Muhammad Irfan, Zahir Ahmad Zahir, Hafiz Naeem Asghar, Muhammad Shahid
Potential of auxin and ACC-deaminase producing rhizobia and PGPR-strains was examined to improve soybean growth individually and in combination with L-tryptophan (L-TRP) in two different experiments conducted in a growth chamber. A consortium of selected PGPR and rhizobial strains was prepared by following the compatibility test. These bacteria were also evaluated for improving soybean growth along with different levels of L-TRP. Bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere and nodules of soybean, and characterized in vitro for their production of ACC-deaminase and auxin. We observed that auxin production for rhizobia and rhizobacteria ranged from 14 to 39 and 2 to 48 µg IAA equivalents mL-1, respectively. Similarly, the ACC-deaminase production potential of rhizobia and rhizobacteria ranged between 0.024 to 3.252 and 0.178 to 3.188 μM α-ketobutyrate μg-1 protein h-1, respectively. In addition, among the different L-TRP levels, 10-3 M was found to be the most significant level. The soybean growth attributes such as shoot length (46 and 30%), root length (42 and 39%), fresh biomass (33 and 34%) and dry biomass (44 and 27%) were increase to the maximum by the inoculation of ‘IRS-13’ and ‘PS-2’ in the presence of 10-3 M L-TRP compared to the uninoculated control. Similarly, in the context of consortium application, the inoculation with bacterial consortium “IRS13-PS1” along with 10-4 M TRP led to maximum increment in shoot length (104%), root length (74%), shoot fresh and dry weights (179 and 138%), shoot and root dry weights (98 and 260%) and fresh weight as well as dry plant biomass (87.5 and 117%) compared to the control. We concluded that PGPR-rhizobial consortium in combination with L-TRP @ 10-4 M can effectively improve soybean growth under axenic conditions.
{"title":"Comparing the symbiotic efficiency of auxin and ACC-deaminase producing rhizobia and rhizobacteria to improve soybean growth under axenic conditions","authors":"Muhammad Irfan, Zahir Ahmad Zahir, Hafiz Naeem Asghar, Muhammad Shahid","doi":"10.25252/se/2023/243164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2023/243164","url":null,"abstract":"Potential of auxin and ACC-deaminase producing rhizobia and PGPR-strains was examined to improve soybean growth individually and in combination with L-tryptophan (L-TRP) in two different experiments conducted in a growth chamber. A consortium of selected PGPR and rhizobial strains was prepared by following the compatibility test. These bacteria were also evaluated for improving soybean growth along with different levels of L-TRP. Bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere and nodules of soybean, and characterized in vitro for their production of ACC-deaminase and auxin. We observed that auxin production for rhizobia and rhizobacteria ranged from 14 to 39 and 2 to 48 µg IAA equivalents mL-1, respectively. Similarly, the ACC-deaminase production potential of rhizobia and rhizobacteria ranged between 0.024 to 3.252 and 0.178 to 3.188 μM α-ketobutyrate μg-1 protein h-1, respectively. In addition, among the different L-TRP levels, 10-3 M was found to be the most significant level. The soybean growth attributes such as shoot length (46 and 30%), root length (42 and 39%), fresh biomass (33 and 34%) and dry biomass (44 and 27%) were increase to the maximum by the inoculation of ‘IRS-13’ and ‘PS-2’ in the presence of 10-3 M L-TRP compared to the uninoculated control. Similarly, in the context of consortium application, the inoculation with bacterial consortium “IRS13-PS1” along with 10-4 M TRP led to maximum increment in shoot length (104%), root length (74%), shoot fresh and dry weights (179 and 138%), shoot and root dry weights (98 and 260%) and fresh weight as well as dry plant biomass (87.5 and 117%) compared to the control. We concluded that PGPR-rhizobial consortium in combination with L-TRP @ 10-4 M can effectively improve soybean growth under axenic conditions.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136100357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immobilization is an efficient method in the remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of fish scale powder, chitin, and chitosan on the growth and chemical composition of rice grown on a soil contaminated with Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni. Results showed that the application of fish scale powder, chitin, and chitosan significantly increased root and shoot dry matter yield of rice, but decreased Pb phytoextraction efficiency. Further, the translocation factor of Ni decreased following the application of fish scale powder and chitosan. Application of fish scale powder decreased Ni, Cd, Zn, and Pb bioavailability in soil. The addition of chitosan caused 56% decrease in shoots Ni concentration as compared to control. Among different amendments, only the application of chitosan had a significant effect on the reduction of Zn content in rice root by 70% as compared to control. Considering that the translocation factors were less than one in all treatments, it can be concluded that biostabilization of the studied metals has occurred. Based on the obtained results, fish scale derivatives including fish scale powder and chitosan play an important role in the removal of heavy metals due to having suitable functional groups. Therefore, it can be deduced that due to the economic feasibility, environmentally friendly, and high metal removal capability of chitosan and fish scale powder, these two amendments are highly recommendable to be applied in multi-metal polluted soils for increasing metals removal and hence decreasing their phytotoxicity.
