R. Binyamin, S. Nadeem, S. Akhtar, M. Khan, Romana Anjum
Just like animals and human beings, plants also accommodate a countless number of microorganisms as hosts. Microorganisms enjoy this hospitality by developing an interaction with the plants either in a synergistic way benefiting each other or in an antagonistic manner damaging their hosts. Such types of mutualistic and pathogenic interactions also take place among microbial community. Proteins, metabolites and certain molecular mechanisms determine whether the intruder is a symbiotic or pathogenic microorganism. Various bacteria and fungi interact symbiotically and play significant role in plant growth promotion. Certain species of fungi, oomycetes, bacteria and nematodes are also pathogenic in nature and cause impact on soil and plant. Soil serves as a big substrate for microbial community, which are important in a number of ways owing to their role in mineralization, nutrient availability and are sources of industrial products such as enzymes, hormones, antibiotics, vitamins etc. This review will improve our understanding about relationships between plants and their microbial friends and foes. The mechanisms adopted by soil microbes to contribute in the betterment of soil leading towards enhanced plant growth as well as pathogenicity caused by these microbes have also been discussed. Recent advances to recognize the molecular mechanisms involved in such interactions have also been discussed. Recent advances made in this field and the areas needing further research have also been mentioned.
{"title":"Beneficial and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions: A review","authors":"R. Binyamin, S. Nadeem, S. Akhtar, M. Khan, Romana Anjum","doi":"10.25252/se/19/71659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/71659","url":null,"abstract":"Just like animals and human beings, plants also accommodate a countless number of microorganisms as hosts. Microorganisms enjoy this hospitality by developing an interaction with the plants either in a synergistic way benefiting each other or in an antagonistic manner damaging their hosts. Such types of mutualistic and pathogenic interactions also take place among microbial community. Proteins, metabolites and certain molecular mechanisms determine whether the intruder is a symbiotic or pathogenic microorganism. Various bacteria and fungi interact symbiotically and play significant role in plant growth promotion. Certain species of fungi, oomycetes, bacteria and nematodes are also pathogenic in nature and cause impact on soil and plant. Soil serves as a big substrate for microbial community, which are important in a number of ways owing to their role in mineralization, nutrient availability and are sources of industrial products such as enzymes, hormones, antibiotics, vitamins etc. This review will improve our understanding about relationships between plants and their microbial friends and foes. The mechanisms adopted by soil microbes to contribute in the betterment of soil leading towards enhanced plant growth as well as pathogenicity caused by these microbes have also been discussed. Recent advances to recognize the molecular mechanisms involved in such interactions have also been discussed. Recent advances made in this field and the areas needing further research have also been mentioned.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43698027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An in-depth knowledge on the soil thermal properties under different soil solarization techniques is essential for soil treatment against soil-borne pathogens. This paper presents an investigation on effects of different soil solarization materials on soil thermal properties, organic matter and aggregate stability under field conditions. This study evaluates three materials: translucent whitish plastic (TWP), transparent nylon (TN) and black nylon (BN) each at three thickness levels (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mm) and control (bare soil). The parameters investigated in this study included soil temperature, organic matter, bulk density, volumetric moisture content, thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity, heat flux, thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity. The results showed that the soil solarization materials varying in thickness influenced the soil heat energy transfer and had a significant effect on soil bulk density and volumetric moisture content. The results revealed that transparent nylon at a thickness of 0.05 mm recorded the highest soil temperature (62C) and was significantly higher than black nylon at a thickness of 0.15 mm (44C) and the bare soil (41C). Transparent nylon at a thickness of 0.05 mm also recorded the highest organic matter content (19.60 g kg). The bulk density of the bare soil (1.57 Mg m) was significantly higher than the bulk densities of soils covered with solarization materials. Transparent nylon at thickness of 0.05 mm had the highest volumetric moisture content (0.116 m m) while translucent whitish plastic at a thickness of 0.15 mm recorded the lowest (0.401 m m). Transparent nylon at a thickness of 0.05 mm transmitted the highest quantity of heat through a unit length of soil per unit cross-sectional area (2.50 W mk). The variation in volumetric heat capacity between the solarization materials was highly noted in transparent nylon (TN) at a thickness of 0.05 mm (2.65 J (mK)) and less in bare soil (control) with a value of (1.65 J (mK)). Transparent nylon with thickness of 0.05 mm transferred the highest heat per unit area of soil (42338.25 W.m), while bare soil transferred the lowest. The highest thermal diffusivity (1.35 ms) was recorded in the soil with no solarization material. The soil under transparent nylon with thickness of 0.05 mm recorded the highest exchange of thermal energy (2.57 Jm K S) with the environment and was significantly higher than other solarization materials. The transparent nylon had the highest soil macro aggregate stability. This study will help farmers in terms of choice and adoption of affordable conservation methods in treating the soil against soil-borne pathogens.
