Memon Muhammad Suleman, Xuan Hu, Zhang Wenju, D. Nizamuddin, Xu Minggang
The soil microbial biomass, atmospheric carbon dioxide and abundance of decomposer are influenced by rate and addition pattern of glucose carbon. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of single and repeated additions of glucose-C on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and CO 2 response in black soil of China. The incubator study comprising of 116-days was conducted in different fertility levels of black soil of Jilin province of China, to determine the effects of glucose addition patterns viz single addition (2% glucose-C once application) and repeated addition (2% glucose-C in five splits) on soil microbial biomass carbon and CO 2 accumulation. Forty-gram air dried soil was filled into 250 ml Schott bottle and bottles were arranged in CRD-factorial design with 5 repeats. Factor (A), included glucose addition patterns (single & repeated additions). Factor (B), consisted of soil fertility levels: low, medium and high on the basis of soil organic carbon. Thereafter glucose-C (2%) solution was added drop wise to soil. The addition patterns showed positive response on SMBC, CO 2 evolved and CO 2 accumulation. Over all mean (low, medium and high fertility soils) of repeated addition depicted 32% and 0.92% higher values of SMBC than control and single additions, respectively. The CO 2 emission of repeated addition was 21.3% higher in low fertility soil. The mean CO 2 accumulation showed higher values in low fertility soil by single addition than repeated and control in all soils. Single glucose-C addition in combination with different soil fertility levels augmented the microbial biomass and triggered carbon mineralization for shorter period (up to 3 weeks). The repeated addition of glucose in combination with different soil fertility levels also enhanced soil microbial biomass carbon and CO 2 in longer incubation period. It is concluded from this study that microbial starvation for organic carbon was very high hence; repeated addition may be suggested to meet C demand of microbes.
{"title":"Soil microbial biomass carbon and carbon dioxide response by glucose-C addition in black soil of China","authors":"Memon Muhammad Suleman, Xuan Hu, Zhang Wenju, D. Nizamuddin, Xu Minggang","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71685","url":null,"abstract":"The soil microbial biomass, atmospheric carbon dioxide and abundance of decomposer are influenced by rate and addition pattern of glucose carbon. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of single and repeated additions of glucose-C on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and CO 2 response in black soil of China. The incubator study comprising of 116-days was conducted in different fertility levels of black soil of Jilin province of China, to determine the effects of glucose addition patterns viz single addition (2% glucose-C once application) and repeated addition (2% glucose-C in five splits) on soil microbial biomass carbon and CO 2 accumulation. Forty-gram air dried soil was filled into 250 ml Schott bottle and bottles were arranged in CRD-factorial design with 5 repeats. Factor (A), included glucose addition patterns (single & repeated additions). Factor (B), consisted of soil fertility levels: low, medium and high on the basis of soil organic carbon. Thereafter glucose-C (2%) solution was added drop wise to soil. The addition patterns showed positive response on SMBC, CO 2 evolved and CO 2 accumulation. Over all mean (low, medium and high fertility soils) of repeated addition depicted 32% and 0.92% higher values of SMBC than control and single additions, respectively. The CO 2 emission of repeated addition was 21.3% higher in low fertility soil. The mean CO 2 accumulation showed higher values in low fertility soil by single addition than repeated and control in all soils. Single glucose-C addition in combination with different soil fertility levels augmented the microbial biomass and triggered carbon mineralization for shorter period (up to 3 weeks). The repeated addition of glucose in combination with different soil fertility levels also enhanced soil microbial biomass carbon and CO 2 in longer incubation period. It is concluded from this study that microbial starvation for organic carbon was very high hence; repeated addition may be suggested to meet C demand of microbes.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47500111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS) was used to evaluate the effects of potassium to calcium and magnesium ratio in irrigation water on soil properties of a sandy loam. For this purpose, a research was performed as a completely randomized design in undisturbed soil columns. Experimental factors were salinity (4 and 8 dS m) and CROSS of irrigation water (10, 15, 20 and 25). After 16 weeks, water dispersible clay (DC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), slope of retention curve at inflection point (S index), moisture content at field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP) and plant available water content (PAWC) were measured. The results showed that potassium ions in irrigation water significantly decreased DC, Ks, PAWC, and S index. The effect of potassium on soil physical properties depended on the total concentration of solutes. According to the results, it is suggested that the effects of potassium for assessing the soil structure should be considered.