{"title":"Application of fish scale derivatives in ameliorating the phytotoxicity effects of multi-metal contaminated soil on paddy rice","authors":"Sahar Maleki-Roudposhti, Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei, Abdolmajid Ronaghi, Majid Baghernejad","doi":"10.25252/se/2023/242924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2023/242924","url":null,"abstract":"Immobilization is an efficient method in the remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of fish scale powder, chitin, and chitosan on the growth and chemical composition of rice grown on a soil contaminated with Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni. Results showed that the application of fish scale powder, chitin, and chitosan significantly increased root and shoot dry matter yield of rice, but decreased Pb phytoextraction efficiency. Further, the translocation factor of Ni decreased following the application of fish scale powder and chitosan. Application of fish scale powder decreased Ni, Cd, Zn, and Pb bioavailability in soil. The addition of chitosan caused 56% decrease in shoots Ni concentration as compared to control. Among different amendments, only the application of chitosan had a significant effect on the reduction of Zn content in rice root by 70% as compared to control. Considering that the translocation factors were less than one in all treatments, it can be concluded that biostabilization of the studied metals has occurred. Based on the obtained results, fish scale derivatives including fish scale powder and chitosan play an important role in the removal of heavy metals due to having suitable functional groups. Therefore, it can be deduced that due to the economic feasibility, environmentally friendly, and high metal removal capability of chitosan and fish scale powder, these two amendments are highly recommendable to be applied in multi-metal polluted soils for increasing metals removal and hence decreasing their phytotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136350160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madiha H. Zekry, I. Nassar, Heba Salim, A. Abdallah
The management of disposable diapers is a major problem. Moreover, light-textured soils are characterized by low water holding capacity and excessive drainage, thus significant portion of irrigation water is lost below the root zone. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the potential of recycling disposable baby diapers to conserve soil moisture in light-textures soils. The water absorbency [water absorption capacity (WAC) and water absorption rate (WAR)] of the recovered Super absorbent polymers (SAPs), from diapers, was evaluated and described under different ionic solute strengths (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m) at different time periods. Additionally, several swelling measurements of the SAPs were determined when added to sandy clay loam soil using different levels [0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.6% (w/w)] for five rewetting cycles (over a period of 6 months). As the swelling time increased, the WAC increased, while WAR decreased. However, both WAC and WAR were reduced as the solution salinity increased. The recovered SAPs exhibited WAC of 311.0 and 111.0 g g in solution of 0.0 and 3.0 dS m, respectively. Polynomials functions were used to calculate the equilibrium time and threshold solute concentration for the SAPs. The average equilibrium time was 4.5 minutes and the threshold solute concentration was 2.78 dS m. At SAPs concentration of 1.6%, the water retained by the soil increased by 2.6 folds. The specific amount of water retained (SWR) by SAPs in the SAPs-soil mixture was decreased with repeating wetting, thus, after 6 months, the average WHC of the soil was decreased by 14% compared to initial wetting. The recycling of baby diapers might have a great potential to conserve soil moisture in light soils using water of good quality. However, since the SAPs in diapers are Na based, further research is needed to explorer the impact of such treatment on soil chemical properties.