深入了解不同土壤日光处理技术下的土壤热特性，对于防治土传病原体至关重要。本文研究了不同土壤防晒材料在田间条件下对土壤热性质、有机质和团聚体稳定性的影响。本研究评估了三种材料：半透明白色塑料（TWP）、透明尼龙（TN）和黑色尼龙（BN），每种材料的厚度分别为0.05、0.10和0.15 mm，对照材料为裸土。本研究中研究的参数包括土壤温度、有机质、体积密度、体积含水量、热导率、体积热容、热通量、热扩散率和热渗出率。结果表明，不同厚度的土壤日晒材料对土壤热能传递有影响，对土壤容重和体积含水率有显著影响。结果表明，厚度为0.05毫米的透明尼龙记录了最高的土壤温度（62摄氏度），显著高于厚度为0.15毫米的黑色尼龙（44摄氏度）和裸露土壤（41摄氏度）。厚度为0.05mm的透明尼龙也记录了最高的有机物含量（19.60g/kg）。裸露土壤的体积密度（1.57 Mg m）显著高于覆盖有日光材料的土壤的体积浓度。厚度为0.05mm的透明尼龙具有最高的体积含水量（0.116mm），而厚度为0.15mm的半透明白色塑料记录最低（0.401mm）。厚度为0.05 mm的透明尼龙在单位横截面积（2.50 W mk）内通过单位长度的土壤传输的热量最高。在厚度为0.05mm（2.65J（mK））的透明尼龙（TN）中，高度注意到日光化材料之间的体积热容的变化，而在裸土（对照）中，其值为（1.65J（m K））。厚度为0.05 mm的透明尼龙单位面积土壤传递的热量最高（42338.25 W.m），而裸土传递的热量最低。在没有日晒材料的土壤中记录到最高的热扩散率（1.35ms）。厚度为0.05 mm的透明尼龙下的土壤与环境的热能交换最高（2.57 Jm K S），显著高于其他日晒材料。透明尼龙具有最高的土壤宏观团聚体稳定性。这项研究将帮助农民选择和采用负担得起的保护方法来处理土壤以对抗土壤传播的病原体。
{"title":"Variation in soil thermal properties under different soil solarization materials varying in thickness under field conditions in Nigeria","authors":"O. Mang, Ikhuoria Onomen Christiana","doi":"10.25252/se/19/71626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/71626","url":null,"abstract":"An in-depth knowledge on the soil thermal properties under different soil solarization techniques is essential for soil treatment against soil-borne pathogens. This paper presents an investigation on effects of different soil solarization materials on soil thermal properties, organic matter and aggregate stability under field conditions. This study evaluates three materials: translucent whitish plastic (TWP), transparent nylon (TN) and black nylon (BN) each at three thickness levels (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mm) and control (bare soil). The parameters investigated in this study included soil temperature, organic matter, bulk density, volumetric moisture content, thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity, heat flux, thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity. The results showed that the soil solarization materials varying in thickness influenced the soil heat energy transfer and had a significant effect on soil bulk density and volumetric moisture content. The results revealed that transparent nylon at a thickness of 0.05 mm recorded the highest soil temperature (62C) and was significantly higher than black nylon at a thickness of 0.15 mm (44C) and the bare soil (41C). Transparent nylon at a thickness of 0.05 mm also recorded the highest organic matter content (19.60 g kg). The bulk density of the bare soil (1.57 Mg m) was significantly higher than the bulk densities of soils covered with solarization materials. Transparent nylon at thickness of 0.05 mm had the highest volumetric moisture content (0.116 m m) while translucent whitish plastic at a thickness of 0.15 mm recorded the lowest (0.401 m m). Transparent nylon at a thickness of 0.05 mm transmitted the highest quantity of heat through a unit length of soil per unit cross-sectional area (2.50 W mk). The variation in volumetric heat capacity between the solarization materials was highly noted in transparent nylon (TN) at a thickness of 0.05 mm (2.65 J (mK)) and less in bare soil (control) with a value of (1.65 J (mK)). Transparent nylon with thickness of 0.05 mm transferred the highest heat per unit area of soil (42338.25 W.m), while bare soil transferred the lowest. The highest thermal diffusivity (1.35 ms) was recorded in the soil with no solarization material. The soil under transparent nylon with thickness of 0.05 mm recorded the highest exchange of thermal energy (2.57 Jm K S) with the environment and was significantly higher than other solarization materials. The transparent nylon had the highest soil macro aggregate stability. This study will help farmers in terms of choice and adoption of affordable conservation methods in treating the soil against soil-borne pathogens.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44443772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Yunas, Soil, S. M. Mehdi, Obaid ur Rehman, Sarfraz Ahmed, S. Afzal, B. Ahmad