{"title":"Effect of potassium to bivalent cations ratio in irrigation water on some physical and hydraulic properties of sandy loam soil","authors":"Maasoume Zaker, H. Emami","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71752","url":null,"abstract":"Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS) was used to evaluate the effects of potassium to calcium and magnesium ratio in irrigation water on soil properties of a sandy loam. For this purpose, a research was performed as a completely randomized design in undisturbed soil columns. Experimental factors were salinity (4 and 8 dS m) and CROSS of irrigation water (10, 15, 20 and 25). After 16 weeks, water dispersible clay (DC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), slope of retention curve at inflection point (S index), moisture content at field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP) and plant available water content (PAWC) were measured. The results showed that potassium ions in irrigation water significantly decreased DC, Ks, PAWC, and S index. The effect of potassium on soil physical properties depended on the total concentration of solutes. According to the results, it is suggested that the effects of potassium for assessing the soil structure should be considered.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47786059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Narran valley is famous for its beauty however anthropogenic activities are not only destroying the beauty of this valley but also lead to the pollution. Cr (VI) is considered as a major environment pollutant as it is mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Current study deals with an attempt to know the Cr (VI) reduction potential of the indigenous bacterial isolates of soil of Narran valley. Total ten bacterial strains (JM1, JM5, JM6, JM7, JM8, JM9, JM10, J11, JM12, and JM13) were isolated from Narran valley soil. The morphological and biochemical characterization of selected strains were done. Maximum tolerable concentration of K2Cr2O4 was found to be 300 mgL for all of these strains. These bacteria were found to have multiple metal resistance. These strains could efficiently convert hexavalent chromium into trivalent form (96-98%) at an initial concentration of 300 μg mL of Cr (VI). In comparison with other purified isolates, (JM8) exhibited highest Cr (VI) reduction potential at all the preliminary concentrations (100, 300 and 900 μg mL). Best carbon and nitrogen sources for Cr (VI) reduction were sodium acetate and yeast extract, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that JM9 and JM13 showed 99% similarity with genus Bacillus whereas JM8 was found to be homologous to genus Acinetobacter. FTIR study showed the contribution of sulphonate, carboxyl, amino and S-H groups of bacterial cell surface in the metal binding process. These chromium resistant bacterial isolates can be appropriate candidate for the remediation of chromate contaminated areas.
