact. To achieve sustainable agricultural production, particularly in regions with tropical soil and climate conditions, is necessary to adopt conservation‐oriented techniques. This includes no‐tillage system, the use of soil‐cover crops, and the application of inoculants. The objective of this research was, at the end of the 22nd cropping season, to assess the influence of soil compaction in the production of green corn (<jats:italic>Zea mays</jats:italic> L.) in a long‐term field experiment. This study was conducted under different soil tillage systems in a Red‐Yellow Ultisol from the Coastal Tablelands of northeastern Brazil. Three soil tillage systems were applied: Conventional Tillage (CT), Minimum Tillage (MT), and No‐tillage (NT). These were combined with four previous crops: cowpea (<jats:italic>Vigna unguiculata</jats:italic>), crotalaria (<jats:italic>Crotalaria juncacea</jats:italic>), pigeon pea (<jats:italic>Cajanus cajan</jats:italic>), and millet (<jats:italic>Pennisetum glaucum</jats:italic>), as well as two levels of nitrogen fertilizer application: (1) 100% of the recommended N dose, and (2) 50% of the recommended N dose plus <jats:italic>Azospirillum brasilense</jats:italic> inoculant. The experimental design consisted of strip plots with subplots divided and randomized within each strip, with three replications. Soil compaction was assessed using parameters of soil density (SD) and soil mechanical resistance to penetration (MRP) in conjunction with moisture content (MC). The principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted that conservation‐oriented systems exhibited greater soil organic carbon (SOC) levels, leading to increased productivity of commercial green corn cobs. The synergistic effect of diversifying previous crops and adopting conservation tillage systems, especially in soils under long‐term tillage, resulted in heightened productivity of commercial green corn ears.","PeriodicalId":21759,"journal":{"name":"Soil Use and Management","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140932314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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