Soil testing for physical and chemical characteristics of a soil is key in assessment of a soil fertility that leads to productivity of a soil. A total of 11231 soil samples from six tehsils of Attock district were collected during five years (2012-17). Samples were analyzed for different parameters like pH, EC (1:10), texture, organic matter, Olsen Phosphorus and NH4-acetate extractable Potassium. As regards pH, 98% samples ranged between 7.5-8.5 while 97% samples were normal with respect to salinity/sodicity (ECe<4 dSm and SAR<15). Similarly 22% samples were light and 78% were medium in texture. Soils (96% ) were poor in organic matter (<0.86%) while 99% had available phosphorus <7 mg kg. 1362 soil samples were also analyzed for potassium showing poor in 31% samples (<80 mg kg ) while 69% samples lie in satisfactory to adequate range (81-180 mg kg). Depending upon the soil analysis, farmers were guided for fertilizer recommendations according to climate suitability, crop/orchard/vegetable and water/rainfall conditions as being implemented throughout the rain fed conditions of the Punjab by the Directorate of Soil Fertility, Thokar Niaz Beg, Lahore.
{"title":"Short communication: Soil characteristics in Attock district","authors":"M. Yunas, Soil, S. M. Mehdi, Obaid ur Rehman, Sarfraz Ahmed, S. Afzal, B. Ahmad","doi":"10.25252/se/19/111979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/111979","url":null,"abstract":"Soil testing for physical and chemical characteristics of a soil is key in assessment of a soil fertility that leads to productivity of a soil. A total of 11231 soil samples from six tehsils of Attock district were collected during five years (2012-17). Samples were analyzed for different parameters like pH, EC (1:10), texture, organic matter, Olsen Phosphorus and NH4-acetate extractable Potassium. As regards pH, 98% samples ranged between 7.5-8.5 while 97% samples were normal with respect to salinity/sodicity (ECe<4 dSm and SAR<15). Similarly 22% samples were light and 78% were medium in texture. Soils (96% ) were poor in organic matter (<0.86%) while 99% had available phosphorus <7 mg kg. 1362 soil samples were also analyzed for potassium showing poor in 31% samples (<80 mg kg ) while 69% samples lie in satisfactory to adequate range (81-180 mg kg). Depending upon the soil analysis, farmers were guided for fertilizer recommendations according to climate suitability, crop/orchard/vegetable and water/rainfall conditions as being implemented throughout the rain fed conditions of the Punjab by the Directorate of Soil Fertility, Thokar Niaz Beg, Lahore.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43065601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ullah, Soil, Faisalabad Pakistan. Biology, M. Ashraf, H. Asghar, Z. Iqbal, R. Ali
{"title":"Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria mediated amelioration of drought in crop plants: A Review","authors":"S. Ullah, Soil, Faisalabad Pakistan. Biology, M. Ashraf, H. Asghar, Z. Iqbal, R. Ali","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71760","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45781604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) encompasses a spectrum of inherited disorders that lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There is no cure for PKD and current treatment options are limited to renal replacement therapy and transplantation. A better understanding of the pathobiology of PKD is needed for the development of new, less invasive treatments. The Lewis Polycystic Kidney (LPK) rat phenotype has been characterized and classified as a model of nephronophthisis (NPHP9, caused by mutation of the Nek8 gene) for which polycystic kidneys are one of the main pathologic features. The aim of this study was to use a GC–MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach to determine key biochemical changes in kidney and liver tissue of the LPK rat. Tissues from 16-week old LPK (n = 10) and Lewis age- and sex-matched control animals (n = 11) were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished signal corrected metabolite profiles from Lewis and LPK rats for kidney (PC-1 77%) and liver (PC-1 46%) tissue. There were marked differences in the metabolite profiles of the kidney tissues with 122 deconvoluted features significantly different between the LPK and Lewis strains. The metabolite profiles were less marked between strains for liver samples with 30 features significantly different. Five biochemical pathways showed three or more significantly altered metabolites: transcription/translation, arginine and proline metabolism, alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid metabolism, the citric acid cycle, and the urea cycle. The results of this study validate and complement the current literature and are consistent with the understood pathobiology of PKD.