{"title":"Cr (VI) resistant Bacillus and Acinetobacter isolated from soil of Narran valley","authors":"Javeria Mushtaq, R. Batool","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71669","url":null,"abstract":"Narran valley is famous for its beauty however anthropogenic activities are not only destroying the beauty of this valley but also lead to the pollution. Cr (VI) is considered as a major environment pollutant as it is mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Current study deals with an attempt to know the Cr (VI) reduction potential of the indigenous bacterial isolates of soil of Narran valley. Total ten bacterial strains (JM1, JM5, JM6, JM7, JM8, JM9, JM10, J11, JM12, and JM13) were isolated from Narran valley soil. The morphological and biochemical characterization of selected strains were done. Maximum tolerable concentration of K2Cr2O4 was found to be 300 mgL for all of these strains. These bacteria were found to have multiple metal resistance. These strains could efficiently convert hexavalent chromium into trivalent form (96-98%) at an initial concentration of 300 μg mL of Cr (VI). In comparison with other purified isolates, (JM8) exhibited highest Cr (VI) reduction potential at all the preliminary concentrations (100, 300 and 900 μg mL). Best carbon and nitrogen sources for Cr (VI) reduction were sodium acetate and yeast extract, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that JM9 and JM13 showed 99% similarity with genus Bacillus whereas JM8 was found to be homologous to genus Acinetobacter. FTIR study showed the contribution of sulphonate, carboxyl, amino and S-H groups of bacterial cell surface in the metal binding process. These chromium resistant bacterial isolates can be appropriate candidate for the remediation of chromate contaminated areas.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49401701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Perveen, M. Yousaf, M. Mushtaq, N. Sarwar, M. Khan, S. Nadeem, Faisalabad Pakistan. Biology
Herbicide resistance and environmental pollution are the risks associated with chemical control of weeds. Allelopathic plant extracts may be exploited for weed management as an alternative to commercial herbicides. Before development of allelochemical-based eco-friendly herbicides, bioherbicidal potential of plants need to be evaluated. Present study was conducted to evaluate phytotoxic allelopathic impact of leaf extract from eight agroforestry and fruit plant species against Lepidium sativum. The results showed that all plant species delayed germination and inhibited root length, shoot length and seedling dry weight of Lepidium sativum. Four plant species such as Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Albizia procera and Delonix regia were most phytotoxic with Lepidium sativum root growth inhibition of ≥85% as compared with control and seedling persistence index <30% of control. Phenolic contents were maximum in Mangifera indica (137 mg g -1 leaf dry weight) followed by Delonix regia (130 mg g -1 leaf dry weight). The results suggest that phytotoxic action of leaf extract of plant species may be due to presence of phenolic allelochemicals that may be exploited further either directly for weed management or development of bioherbicides.
{"title":"Bioherbicidal potential of some allelopathic agroforestry and fruit plant species against Lepidium sativum","authors":"S. Perveen, M. Yousaf, M. Mushtaq, N. Sarwar, M. Khan, S. Nadeem, Faisalabad Pakistan. Biology","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71655","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicide resistance and environmental pollution are the risks associated with chemical control of weeds. Allelopathic plant extracts may be exploited for weed management as an alternative to commercial herbicides. Before development of allelochemical-based eco-friendly herbicides, bioherbicidal potential of plants need to be evaluated. Present study was conducted to evaluate phytotoxic allelopathic impact of leaf extract from eight agroforestry and fruit plant species against Lepidium sativum. The results showed that all plant species delayed germination and inhibited root length, shoot length and seedling dry weight of Lepidium sativum. Four plant species such as Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Albizia procera and Delonix regia were most phytotoxic with Lepidium sativum root growth inhibition of ≥85% as compared with control and seedling persistence index <30% of control. Phenolic contents were maximum in Mangifera indica (137 mg g -1 leaf dry weight) followed by Delonix regia (130 mg g -1 leaf dry weight). The results suggest that phytotoxic action of leaf extract of plant species may be due to presence of phenolic allelochemicals that may be exploited further either directly for weed management or development of bioherbicides.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42475270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In semi-arid areas, irrigation changes not only the chemically and physical properties of soil, but also the activity of microbiota. We undertook a study of algal flora and enzyme in the trans-zonal range: from the forest-steppe to the dry-steppe, which is lacking precipitation and where surface irrigation is widely used. The aims of the study were to reveal the activity of five soil enzymes and abundance of algae under the influence of irrigation on the south of the East European Plain (Ukraine, Moldova) and to determine the contribution of the biological factor to the increase of wind and water erosion resistance of irrigated soils. The activity of algae during irrigation had the most favourable conditions in the fall (3-42 thousand / g of soil), which was facilitated by optimal soil moisture (21-24%). Soils in irrigated conditions in spring and summer featured a higher content of dehydrogenase (on 41%) and polyphenol oxidase (on 34%) compared to non-irrigated soils. Irrigated soils also differed by higher urease content (on 17%) than on non-irrigated soils and in spring these differences were up to 50%. The explanation for this phenomenon is associated with the action of irrigation in respect of increasing the role of humus coagulation of elementary soil particles, the increase in the proportion of particles <0.001 mm as products of weathering and the increase of bacterial origin cement.