{"title":"The Potential of super absorbent polymers from diaper wastes to enhance water retention properties of the soil","authors":"Madiha H. Zekry, I. Nassar, Heba Salim, A. Abdallah","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/132058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/132058","url":null,"abstract":"The management of disposable diapers is a major problem. Moreover, light-textured soils are characterized by low water holding capacity and excessive drainage, thus significant portion of irrigation water is lost below the root zone. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the potential of recycling disposable baby diapers to conserve soil moisture in light-textures soils. The water absorbency [water absorption capacity (WAC) and water absorption rate (WAR)] of the recovered Super absorbent polymers (SAPs), from diapers, was evaluated and described under different ionic solute strengths (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m) at different time periods. Additionally, several swelling measurements of the SAPs were determined when added to sandy clay loam soil using different levels [0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.6% (w/w)] for five rewetting cycles (over a period of 6 months). As the swelling time increased, the WAC increased, while WAR decreased. However, both WAC and WAR were reduced as the solution salinity increased. The recovered SAPs exhibited WAC of 311.0 and 111.0 g g in solution of 0.0 and 3.0 dS m, respectively. Polynomials functions were used to calculate the equilibrium time and threshold solute concentration for the SAPs. The average equilibrium time was 4.5 minutes and the threshold solute concentration was 2.78 dS m. At SAPs concentration of 1.6%, the water retained by the soil increased by 2.6 folds. The specific amount of water retained (SWR) by SAPs in the SAPs-soil mixture was decreased with repeating wetting, thus, after 6 months, the average WHC of the soil was decreased by 14% compared to initial wetting. The recycling of baby diapers might have a great potential to conserve soil moisture in light soils using water of good quality. However, since the SAPs in diapers are Na based, further research is needed to explorer the impact of such treatment on soil chemical properties.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47583887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Nadeem, M. Khan, M. Ahmad, M. Mushtaq, K. Qureshi, M. Naveed
Chickpea relies on inoculation with N2-fixing bacteria to fulfill its N requirement. The efficacy of the inoculation process hangs on the success of association between N2-fixing bacteria and Chickpea plants. Seed treatment with insecticides may kill the inoculated bacteria and result in poor establishment and upshot of the symbiosis. Survival efficacy of four rhizobial (Mesorhizobium ciceri) strains (CRI14, CRI20, CRI34 and CRI35) selected on the basis of preliminary study, was evaluated at increasing concentration of imidacloprid (0-200 μg L). Amongst four inoculated strains, the strain CRI20 and CRI35 showed better survival in the presence of Imidacloprid when compared to rest of two. Strain CRI35was able to tolerate insecticide above the recommended dose whereas the strain CRI20 showed relatively less growth at high concentration. So, for as the efficacy of these strains was concerned pertaining to improvement in growth of imidacloprid treated chickpea it was tested in a pot trial. Chickpea seeds were treated with recommended dose of imidacloprid and then inoculated with respective rhizobial strains as per experimental plan. Un-inoculated treated and untreated seeds were also used for comparison. The pots were arranged according to completely randomized design in two sets having three replications each. At flowering, plants from one set were uprooted and data regarding nodulation was recorded, whereas, the data regarding growth and yield parameters was calculated from other set at maturity. The results showed that inoculation not only improved nodulation but also caused a significant increase in growth and yield. Rhizobial strain CRI35 performed better than the other which might be due to its better growth promoting traits in addition to its ability to tolerate insecticide. Therefore, it is suggested to use only those rhizoidal strains that could tolerate agrochemicals and survive well in the rhizosphere and would consequently nodulate legume plants more efficiently.
{"title":"Survival efficacy and potential of Mesorhizobium Ciceri for enhancing the growth and yield of imidacloprid-treated chickpea (Cicer arietinum)","authors":"S. Nadeem, M. Khan, M. Ahmad, M. Mushtaq, K. Qureshi, M. Naveed","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/91830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/91830","url":null,"abstract":"Chickpea relies on inoculation with N2-fixing bacteria to fulfill its N requirement. The efficacy of the inoculation process hangs on the success of association between N2-fixing bacteria and Chickpea plants. Seed treatment with insecticides may kill the inoculated bacteria and result in poor establishment and upshot of the symbiosis. Survival efficacy of four rhizobial (Mesorhizobium ciceri) strains (CRI14, CRI20, CRI34 and CRI35) selected on the basis of preliminary study, was evaluated at increasing concentration of imidacloprid (0-200 μg L). Amongst four inoculated strains, the strain CRI20 and CRI35 showed better survival in the presence of Imidacloprid when compared to rest of two. Strain CRI35was able to tolerate insecticide above the recommended dose whereas the strain CRI20 showed relatively less growth at high concentration. So, for as the efficacy of these strains was concerned pertaining to improvement in growth of imidacloprid treated chickpea it was tested in a pot trial. Chickpea seeds were treated with recommended dose of imidacloprid and then inoculated with respective rhizobial strains as per experimental plan. Un-inoculated treated and untreated seeds were also used for comparison. The pots were arranged according to completely randomized design in two sets having three replications each. At flowering, plants from one set were uprooted and data regarding nodulation was recorded, whereas, the data regarding growth and yield parameters was calculated from other set at maturity. The results showed that inoculation not only improved nodulation but also caused a significant increase in growth and yield. Rhizobial strain CRI35 performed better than the other which might be due to its better growth promoting traits in addition to its ability to tolerate insecticide. Therefore, it is suggested to use only those rhizoidal strains that could tolerate agrochemicals and survive well in the rhizosphere and would consequently nodulate legume plants more efficiently.