Memon Muhammad Suleman, Xuan Hu, Zhang Wenju, D. Nizamuddin, Xu Minggang
The soil microbial biomass, atmospheric carbon dioxide and abundance of decomposer are influenced by rate and addition pattern of glucose carbon. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of single and repeated additions of glucose-C on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and CO 2 response in black soil of China. The incubator study comprising of 116-days was conducted in different fertility levels of black soil of Jilin province of China, to determine the effects of glucose addition patterns viz single addition (2% glucose-C once application) and repeated addition (2% glucose-C in five splits) on soil microbial biomass carbon and CO 2 accumulation. Forty-gram air dried soil was filled into 250 ml Schott bottle and bottles were arranged in CRD-factorial design with 5 repeats. Factor (A), included glucose addition patterns (single & repeated additions). Factor (B), consisted of soil fertility levels: low, medium and high on the basis of soil organic carbon. Thereafter glucose-C (2%) solution was added drop wise to soil. The addition patterns showed positive response on SMBC, CO 2 evolved and CO 2 accumulation. Over all mean (low, medium and high fertility soils) of repeated addition depicted 32% and 0.92% higher values of SMBC than control and single additions, respectively. The CO 2 emission of repeated addition was 21.3% higher in low fertility soil. The mean CO 2 accumulation showed higher values in low fertility soil by single addition than repeated and control in all soils. Single glucose-C addition in combination with different soil fertility levels augmented the microbial biomass and triggered carbon mineralization for shorter period (up to 3 weeks). The repeated addition of glucose in combination with different soil fertility levels also enhanced soil microbial biomass carbon and CO 2 in longer incubation period. It is concluded from this study that microbial starvation for organic carbon was very high hence; repeated addition may be suggested to meet C demand of microbes.
{"title":"Soil microbial biomass carbon and carbon dioxide response by glucose-C addition in black soil of China","authors":"Memon Muhammad Suleman, Xuan Hu, Zhang Wenju, D. Nizamuddin, Xu Minggang","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71685","url":null,"abstract":"The soil microbial biomass, atmospheric carbon dioxide and abundance of decomposer are influenced by rate and addition pattern of glucose carbon. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of single and repeated additions of glucose-C on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and CO 2 response in black soil of China. The incubator study comprising of 116-days was conducted in different fertility levels of black soil of Jilin province of China, to determine the effects of glucose addition patterns viz single addition (2% glucose-C once application) and repeated addition (2% glucose-C in five splits) on soil microbial biomass carbon and CO 2 accumulation. Forty-gram air dried soil was filled into 250 ml Schott bottle and bottles were arranged in CRD-factorial design with 5 repeats. Factor (A), included glucose addition patterns (single & repeated additions). Factor (B), consisted of soil fertility levels: low, medium and high on the basis of soil organic carbon. Thereafter glucose-C (2%) solution was added drop wise to soil. The addition patterns showed positive response on SMBC, CO 2 evolved and CO 2 accumulation. Over all mean (low, medium and high fertility soils) of repeated addition depicted 32% and 0.92% higher values of SMBC than control and single additions, respectively. The CO 2 emission of repeated addition was 21.3% higher in low fertility soil. The mean CO 2 accumulation showed higher values in low fertility soil by single addition than repeated and control in all soils. Single glucose-C addition in combination with different soil fertility levels augmented the microbial biomass and triggered carbon mineralization for shorter period (up to 3 weeks). The repeated addition of glucose in combination with different soil fertility levels also enhanced soil microbial biomass carbon and CO 2 in longer incubation period. It is concluded from this study that microbial starvation for organic carbon was very high hence; repeated addition may be suggested to meet C demand of microbes.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47500111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Perveen, M. Yousaf, M. Mushtaq, N. Sarwar, M. Khan, S. Nadeem, Faisalabad Pakistan. Biology
Herbicide resistance and environmental pollution are the risks associated with chemical control of weeds. Allelopathic plant extracts may be exploited for weed management as an alternative to commercial herbicides. Before development of allelochemical-based eco-friendly herbicides, bioherbicidal potential of plants need to be evaluated. Present study was conducted to evaluate phytotoxic allelopathic impact of leaf extract from eight agroforestry and fruit plant species against Lepidium sativum. The results showed that all plant species delayed germination and inhibited root length, shoot length and seedling dry weight of Lepidium sativum. Four plant species such as Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Albizia procera and Delonix regia were most phytotoxic with Lepidium sativum root growth inhibition of ≥85% as compared with control and seedling persistence index <30% of control. Phenolic contents were maximum in Mangifera indica (137 mg g -1 leaf dry weight) followed by Delonix regia (130 mg g -1 leaf dry weight). The results suggest that phytotoxic action of leaf extract of plant species may be due to presence of phenolic allelochemicals that may be exploited further either directly for weed management or development of bioherbicides.