{"title":"Microbiota's response to natural-anthropogenic changes in moisture in a trans-zonal aspect: A case study for the south part of East European Plain","authors":"F. Lisetskii, D. Vladimirov","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71769","url":null,"abstract":"In semi-arid areas, irrigation changes not only the chemically and physical properties of soil, but also the activity of microbiota. We undertook a study of algal flora and enzyme in the trans-zonal range: from the forest-steppe to the dry-steppe, which is lacking precipitation and where surface irrigation is widely used. The aims of the study were to reveal the activity of five soil enzymes and abundance of algae under the influence of irrigation on the south of the East European Plain (Ukraine, Moldova) and to determine the contribution of the biological factor to the increase of wind and water erosion resistance of irrigated soils. The activity of algae during irrigation had the most favourable conditions in the fall (3-42 thousand / g of soil), which was facilitated by optimal soil moisture (21-24%). Soils in irrigated conditions in spring and summer featured a higher content of dehydrogenase (on 41%) and polyphenol oxidase (on 34%) compared to non-irrigated soils. Irrigated soils also differed by higher urease content (on 17%) than on non-irrigated soils and in spring these differences were up to 50%. The explanation for this phenomenon is associated with the action of irrigation in respect of increasing the role of humus coagulation of elementary soil particles, the increase in the proportion of particles <0.001 mm as products of weathering and the increase of bacterial origin cement.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47046987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to study the effect of drought stress and foliar application of micronutrients on agronomical properties of wheat cultivar Sirvan, the experiments were carried out at the Agricultural Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah during the 2015-16 and 2016 -17 growing seasons. The experiments were performed in a split-plot format in a randomized complete-block design based on 4 replications. The main plots included irrigation treatments at three levels: I 1 - normal irrigation, I 2 - irrigation withdraw from the beginning of the flowering stage to the end of the growth period, and I 3 - irrigation withdraw from the beginning of the grain filling stage to the end of the growth period and the sub-plots included foliar application treatments at four levels: S 0 foliar application of water, S 1 - foliar application of zinc, S 2 - foliar application of manganese and S 3 - foliar application of zinc and manganese. Significant interaction between stress levels and foliar application showed that the number of spikes per plant in treatment where irrigation withdraw at flowering and irrigation withdraw at the grain filling stage was affected by both zinc and manganese foliar application treatments and increased with irrigation water compared to foliar application treatments. The number of grains per spike followed the same trend and no significant difference was found between treatments at different levels of stress and foliar application regarding 1000 grain weight. A significant interaction between stress and foliar application levels on grain yield and harvest index showed that wheat Sirvan cultivar behavior in two years of experiment is different from that of foliar application levels at each level of stress. In general, the results of the experiments revealed that the tolerance of wheat cultivar Sirvan under terminal drought stress conditions increased with zinc and manganese foliar application and had a high yield stability.