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42011845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ullah, Soil, Z. Iqbal, S. Mahmood, K. Akhtar, R. Ali
Industrial wastewater contains a variety of contaminants like salts, organic carbon, and heavy metals. Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are considered highly toxic even at low concentration. These metals could enter the food chain through a process of phytoassimilation, hence, lethal for living beings. The present study aimed to investigate Cd and Pb phytoextraction in four grass species viz. Dhab (Desmostachya bipinnata), Sporobolus (Sporobolus arabicus), Kallar (Leptochloa fusca) and Para grass (Brachiaria mutica) from industrial wastewater. The grasses were grown hydroponically in plastic pots in industrial wastewater as growth medium under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Results showed that B. mutica had maximum shoot metal content (Pb = 21, Cd = 0.66 mg kg -1 dry matter), shoot metal uptake (Pb = 201.8, Cd = 6.39 µg plant -1 ), translocation factor (Pb = 0.73, Cd = 0.55), and root and shoot dry matter production. Root Pb concentration was highest in B. mutica followed by D. bipinnata and L. fusca. S. arabicus with depressed growth, minimum shoot metal accumulation and uptake potential. Thereby, B. mutica could be suitable option to remediate industrial wastewater contaminated with moderate levels of Pb and Cd.
工业废水含有各种污染物，如盐、有机碳和重金属。在重金属中，镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)即使在低浓度下也被认为是剧毒的。这些金属可以通过植物同化过程进入食物链，因此对生物是致命的。研究了四种禾本科植物(Dhab (Desmostachya bipinnata)、Sporobolus (Sporobolus arabicus)、Kallar (Leptochloa fusca)和Para grass (Brachiaria mutica))从工业废水中提取Cd和Pb的情况。在温室条件下，以工业废水为生长介质，在塑料盆中水培草。试验采用完全随机设计(CRD)，设3个重复。结果表明，白刺地上部金属含量(Pb = 21, Cd = 0.66 mg kg -1干物质)、地上部金属吸收量(Pb = 201.8, Cd = 6.39µg plant -1)、转运因子(Pb = 0.73, Cd = 0.55)和根、地上部干物质产量最高。根中铅浓度最高的是松柏，其次是双羽松和云杉。生长迟缓，茎部金属积累和吸收潜力最小的阿拉伯杉木。因此，对中等水平的铅、镉污染的工业废水进行修复是一种较好的选择。
{"title":"Phytoextraction potential of different grasses for the uptake of cadmium and lead from industrial wastewater","authors":"S. Ullah, Soil, Z. Iqbal, S. Mahmood, K. Akhtar, R. Ali","doi":"10.25252/se/20/91796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/20/91796","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial wastewater contains a variety of contaminants like salts, organic carbon, and heavy metals. Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are considered highly toxic even at low concentration. These metals could enter the food chain through a process of phytoassimilation, hence, lethal for living beings. The present study aimed to investigate Cd and Pb phytoextraction in four grass species viz. Dhab (Desmostachya bipinnata), Sporobolus (Sporobolus arabicus), Kallar (Leptochloa fusca) and Para grass (Brachiaria mutica) from industrial wastewater. The grasses were grown hydroponically in plastic pots in industrial wastewater as growth medium under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Results showed that B. mutica had maximum shoot metal content (Pb = 21, Cd = 0.66 mg kg -1 dry matter), shoot metal uptake (Pb = 201.8, Cd = 6.39 µg plant -1 ), translocation factor (Pb = 0.73, Cd = 0.55), and root and shoot dry matter production. Root Pb concentration was highest in B. mutica followed by D. bipinnata and L. fusca. S. arabicus with depressed growth, minimum shoot metal accumulation and uptake potential. Thereby, B. mutica could be suitable option to remediate industrial wastewater contaminated with moderate levels of Pb and Cd.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46905361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change and frequent drought events in arid regions present challenges for crop production and food security in many parts of the world. Objectives of the present research were to enhance wheat plant tolerance to water stress by applying regulated irrigation deficit scheme and treating seeds with drought-tolerant substances. A field experiment was carried out to study the impact of three irrigation levels (severe, moderate, and full irrigation) and three seed treatments [control , soaking in salicylic acid (SAA), and soaking in ascorbic acid (ASA)] on yield and its attributes and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat. Moderate water stress significantly decreased total photosynthetic pigments, grain number/spike, spike number/m 2 and grain yield, however, amounts of water saving by this deficit irrigation rate suggested a feasible option for wheat production in water limited environments without unacceptable yield reduction. Treating seeds with SAA or ASA significantly increased total photosynthetic pigments, relative water content, recovery efficiency, grain number/spike and grain yield compared with untreated seeds. The efficacy of deficit irrigation was increased by treating seeds with SAA which was demonstrated by the increased grain number/spike, grain yield/ha and WUE compared to untreated seeds. These results suggest beneficial effects of drought- tolerant substances on enhancing plants’ ability to mitigate the negat ive water stress impacts.