{"title":"Optimizing zinc seed coating treatments for improving growth, productivity and grain biofortification of mungbean","authors":"Muhammad Umar Haider, M. Hussain, M. Farooq","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/81773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/81773","url":null,"abstract":"Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) encompasses a spectrum of inherited disorders that lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There is no cure for PKD and current treatment options are limited to renal replacement therapy and transplantation. A better understanding of the pathobiology of PKD is needed for the development of new, less invasive treatments. The Lewis Polycystic Kidney (LPK) rat phenotype has been characterized and classified as a model of nephronophthisis (NPHP9, caused by mutation of the Nek8 gene) for which polycystic kidneys are one of the main pathologic features. The aim of this study was to use a GC–MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach to determine key biochemical changes in kidney and liver tissue of the LPK rat. Tissues from 16-week old LPK (n = 10) and Lewis age- and sex-matched control animals (n = 11) were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished signal corrected metabolite profiles from Lewis and LPK rats for kidney (PC-1 77%) and liver (PC-1 46%) tissue. There were marked differences in the metabolite profiles of the kidney tissues with 122 deconvoluted features significantly different between the LPK and Lewis strains. The metabolite profiles were less marked between strains for liver samples with 30 features significantly different. Five biochemical pathways showed three or more significantly altered metabolites: transcription/translation, arginine and proline metabolism, alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid metabolism, the citric acid cycle, and the urea cycle. The results of this study validate and complement the current literature and are consistent with the understood pathobiology of PKD.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42911667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Ivashchenko, N. Ananyeva, V. Vasenev, S. Sushko, A. Seleznyova, V. Kudeyarov
Urbanization has various strong effects on soil processes. Despite an increasing number of studies focused on soil carbon (C) distribution and stocks within cities, the C and nutrient availability to microorganisms and their capacity to decompose organic matter remain nearly unknown. The factors responsible for these processes in megacities are characterized by a very high spatial heterogeneity and therefore, their effects should be investigated as related to specific environmental conditions – common for urban functional zones. This study focuses on the examination of the texture, C, available phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK), mineral nitrogen, pH, and heavy metals (HMs) contents considering microbial C-availability (ratio of microbial biomass to C) and organic matter decomposition (BR) in soils of Moscow megapolis. The sampling sites were referred to recreational, residential and industrial zones. In the industrial and residential zones, the pH, AK, AP, and HMs were increased compared to recreational. Concurrently, the microbial С-availability and BR were much less in these zones. The high pH and AP content had negative effects on the BR for all soils. Soil segregation into groups (C-poor and C-rich, light texture and heavy texture) reduced heterogeneity and showed the additional patterns. In C-poor soils, the AP effect on BR was confirmed, but not of pH. The AK and Cu contents had negative effects on C-availability for C-poor and light soils, respectively. We conclude that careful control of the soil phosphorus and potassium contents as well as texture is necessary for planning the soil construction in megacities to consider their optimal functioning.