{"title":"Alleviation of terminal drought stress in wheat by foliar application of zinc and manganese","authors":"Keyvan Shams","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71650","url":null,"abstract":"In order to study the effect of drought stress and foliar application of micronutrients on agronomical properties of wheat cultivar Sirvan, the experiments were carried out at the Agricultural Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah during the 2015-16 and 2016 -17 growing seasons. The experiments were performed in a split-plot format in a randomized complete-block design based on 4 replications. The main plots included irrigation treatments at three levels: I 1 - normal irrigation, I 2 - irrigation withdraw from the beginning of the flowering stage to the end of the growth period, and I 3 - irrigation withdraw from the beginning of the grain filling stage to the end of the growth period and the sub-plots included foliar application treatments at four levels: S 0 foliar application of water, S 1 - foliar application of zinc, S 2 - foliar application of manganese and S 3 - foliar application of zinc and manganese. Significant interaction between stress levels and foliar application showed that the number of spikes per plant in treatment where irrigation withdraw at flowering and irrigation withdraw at the grain filling stage was affected by both zinc and manganese foliar application treatments and increased with irrigation water compared to foliar application treatments. The number of grains per spike followed the same trend and no significant difference was found between treatments at different levels of stress and foliar application regarding 1000 grain weight. A significant interaction between stress and foliar application levels on grain yield and harvest index showed that wheat Sirvan cultivar behavior in two years of experiment is different from that of foliar application levels at each level of stress. In general, the results of the experiments revealed that the tolerance of wheat cultivar Sirvan under terminal drought stress conditions increased with zinc and manganese foliar application and had a high yield stability.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49579353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Suleymanov, I. Saifullin, M. Komissarov, I. Gabbasova, A. Suleymanov, T. Garipov
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of surface application and plowing of phosphogypsum and turkey litter to a depth of 20 cm on the erodibility of clay-illuvial agrochernozem (Luvic Chernozems (Aric, Pachic)) in the Southern Cis-Urals (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia). Under laboratory conditions, 1°, 3°, and 7° slopes were modeled. Soil loss, runoff onset time, and turbidity were measured with a rainfall simulator. Particle size distribution and total organic carbon were measured. Under simulated heavy rainfall (360‒420 mm h −1 ) for 30 min, the untreated control had the highest soil loss (28.9 t ha −1 ). Separate and combined introductions of phosphogypsum and turkey litter significantly increased soil resistance to water erosion. Co-introduction of the amendments strengthened this effect especially when the phosphogypsum to turkey litter ratio increased from 1:10 to 1:2 at the higher dose (60 t ha −1 ). The turbidity of the runoff from a 1° slope reached a small peak within the first 3 min then gradually decreased thereafter. At 3°, the turbidity remained nearly constant over time and was uniformly distributed. At 7°, the turbidity sharply increased then gradually decreased and its distribution was a deformed bell. Washed-out (trapped) sediments from all treatments and slopes had relatively more very fine sand, silt, and clay and a slightly higher total organic carbon content than the original soil. Phosphogypsum and turkey litter wastes may be effective anti-erosion amendments and potential fertilizers because they increase flocculation, improve the structure, and enrich the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil.
在本研究中，我们评估了表面施用和犁耕磷石膏和火鸡粪便至20厘米深对Cis Urals南部（俄罗斯巴什科尔托斯坦共和国）粘土冲积农业黑钙土（Luvic Chernozems（Aric，Pachic））可蚀性的影响。在实验室条件下，对1°、3°和7°斜坡进行了建模。用降雨模拟器测量土壤流失、径流开始时间和浊度。测量颗粒尺寸分布和总有机碳。在模拟强降雨（360-420 mm h−1）持续30分钟的情况下，未经处理的对照土壤损失最高（28.9 t ha−1）。磷石膏和火鸡枯枝落叶的单独和联合引入显著提高了土壤对水侵蚀的抵抗力。改良剂的共同引入增强了这种效果，尤其是当磷石膏与火鸡窝的比例在更高剂量（60 t ha−1）下从1:10增加到1:2时。1°斜坡径流的浊度在最初的3分钟内达到一个小峰值，然后逐渐下降。在3°时，浊度随着时间的推移几乎保持不变，并且分布均匀。在7°时，浊度先急剧上升，然后逐渐下降，其分布呈变形钟形。所有处理和斜坡的冲刷（截留）沉积物具有相对更多的非常细的沙子、淤泥和粘土，总有机碳含量略高于原始土壤。磷石膏和火鸡粪便可能是有效的抗侵蚀改良剂和潜在的肥料，因为它们可以增加絮凝作用，改善结构，丰富土壤的有机质和营养成分。