{"title":"Seed treatment for improving wheat productivity under deficit irrigation conditions in arid environment","authors":"AbdAllah M. El-Sanatawy, Abdel Tawab Zedan","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/132078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/132078","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and frequent drought events in arid regions present challenges for crop production and food security in many parts of the world. Objectives of the present research were to enhance wheat plant tolerance to water stress by applying regulated irrigation deficit scheme and treating seeds with drought-tolerant substances. A field experiment was carried out to study the impact of three irrigation levels (severe, moderate, and full irrigation) and three seed treatments [control , soaking in salicylic acid (SAA), and soaking in ascorbic acid (ASA)] on yield and its attributes and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat. Moderate water stress significantly decreased total photosynthetic pigments, grain number/spike, spike number/m 2 and grain yield, however, amounts of water saving by this deficit irrigation rate suggested a feasible option for wheat production in water limited environments without unacceptable yield reduction. Treating seeds with SAA or ASA significantly increased total photosynthetic pigments, relative water content, recovery efficiency, grain number/spike and grain yield compared with untreated seeds. The efficacy of deficit irrigation was increased by treating seeds with SAA which was demonstrated by the increased grain number/spike, grain yield/ha and WUE compared to untreated seeds. These results suggest beneficial effects of drought- tolerant substances on enhancing plants’ ability to mitigate the negat ive water stress impacts.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46186381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boron (B) is vital for crops and helps in grain setting, but its deficiency is increasing due to its fixation in calcareous soils of Pakistan which results in premature opening of spikelets and failure of grain production in wheat thus leading to the reduced crop yield and economic return. To overcome this problem, a field trial was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, University of Agriculture Faisalabad for analyzing the effectiveness of different levels of B spray on wheat. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used for allocation of treatments. Treatments included were eight levels of B (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%) along with water spray and control (without any treatment). Boron solution of different concentrations was prepared by dissolving required quantity of boric acid in water. Foliar application of 1.5% B solution produced maximum spike length (12.66 cm), grains spike -1 (50), seed index/1000-grains weight (35g), biological yield (9.85 t ha -1 ), grain yield (4.72 t ha -1 ), harvest index (47.88 %), proteins (11.90 %), carbohydrates (66.96%) and benefit to cost ratio (1.31) when compared with all other levels. Overall, it is depicted that 1.5% B applied by foliar spray at booting stage triggered both yield and quality of wheat.