{"title":"Microbial C-availability and organic matter decomposition in urban soils of megapolis depend on functional zoning","authors":"K. Ivashchenko, N. Ananyeva, V. Vasenev, S. Sushko, A. Seleznyova, V. Kudeyarov","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/61524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/61524","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization has various strong effects on soil processes. Despite an increasing number of studies focused on soil carbon (C) distribution and stocks within cities, the C and nutrient availability to microorganisms and their capacity to decompose organic matter remain nearly unknown. The factors responsible for these processes in megacities are characterized by a very high spatial heterogeneity and therefore, their effects should be investigated as related to specific environmental conditions – common for urban functional zones. This study focuses on the examination of the texture, C, available phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK), mineral nitrogen, pH, and heavy metals (HMs) contents considering microbial C-availability (ratio of microbial biomass to C) and organic matter decomposition (BR) in soils of Moscow megapolis. The sampling sites were referred to recreational, residential and industrial zones. In the industrial and residential zones, the pH, AK, AP, and HMs were increased compared to recreational. Concurrently, the microbial С-availability and BR were much less in these zones. The high pH and AP content had negative effects on the BR for all soils. Soil segregation into groups (C-poor and C-rich, light texture and heavy texture) reduced heterogeneity and showed the additional patterns. In C-poor soils, the AP effect on BR was confirmed, but not of pH. The AK and Cu contents had negative effects on C-availability for C-poor and light soils, respectively. We conclude that careful control of the soil phosphorus and potassium contents as well as texture is necessary for planning the soil construction in megacities to consider their optimal functioning.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43779672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ijaz, A. Sher, A. Sattar, Muhammad Shahid, A. Nawaz, S. Ul-Allah, M. Tahir, S. Ahmad, M. Saqib
Sustainable improvement of yield under limited land resources is a challenge for future food security and types and techniques of fertilization are critical for this challenge. In this view, a 2-year study was conducted to investigate the interaction of nitrogen (N) with salicylic acid and gibberellic acid on productivity and quality of canola (Brassica napus L.) during the year 2014-15 and 2015-16. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot arrangement of treatments where four N levels (60, 80, 100, 120 kg ha -1 ), kept in main plots, and four levels of plant growth regulators PGRs [Control, salicylic acid (100 ppm), gibberellic acid (100 ppm) and combination of the two], kept in sub-plots, and replicated three times. The results indicated that combined application of N and PGRs in either combination improved the morphological/yield parameters, seed yield and seed quality attributes of canola crop. The maximum seed yield of 2230 kg ha -1 was recorded when N application @ 120 kg ha -1 interacted with combine application of salicylic acid and gibberellic acid. The combined application of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid enhanced the seed yield and seed oil contents of canola by 13.3-17.7% and 28.9-29.8%, respectively, than control treatment (no application of salicylic acid and gibberellic acid) during the both years of experimentation. Therefore, to combat emerging food security issues, combined application of salicylic acid and gibberellic acid along with N (at 100/120 kg ha -1 ) will be a practicable option to improve the productivity and quality of canola grown under arid climates.