{"title":"Effect of phosphogypsum and turkey litter on the erodibility of agrochernozems of the southern Cis-Ural (Russia) under artificial heavy rainfall","authors":"R. Suleymanov, I. Saifullin, M. Komissarov, I. Gabbasova, A. Suleymanov, T. Garipov","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71730","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, we evaluated the effects of surface application and plowing of phosphogypsum and turkey litter to a depth of 20 cm on the erodibility of clay-illuvial agrochernozem (Luvic Chernozems (Aric, Pachic)) in the Southern Cis-Urals (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia). Under laboratory conditions, 1°, 3°, and 7° slopes were modeled. Soil loss, runoff onset time, and turbidity were measured with a rainfall simulator. Particle size distribution and total organic carbon were measured. Under simulated heavy rainfall (360‒420 mm h −1 ) for 30 min, the untreated control had the highest soil loss (28.9 t ha −1 ). Separate and combined introductions of phosphogypsum and turkey litter significantly increased soil resistance to water erosion. Co-introduction of the amendments strengthened this effect especially when the phosphogypsum to turkey litter ratio increased from 1:10 to 1:2 at the higher dose (60 t ha −1 ). The turbidity of the runoff from a 1° slope reached a small peak within the first 3 min then gradually decreased thereafter. At 3°, the turbidity remained nearly constant over time and was uniformly distributed. At 7°, the turbidity sharply increased then gradually decreased and its distribution was a deformed bell. Washed-out (trapped) sediments from all treatments and slopes had relatively more very fine sand, silt, and clay and a slightly higher total organic carbon content than the original soil. Phosphogypsum and turkey litter wastes may be effective anti-erosion amendments and potential fertilizers because they increase flocculation, improve the structure, and enrich the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48217186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Zahir, M. Ahmad, T. Hilger, A. Dar, S. R. Malik, G. Abbas, F. Rasche
Mungbean can successfully be grown in the small slots present in the existing cropping systems that may increase the farmer income and can also restore soil fertility. The inoculation of crop plants with bacterial inoculants has the potential to increase crop productivity even under different soil and climatic conditions. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-strain biofertilizer prepared through combined use of Rhizobium phaseoli and Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis for enhancing the growth, nodulation and productivity of ten mungbean genotypes under field conditions, and effect of inoculation on total bacterial DNA (population) in soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangements and three replications. Results revealed that inoculation with multistrain biofertilizer increased the nodule numbers, growth, and yield under different mungbean genotypes when compared with their respective uninoculated control. The genotypes showed different productive potentials either with or without inoculation under field conditions. The genotype NCM 2015 yielded more but inoculation was more effective with genotypes NM 17, NM 19 and NCM-252-10 under field conditions of Bahawalpur. Results of 16S rRNA analysis showed a higher number of gene copies in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants of all mungbean genotypes than those of uninoculated plants. Maximum total bacterial population was observed in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants in NM 11 that was significantly better than un-inoculated control plants of the same mungbean line but non-significant when compared with other lines under inoculation. It is concluded that the use of multistrain biofertilizer prepared through combined use of Rhizobium and PGPR strains containing ACC-deaminase could be an effective approach to improve growth, nodulation and yield of mungbean genotypes. The response of different genotypes to the inoculation varied significantly. So, research for the development of inoculum for different advanced genotypes should be continued and more emphasis should be deployed to develop biofertilizers with efficient strains to use them under different climate and soil conditions.