硼(B)对作物至关重要，有助于结粒，但由于它在巴基斯坦的钙质土壤中固定，导致小麦颖花过早开放和粮食生产失败，从而导致作物产量和经济回报下降，硼的缺乏正在增加。为了克服这一问题，在费萨拉巴德农业大学农学研究农场进行了田间试验，分析了不同水平的B菌喷雾对小麦的效果。采用3个重复的随机完全区组设计(RCBD)进行治疗分配。处理方法为8个水平(0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%、3.5%、4%)，同时进行喷水和防治(不作任何处理)。将一定量的硼酸溶于水中，制备出不同浓度的硼溶液。与其他水平相比，叶面施用1.5% B溶液产生最大穗长(12.66 cm)、穗数-1(50)、种子指数/千粒重(35g)、生物产量(9.85 t ha -1)、籽粒产量(4.72 t ha -1)、收获指数(47.88%)、蛋白质(11.90%)、碳水化合物(66.96%)和成本效益比(1.31)。综上所述，孕穗期叶面喷施1.5% B对小麦产量和品质均有促进作用。
{"title":"Foliar application of boron improved the yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a calcareous field","authors":"M. Saleem, M. Tahir, T. Ahmad, M. Tahir","doi":"10.25252/se/20/132047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/20/132047","url":null,"abstract":"Boron (B) is vital for crops and helps in grain setting, but its deficiency is increasing due to its fixation in calcareous soils of Pakistan which results in premature opening of spikelets and failure of grain production in wheat thus leading to the reduced crop yield and economic return. To overcome this problem, a field trial was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, University of Agriculture Faisalabad for analyzing the effectiveness of different levels of B spray on wheat. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used for allocation of treatments. Treatments included were eight levels of B (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%) along with water spray and control (without any treatment). Boron solution of different concentrations was prepared by dissolving required quantity of boric acid in water. Foliar application of 1.5% B solution produced maximum spike length (12.66 cm), grains spike -1 (50), seed index/1000-grains weight (35g), biological yield (9.85 t ha -1 ), grain yield (4.72 t ha -1 ), harvest index (47.88 %), proteins (11.90 %), carbohydrates (66.96%) and benefit to cost ratio (1.31) when compared with all other levels. Overall, it is depicted that 1.5% B applied by foliar spray at booting stage triggered both yield and quality of wheat.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46259465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mahboob, M. Shoaib, M. Manzoor, M. Arshad, Ijaz Mahboob, H. Habib, M. Akram
Lower fertilizer use efficiency coupled with conventional irrigation methods has been the issue of agricultural production system in Pakistan contributing to lower crop yields. In this backdrop, an experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of drip-fertigation using different rates of N, P and K fertilizers i.e., F 100 (100% of recommended), F 75 (75% of recommended), F 50 (50% of recommended) and F 25 (25% of recommended) on hybrid maize in autumn and spring growing season. Results suggested that number of final harvested plants ha -1 decreased by 4.9% in autumn and 5.85% in spring season as fertilizer rates decreased from F 100 to F 25 while decrease in ears ha -1 was 5.9% and 6.05%, respectively. Plant and ear height remained stable with decrease in fertilizer rate from F 100 to F 50 . On average with F 25 , crop reached maturity 2 days earlier in both autumn and spring seasons, respectively, against F 100 . Ear length and number of grains row -1 showed an increasing trend with increasing fertigation rate. Number of rows ear -1 showed significant response only in one growing instance out of four. In both seasons, crop produced or sustained highest fresh ear weight and grain yield (kg ha -1 ) at F 75 indicating that a further increment of 25% nutrients (F 100 ) would be an excessive rate. Protein and oil % were also higher at F 75 treatment in both seasons. Partial factor productivity (PFP) showed a negative relation with increasing fertigation rate however higher PFP values at lower fertilizer rates were economically ineffective. In conclusion, application of 75% of the recommended N, P and K fertilizers through drip fertigation optimized the grain yield and quality of maize in Punjab.
较低的肥料利用率加上传统的灌溉方法一直是巴基斯坦农业生产系统的问题，导致作物产量下降。在此背景下，本试验研究了不同氮、磷、钾用量(f100(100%推荐用量)、f75(75%推荐用量)、f50(50%推荐用量)和f25(25%推荐用量)对杂交玉米秋春生长季滴灌施肥的影响。结果表明，随着施肥量从100 ~ 25，秋季和春季最终收获株数分别减少4.9%和5.85%，穗数分别减少5.9%和6.05%。株高和穗高随施肥量在f100 ~ f50范围内的降低而保持稳定。与f100相比，f25在秋季和春季的平均成熟时间分别提前了2天。穗长和第1行籽粒数随施肥量的增加呈增加趋势。行数穗-1仅在1 / 4的生长实例中表现出显著的响应。在这两个季节，作物在f75时产生或维持最高的鲜穗重和籽粒产量(kg ha -1)，这表明进一步增加25%的养分(f100)将是过量的。两季f75处理的蛋白质和油百分比均较高。部分要素生产率(PFP)与施肥量的增加呈负相关，但在低施肥量下，较高的PFP值在经济上是无效的。综上所述，在旁遮普地区，75%的N、P、K推荐量通过滴灌方式施用可使玉米产量和品质得到优化。