在有限的土地资源下可持续提高产量是对未来粮食安全的挑战，施肥类型和技术对这一挑战至关重要。基于这一观点，在2014-15年和2015-16年期间，进行了一项为期两年的研究，以研究氮（N）与水杨酸和赤霉酸对油菜（Brassica napus L.）生产力和品质的相互作用。该实验是在处理的分裂地块安排中进行的，其中四个氮水平（60、80、100、120 kg ha-1）保持在主地块中，四个植物生长调节剂PGRs水平[对照、水杨酸（100 ppm）、赤霉酸（100ppm）和两者的组合]保持在子地块中，并重复三次。结果表明，N和PGRs在任一组合中的联合施用都改善了油菜作物的形态/产量参数、种子产量和种子质量属性。当施氮量为120 kg ha-1时，与水杨酸和赤霉酸联合施用时，最高种子产量为2230 kg ha-1。在试验的两年中，赤霉素和水杨酸的联合施用使油菜的种子产量和含油量分别比对照处理（不施用水杨酸和赤霉素）提高了13.3-17.7%和28.9-29.8%。因此，为了解决新出现的粮食安全问题，水杨酸和赤霉酸与氮（100/120公斤公顷-1）的联合施用将是提高干旱气候下种植的油菜籽的生产力和质量的一个切实可行的选择。
{"title":"Response of canola (Brassica napus L.) to exogenous application of nitrogen, salicylic acid and gibberellic acid under an arid climate","authors":"M. Ijaz, A. Sher, A. Sattar, Muhammad Shahid, A. Nawaz, S. Ul-Allah, M. Tahir, S. Ahmad, M. Saqib","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71619","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable improvement of yield under limited land resources is a challenge for future food security and types and techniques of fertilization are critical for this challenge. In this view, a 2-year study was conducted to investigate the interaction of nitrogen (N) with salicylic acid and gibberellic acid on productivity and quality of canola (Brassica napus L.) during the year 2014-15 and 2015-16. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot arrangement of treatments where four N levels (60, 80, 100, 120 kg ha -1 ), kept in main plots, and four levels of plant growth regulators PGRs [Control, salicylic acid (100 ppm), gibberellic acid (100 ppm) and combination of the two], kept in sub-plots, and replicated three times. The results indicated that combined application of N and PGRs in either combination improved the morphological/yield parameters, seed yield and seed quality attributes of canola crop. The maximum seed yield of 2230 kg ha -1 was recorded when N application @ 120 kg ha -1 interacted with combine application of salicylic acid and gibberellic acid. The combined application of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid enhanced the seed yield and seed oil contents of canola by 13.3-17.7% and 28.9-29.8%, respectively, than control treatment (no application of salicylic acid and gibberellic acid) during the both years of experimentation. Therefore, to combat emerging food security issues, combined application of salicylic acid and gibberellic acid along with N (at 100/120 kg ha -1 ) will be a practicable option to improve the productivity and quality of canola grown under arid climates.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49282173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaikh Abdul Latif, Shahrin Sharif, S. Hossain, Mohammad Amirul Islam, I. Mehedi, M. S. Sultana
To assess contamination levels of the heavy metals, concentrations of Sc, Cr, Fe, Co and Zn in surface soils at various locations of southern part of Bangladesh were determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) technique. In this study, concentrations of the Sc, Cr, Fe, Co and Zn elements in surface soil were found in the range of 2.56-16.7 μg/g, 12.9-112 μg/g, 6911-48642 μg/g, 2.59-22.7 μg/g and 37.7-322 μg/g, respectively. The measured concentrations were compared with average concentration of worldwide soil and observed that most of the samples contain much higher concentration of heavy metals except Cr and Fe. Analysis based on soil utilization type showed that the samples collected from roadside and residential area experienced much higher metal contamination than open area. A significant correlation was observed between Cr-Fe, Cr-Co, Cr-Sc, and Co-Sc.