{"title":"Field evaluation of multistrain biofertilizer for improving the productivity of different mungbean genotypes","authors":"Z. Zahir, M. Ahmad, T. Hilger, A. Dar, S. R. Malik, G. Abbas, F. Rasche","doi":"10.25252/SE/17/61488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/17/61488","url":null,"abstract":"Mungbean can successfully be grown in the small slots present in the existing cropping systems that may increase the farmer income and can also restore soil fertility. The inoculation of crop plants with bacterial inoculants has the potential to increase crop productivity even under different soil and climatic conditions. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-strain biofertilizer prepared through combined use of Rhizobium phaseoli and Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis for enhancing the growth, nodulation and productivity of ten mungbean genotypes under field conditions, and effect of inoculation on total bacterial DNA (population) in soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangements and three replications. Results revealed that inoculation with multistrain biofertilizer increased the nodule numbers, growth, and yield under different mungbean genotypes when compared with their respective uninoculated control. The genotypes showed different productive potentials either with or without inoculation under field conditions. The genotype NCM 2015 yielded more but inoculation was more effective with genotypes NM 17, NM 19 and NCM-252-10 under field conditions of Bahawalpur. Results of 16S rRNA analysis showed a higher number of gene copies in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants of all mungbean genotypes than those of uninoculated plants. Maximum total bacterial population was observed in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants in NM 11 that was significantly better than un-inoculated control plants of the same mungbean line but non-significant when compared with other lines under inoculation. It is concluded that the use of multistrain biofertilizer prepared through combined use of Rhizobium and PGPR strains containing ACC-deaminase could be an effective approach to improve growth, nodulation and yield of mungbean genotypes. The response of different genotypes to the inoculation varied significantly. So, research for the development of inoculum for different advanced genotypes should be continued and more emphasis should be deployed to develop biofertilizers with efficient strains to use them under different climate and soil conditions.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44452222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Potassium humate is one of the alternate sources of organic matter for improving physico-chemical properties of soils, crop growth and yield. The study investigated the effect of using different rates of potassium humate with and without recommended inorganic fertilizers in clayey loam soil on yield and economics of potato production. Four field experiments were conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 by using four levels of each, NPK (0, 50, 75 and 100% recommended dose) and potassium humate (0, 8, 12 and 16 kg ha) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Tuber number, tuber fresh and dry weight and biological yield per hill, tuber yield per hectare and harvest index were significantly and positively affected by increasing level of NPK in both autumn and spring crops. Application of potassium humate significantly increased tuber fresh and dry weights (up to 10.95% and 14.43%; respectively), tuber yield (up to 10.96%), biological yield (up to 8.46%) and harvest index (up to 3.1) in both autumn and spring crops but improved tuber number per hill only in autumn crops. Application of full rate of NPK fertilizers with 16 kg ha potassium humate resulted in the highest tuber yield (19.749 tons ha). However, study results of benefit cost ratio indicated that application of NPK at 75% of recommended dose with 16 kg ha potassium humate remained the most economical for potato growers.
腐植酸钾是改善土壤理化性质、作物生长和产量的有机物替代来源之一。研究了在粘土质壤土中施用不同比例的腐植酸钾（添加和不添加推荐无机肥）对马铃薯产量和经济性的影响。2010-11年和2011-12年期间，在随机完全区组设计（RCBD）中进行了四项田间实验，分别使用四种水平的NPK（0、50、75和100%推荐剂量）和腐植酸钾（0、8、12和16 kg ha），并进行了三次重复。秋季和春季作物中，NPK水平的提高对块茎数量、块茎鲜干重、单株生物产量、每公顷块茎产量和收获指数都有显著的正向影响。施用腐植酸钾可显著提高秋春季作物的块茎鲜重和干重（分别高达10.95%和14.43%）、块茎产量（高达10.96%）、生物产量（高可达8.46%）和收获指数（高达3.1），但仅秋季作物可提高每丘块茎数。施用16公斤公顷腐植酸钾的NPK肥料，块茎产量最高（19.749吨公顷）。然而，效益成本比的研究结果表明，以推荐剂量的75%施用16公斤公顷腐植酸钾的NPK对马铃薯种植者来说仍然是最经济的。