{"title":"Improving yield and quality of maize by different drip-fertigation rates of N, P and K fertilizers","authors":"A. Mahboob, M. Shoaib, M. Manzoor, M. Arshad, Ijaz Mahboob, H. Habib, M. Akram","doi":"10.25252/se/20/132080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/20/132080","url":null,"abstract":"Lower fertilizer use efficiency coupled with conventional irrigation methods has been the issue of agricultural production system in Pakistan contributing to lower crop yields. In this backdrop, an experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of drip-fertigation using different rates of N, P and K fertilizers i.e., F 100 (100% of recommended), F 75 (75% of recommended), F 50 (50% of recommended) and F 25 (25% of recommended) on hybrid maize in autumn and spring growing season. Results suggested that number of final harvested plants ha -1 decreased by 4.9% in autumn and 5.85% in spring season as fertilizer rates decreased from F 100 to F 25 while decrease in ears ha -1 was 5.9% and 6.05%, respectively. Plant and ear height remained stable with decrease in fertilizer rate from F 100 to F 50 . On average with F 25 , crop reached maturity 2 days earlier in both autumn and spring seasons, respectively, against F 100 . Ear length and number of grains row -1 showed an increasing trend with increasing fertigation rate. Number of rows ear -1 showed significant response only in one growing instance out of four. In both seasons, crop produced or sustained highest fresh ear weight and grain yield (kg ha -1 ) at F 75 indicating that a further increment of 25% nutrients (F 100 ) would be an excessive rate. Protein and oil % were also higher at F 75 treatment in both seasons. Partial factor productivity (PFP) showed a negative relation with increasing fertigation rate however higher PFP values at lower fertilizer rates were economically ineffective. In conclusion, application of 75% of the recommended N, P and K fertilizers through drip fertigation optimized the grain yield and quality of maize in Punjab.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45149673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Basga, J. Temga, D. Tsozué, A. Gove, Bourou Sali, J. Nguetnkam
Knowledge of the combining effect of agricultural practices and slope on soil erodibility is important to promote their suitable use and constitutes a key parameter for their sustainable conservation. The aim of this study was to characterize vertisols from the Logone floodplain and evaluate their erodibility in relation to the agricultural practices and slope in order to suggest the well managing strategies to be diffused. Vertisols were characterized by describing their profile type and their erodibility was assessed by sampling topsoils at 3 positions along a toposequence (upslope, midslope and footslope). Erodibility indexes were computed by exploiting physicochemical data. The studied vertisols were classified as gleyic Vertisols. They are clayey (19-42% of clay), slightly basic (pH~7.3) and display high organic matter (OM) content and cation exchange capacity. Smectites and kaolinite were the main clay minerals associated with quartz. The water dispersible clay, clay dispersion ratio and dispersion ratio diminished from the upslope to the footslope, while clay aggregation showed an opposite trend. Hence, vertisols from the upslope and midslope cropped were more erodible than those from the not cropped footslope. From the statistical analysis, it appeared that Na + , Ca ++ and K + contributed to vertisols erodibility while Mg ++ , OM and amorphous Fe promoted aggregate stability. Managing these vertisols will tend to limit N and K rich inputs (urea and NPK fertilizers); control liming strategies and encourage substantial OM inputs. No-tillage or minimum tillage oriented perpendicularly to the slope are the practices to be implemented.
{"title":"Erodibility of Vertisols in relation to agricultural practices along a toposequence in the Logone floodplain","authors":"S. Basga, J. Temga, D. Tsozué, A. Gove, Bourou Sali, J. Nguetnkam","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/101855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/101855","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of the combining effect of agricultural practices and slope on soil erodibility is important to promote their suitable use and constitutes a key parameter for their sustainable conservation. The aim of this study was to characterize vertisols from the Logone floodplain and evaluate their erodibility in relation to the agricultural practices and slope in order to suggest the well managing strategies to be diffused. Vertisols were characterized by describing their profile type and their erodibility was assessed by sampling topsoils at 3 positions along a toposequence (upslope, midslope and footslope). Erodibility indexes were computed by exploiting physicochemical data. The studied vertisols were classified as gleyic Vertisols. They are clayey (19-42% of clay), slightly basic (pH~7.3) and display high organic matter (OM) content and cation exchange capacity. Smectites and kaolinite were the main clay minerals associated with quartz. The water dispersible clay, clay dispersion ratio and dispersion ratio diminished from the upslope to the footslope, while clay aggregation showed an opposite trend. Hence, vertisols from the upslope and midslope cropped were more erodible than those from the not cropped footslope. From the statistical analysis, it appeared that Na + , Ca ++ and K + contributed to vertisols erodibility while Mg ++ , OM and amorphous Fe promoted aggregate stability. Managing these vertisols will tend to limit N and K rich inputs (urea and NPK fertilizers); control liming strategies and encourage substantial OM inputs. No-tillage or minimum tillage oriented perpendicularly to the slope are the practices to be implemented.