{"title":"Heavy metal contamination of surface soils in southern part of Bangladesh","authors":"Shaikh Abdul Latif, Shahrin Sharif, S. Hossain, Mohammad Amirul Islam, I. Mehedi, M. S. Sultana","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/61505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/61505","url":null,"abstract":"To assess contamination levels of the heavy metals, concentrations of Sc, Cr, Fe, Co and Zn in surface soils at various locations of southern part of Bangladesh were determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) technique. In this study, concentrations of the Sc, Cr, Fe, Co and Zn elements in surface soil were found in the range of 2.56-16.7 μg/g, 12.9-112 μg/g, 6911-48642 μg/g, 2.59-22.7 μg/g and 37.7-322 μg/g, respectively. The measured concentrations were compared with average concentration of worldwide soil and observed that most of the samples contain much higher concentration of heavy metals except Cr and Fe. Analysis based on soil utilization type showed that the samples collected from roadside and residential area experienced much higher metal contamination than open area. A significant correlation was observed between Cr-Fe, Cr-Co, Cr-Sc, and Co-Sc.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45656066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rehman, Wajeeha Afzal, T. Anjum, Hassan Javed Choudhry, S. Ahmad, Mehmood Aslam
Salinity is one of the major environmental threats which damages growth and productivity of the plants. Microbial assistance in such stressful environment is well recognized. Here in this study, we isolated indigenous microbes and investigated their rescuing potential in celery plants grown under salinity stress. Celery is a widely consumed plant in salads. Plants were cultivated under varying levels (5 & 10% in aqueous solution against control) of salinity in the greenhouse with inocula of two isolated strains of rhizobacteria (RB) which were screened from locally collected soil samples. Data (chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, fresh and dry weights of plants, and lengths of root and shoot) were collected and analysed using SPSS. Biochemical isolation of the rhizobacteria was also performed. Plants inoculated with the isolated rhizobacterial strains indicated a statistically significant relief to the stressed plants which resulted in more chlorophylls’ (a, b & total), carotenoid and anthocyanin contents that were at par with control. Post inoculation elongation of root and shoot as well as fresh and dry matter accumulations were enhanced significantly. RB 20 indicated statistically significant relief to the plants compared to RB 10. Bacterial strains screening results showed that strains RB 6 & RB 20 proved their positive relieving strengths in the tests of indole synthesis, siderophore production, phosphorus solubilization, casein hydrolysis, catalase activity, citrate biosynthesis, gelatinase biosynthesis, H 2 O 2 production, motility test, osmotic regulation potential and starch hydrolysis. Hence, these indigenous microbes might be helpful in assisting celery plants grown under salinity conditions.
{"title":"Screening and evaluation of indigenous halo-tolerant microbes for salt stress alleviation in celery (Apium graveolens)","authors":"S. Rehman, Wajeeha Afzal, T. Anjum, Hassan Javed Choudhry, S. Ahmad, Mehmood Aslam","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/91795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/91795","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity is one of the major environmental threats which damages growth and productivity of the plants. Microbial assistance in such stressful environment is well recognized. Here in this study, we isolated indigenous microbes and investigated their rescuing potential in celery plants grown under salinity stress. Celery is a widely consumed plant in salads. Plants were cultivated under varying levels (5 & 10% in aqueous solution against control) of salinity in the greenhouse with inocula of two isolated strains of rhizobacteria (RB) which were screened from locally collected soil samples. Data (chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, fresh and dry weights of plants, and lengths of root and shoot) were collected and analysed using SPSS. Biochemical isolation of the rhizobacteria was also performed. Plants inoculated with the isolated rhizobacterial strains indicated a statistically significant relief to the stressed plants which resulted in more chlorophylls’ (a, b & total), carotenoid and anthocyanin contents that were at par with control. Post inoculation elongation of root and shoot as well as fresh and dry matter accumulations were enhanced significantly. RB 20 indicated statistically significant relief to the plants compared to RB 10. Bacterial strains screening results showed that strains RB 6 & RB 20 proved their positive relieving strengths in the tests of indole synthesis, siderophore production, phosphorus solubilization, casein hydrolysis, catalase activity, citrate biosynthesis, gelatinase biosynthesis, H 2 O 2 production, motility test, osmotic regulation potential and starch hydrolysis. Hence, these indigenous microbes might be helpful in assisting celery plants grown under salinity conditions.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45191839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. I. Chidozie, Irokwe Frida Ifeanyi, Okafor Maduabuchi Johnbosco, Irondi Aaron Onyekachi, C. Anthony, Okeke Obinna, Njoku Ugochi Gift, Dibofori George, Agbugba Stanly Emeka, T. Raza, M. Glory