{"title":"Potassium humate and NPK application rates influence yield and economic performance of potato crops grown in clayey loam soils","authors":"Muhammad Idrees, M. A. Anjum, J. Mirza","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51384","url":null,"abstract":"Potassium humate is one of the alternate sources of organic matter for improving physico-chemical properties of soils, crop growth and yield. The study investigated the effect of using different rates of potassium humate with and without recommended inorganic fertilizers in clayey loam soil on yield and economics of potato production. Four field experiments were conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 by using four levels of each, NPK (0, 50, 75 and 100% recommended dose) and potassium humate (0, 8, 12 and 16 kg ha) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Tuber number, tuber fresh and dry weight and biological yield per hill, tuber yield per hectare and harvest index were significantly and positively affected by increasing level of NPK in both autumn and spring crops. Application of potassium humate significantly increased tuber fresh and dry weights (up to 10.95% and 14.43%; respectively), tuber yield (up to 10.96%), biological yield (up to 8.46%) and harvest index (up to 3.1) in both autumn and spring crops but improved tuber number per hill only in autumn crops. Application of full rate of NPK fertilizers with 16 kg ha potassium humate resulted in the highest tuber yield (19.749 tons ha). However, study results of benefit cost ratio indicated that application of NPK at 75% of recommended dose with 16 kg ha potassium humate remained the most economical for potato growers.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49539482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Ali, Muhammad Azam Khan, I. Hafiz, K. Khan, Shahid Mahmood
Climate change is a global phenomenon occurring throughout the world. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) considered to be the major culprit to bring these changes. So, carbon (C) sequestration by any mean could be useful to reduce the CO 2 level in atmosphere. Turf grasses have the ability to sequester C and minimize the effects of GHGs on the environment. In order to study that how turf grasses can help in C sequestration, Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) was grown both at industrial and urban location and its effect on C storage were assessed by soil and plant analysis. Dry deposition of ammonium and nitrate was maximum at both locations through the year. However wet deposition was highest during the months of high rainfall. It was examined through soil analysis that soil organic matter, soil C and nitrogen in both locations increased after second mowing of grass. However, soil pH 6.68 in urban and 7.00 in industrial area and EC 1.86 dS/m in urban and 1.90 dS/m in industrial area decreased as the grass growth continue. Soil fresh weight (27.6 g) in urban and (27.28 g) industrial area also decreased after first and second mowing of grass. The C levels in plant dry biomass also increased which showed improved ability of plant to uptake C from the soil and store it. Similarly, chlorophyll contents were more in industrial area compared to urban area indicates the positive impact of high C concentration. Whereas stomatal conductance was reduced in high C environment to slow down respiration process. Hence, from present study it can be concluded that the Bermuda grass could be grown in areas with high C concentration in atmosphere for sequestrating C in soil.
{"title":"Comparative study of the growth and carbon sequestration potential of Bermuda grass in industrial and urban areas","authors":"U. Ali, Muhammad Azam Khan, I. Hafiz, K. Khan, Shahid Mahmood","doi":"10.25252/se/18/51380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/18/51380","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a global phenomenon occurring throughout the world. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) considered to be the major culprit to bring these changes. So, carbon (C) sequestration by any mean could be useful to reduce the CO 2 level in atmosphere. Turf grasses have the ability to sequester C and minimize the effects of GHGs on the environment. In order to study that how turf grasses can help in C sequestration, Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) was grown both at industrial and urban location and its effect on C storage were assessed by soil and plant analysis. Dry deposition of ammonium and nitrate was maximum at both locations through the year. However wet deposition was highest during the months of high rainfall. It was examined through soil analysis that soil organic matter, soil C and nitrogen in both locations increased after second mowing of grass. However, soil pH 6.68 in urban and 7.00 in industrial area and EC 1.86 dS/m in urban and 1.90 dS/m in industrial area decreased as the grass growth continue. Soil fresh weight (27.6 g) in urban and (27.28 g) industrial area also decreased after first and second mowing of grass. The C levels in plant dry biomass also increased which showed improved ability of plant to uptake C from the soil and store it. Similarly, chlorophyll contents were more in industrial area compared to urban area indicates the positive impact of high C concentration. Whereas stomatal conductance was reduced in high C environment to slow down respiration process. Hence, from present study it can be concluded that the Bermuda grass could be grown in areas with high C concentration in atmosphere for sequestrating C in soil.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46792133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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