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41801388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was conducted to model several chemical properties of shallow well waters and to investigate the spatial variability of these properties in different regions over two provinces in Iraq - Wasit and Dhi-Qar. Eleven wells were chosen to evaluate the quality of their water and its suitability for agricultural, civil engineering and human applications and uses. Samples were taken in January 2018 from Giazna (1, 2, 3, and 4 ), Karthiya, Badra, Dujaili, Shaikhsaad, Muwafaqiya, Hay, in Wasit province and from Fajr in Dhi-Qar province. The water samples were subjected to chemical analysis to measure the concentrations of sodium (Na 1+ ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), pH, electrical conductivity (Ec), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results were undergone several descriptive statistics Minimum (Min.), Maximum (Max.), standard deviation (std), skewness (skew.), and Kurtosis, (Kurt.) and coefficient of variation (CV%). Mathematical models were generated using Data Fit (9.3) software to predict sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) depending on chemical properties. The predicted values of SAR and ESP were validated using several validation indices including the factor of determination R 2 , root mean squared error (RMSE), absolute mean error (MAE), relative error (RE), correlation coefficient (r) and standard error (s). A GIS program was used to map the studied chemical properties. The results showed that the SAR model (SAR = a 1 × Na 1+ + a 2 × Ca 2+ + a 3 × Mg 2+ + a 4 × ESP + a 5 × X east + a 6 × Y north + a 7 ) which with (R 2 =0.999, SEE=5.30, RMSE=0.000, MAE=0.000, and RE=0.000) and the ESP model (ESP = Exp(a 1 × Na 1+ + a 2 × Ca 2+ + a 3 × Mg 2+ + a 4 × X east + a 5 × Y north + a 6 )) which with ( R 2 =0.9827, SEE=5.55, RMSE=0.037,MAE=0.026 and RE=0.003) were the best for predicting SAR and ESP values for the selected wells. The Well water quality index (WWQI) was determined and accordingly the water was classified as poor. As a result, the water of the studied wells was considered unsuitable for human consumption as drinking water and irrigation; except the well of Fajr which was found critically suitable for irrigation purposes.
{"title":"Modelling and variability of selected chemical properties of shallow water wells using GIS in Wasit and Dhi Qar provinces/Iraq","authors":"B. Al-humairi, N. Rahal, A. Jebur","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/111977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/111977","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to model several chemical properties of shallow well waters and to investigate the spatial variability of these properties in different regions over two provinces in Iraq - Wasit and Dhi-Qar. Eleven wells were chosen to evaluate the quality of their water and its suitability for agricultural, civil engineering and human applications and uses. Samples were taken in January 2018 from Giazna (1, 2, 3, and 4 ), Karthiya, Badra, Dujaili, Shaikhsaad, Muwafaqiya, Hay, in Wasit province and from Fajr in Dhi-Qar province. The water samples were subjected to chemical analysis to measure the concentrations of sodium (Na 1+ ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), pH, electrical conductivity (Ec), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results were undergone several descriptive statistics Minimum (Min.), Maximum (Max.), standard deviation (std), skewness (skew.), and Kurtosis, (Kurt.) and coefficient of variation (CV%). Mathematical models were generated using Data Fit (9.3) software to predict sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) depending on chemical properties. The predicted values of SAR and ESP were validated using several validation indices including the factor of determination R 2 , root mean squared error (RMSE), absolute mean error (MAE), relative error (RE), correlation coefficient (r) and standard error (s). A GIS program was used to map the studied chemical properties. The results showed that the SAR model (SAR = a 1 × Na 1+ + a 2 × Ca 2+ + a 3 × Mg 2+ + a 4 × ESP + a 5 × X east + a 6 × Y north + a 7 ) which with (R 2 =0.999, SEE=5.30, RMSE=0.000, MAE=0.000, and RE=0.000) and the ESP model (ESP = Exp(a 1 × Na 1+ + a 2 × Ca 2+ + a 3 × Mg 2+ + a 4 × X east + a 5 × Y north + a 6 )) which with ( R 2 =0.9827, SEE=5.55, RMSE=0.037,MAE=0.026 and RE=0.003) were the best for predicting SAR and ESP values for the selected wells. The Well water quality index (WWQI) was determined and accordingly the water was classified as poor. As a result, the water of the studied wells was considered unsuitable for human consumption as drinking water and irrigation; except the well of Fajr which was found critically suitable for irrigation purposes.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48511272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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