The study assessed hydraulic conductivity and soil quality of some tropical soils of Nigeria. Field studies were carried out in eight Local Government Areas of Imo State with contrasting land use and similar lithology (coastal plain sands). These included Owerri west (Bare fallow) Mbaitoli (Industrial Area), Owerri Municipal (Residential Area), Ohaji/Egbema (Cassava Cultivated), Ikeduru (Oil Palm Plantation), Ngor-Okpala (Continuous Cultivated), Aboh–Mbaise (Excavated Site) and Owerri North (Bush Fallow/Control). Top soil samples of 0-20cm were collected from each land use type. Soil sample was also collected in fallow plot as a tool for comparison. Soil samples were air dried and sieved for standard laboratory analysis. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results showed nutrient depletion in soils of all land uses compared to the fallow plot. Sand content (812.3g/kg) dominated the texture of all soils studied. All soils studied had slightly acidic soil reaction with mean value of 4.73. With regard to hydraulic conductivity, following the land degradation index (LDI,) high land degradation was observed in the excavated site (-92.9), Residential Area (-87.3) and Industrial Area (-84.1) with corresponding higher bulk densities and lower soil porosity compared to other soils .Generally, soils of the excavated site were highly degraded, followed by the residential area, industrial area, continuous cultivated area, cassava cultivated plot, oil palm plantaion and bare fallow plot, respectively. Dense population, blank utilization of lands, soil mismanagement, deforestation, high temperature and rainfall, intensive cultivation were observed to have aided the decline of soil quality. Adoption of night soil technology as well as other organic and climate smart agricultural practices should be encouraged.
{"title":"Assessment of hydraulic conductivity and soil quality of similar lithology under contrasting landuse and land cover in humid tropical Nigeria","authors":"E. I. Chidozie, Irokwe Frida Ifeanyi, Okafor Maduabuchi Johnbosco, Irondi Aaron Onyekachi, C. Anthony, Okeke Obinna, Njoku Ugochi Gift, Dibofori George, Agbugba Stanly Emeka, T. Raza, M. Glory","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/61419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/61419","url":null,"abstract":"The study assessed hydraulic conductivity and soil quality of some tropical soils of Nigeria. Field studies were carried out in eight Local Government Areas of Imo State with contrasting land use and similar lithology (coastal plain sands). These included Owerri west (Bare fallow) Mbaitoli (Industrial Area), Owerri Municipal (Residential Area), Ohaji/Egbema (Cassava Cultivated), Ikeduru (Oil Palm Plantation), Ngor-Okpala (Continuous Cultivated), Aboh–Mbaise (Excavated Site) and Owerri North (Bush Fallow/Control). Top soil samples of 0-20cm were collected from each land use type. Soil sample was also collected in fallow plot as a tool for comparison. Soil samples were air dried and sieved for standard laboratory analysis. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results showed nutrient depletion in soils of all land uses compared to the fallow plot. Sand content (812.3g/kg) dominated the texture of all soils studied. All soils studied had slightly acidic soil reaction with mean value of 4.73. With regard to hydraulic conductivity, following the land degradation index (LDI,) high land degradation was observed in the excavated site (-92.9), Residential Area (-87.3) and Industrial Area (-84.1) with corresponding higher bulk densities and lower soil porosity compared to other soils .Generally, soils of the excavated site were highly degraded, followed by the residential area, industrial area, continuous cultivated area, cassava cultivated plot, oil palm plantaion and bare fallow plot, respectively. Dense population, blank utilization of lands, soil mismanagement, deforestation, high temperature and rainfall, intensive cultivation were observed to have aided the decline of soil quality. Adoption of night soil technology as well as other organic and climate smart agricultural practices should be encouraged.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48302561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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