{"title":"Bioherbicidal potential of some allelopathic agroforestry and fruit plant species against Lepidium sativum","authors":"S. Perveen, M. Yousaf, M. Mushtaq, N. Sarwar, M. Khan, S. Nadeem, Faisalabad Pakistan. Biology","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71655","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicide resistance and environmental pollution are the risks associated with chemical control of weeds. Allelopathic plant extracts may be exploited for weed management as an alternative to commercial herbicides. Before development of allelochemical-based eco-friendly herbicides, bioherbicidal potential of plants need to be evaluated. Present study was conducted to evaluate phytotoxic allelopathic impact of leaf extract from eight agroforestry and fruit plant species against Lepidium sativum. The results showed that all plant species delayed germination and inhibited root length, shoot length and seedling dry weight of Lepidium sativum. Four plant species such as Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Albizia procera and Delonix regia were most phytotoxic with Lepidium sativum root growth inhibition of ≥85% as compared with control and seedling persistence index <30% of control. Phenolic contents were maximum in Mangifera indica (137 mg g -1 leaf dry weight) followed by Delonix regia (130 mg g -1 leaf dry weight). The results suggest that phytotoxic action of leaf extract of plant species may be due to presence of phenolic allelochemicals that may be exploited further either directly for weed management or development of bioherbicides.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42475270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS) was used to evaluate the effects of potassium to calcium and magnesium ratio in irrigation water on soil properties of a sandy loam. For this purpose, a research was performed as a completely randomized design in undisturbed soil columns. Experimental factors were salinity (4 and 8 dS m) and CROSS of irrigation water (10, 15, 20 and 25). After 16 weeks, water dispersible clay (DC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), slope of retention curve at inflection point (S index), moisture content at field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP) and plant available water content (PAWC) were measured. The results showed that potassium ions in irrigation water significantly decreased DC, Ks, PAWC, and S index. The effect of potassium on soil physical properties depended on the total concentration of solutes. According to the results, it is suggested that the effects of potassium for assessing the soil structure should be considered.
{"title":"Effect of potassium to bivalent cations ratio in irrigation water on some physical and hydraulic properties of sandy loam soil","authors":"Maasoume Zaker, H. Emami","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71752","url":null,"abstract":"Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS) was used to evaluate the effects of potassium to calcium and magnesium ratio in irrigation water on soil properties of a sandy loam. For this purpose, a research was performed as a completely randomized design in undisturbed soil columns. Experimental factors were salinity (4 and 8 dS m) and CROSS of irrigation water (10, 15, 20 and 25). After 16 weeks, water dispersible clay (DC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), slope of retention curve at inflection point (S index), moisture content at field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP) and plant available water content (PAWC) were measured. The results showed that potassium ions in irrigation water significantly decreased DC, Ks, PAWC, and S index. The effect of potassium on soil physical properties depended on the total concentration of solutes. According to the results, it is suggested that the effects of potassium for assessing the soil structure should be considered.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47786059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to study the effect of drought stress and foliar application of micronutrients on agronomical properties of wheat cultivar Sirvan, the experiments were carried out at the Agricultural Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah during the 2015-16 and 2016 -17 growing seasons. The experiments were performed in a split-plot format in a randomized complete-block design based on 4 replications. The main plots included irrigation treatments at three levels: I 1 - normal irrigation, I 2 - irrigation withdraw from the beginning of the flowering stage to the end of the growth period, and I 3 - irrigation withdraw from the beginning of the grain filling stage to the end of the growth period and the sub-plots included foliar application treatments at four levels: S 0 foliar application of water, S 1 - foliar application of zinc, S 2 - foliar application of manganese and S 3 - foliar application of zinc and manganese. Significant interaction between stress levels and foliar application showed that the number of spikes per plant in treatment where irrigation withdraw at flowering and irrigation withdraw at the grain filling stage was affected by both zinc and manganese foliar application treatments and increased with irrigation water compared to foliar application treatments. The number of grains per spike followed the same trend and no significant difference was found between treatments at different levels of stress and foliar application regarding 1000 grain weight. A significant interaction between stress and foliar application levels on grain yield and harvest index showed that wheat Sirvan cultivar behavior in two years of experiment is different from that of foliar application levels at each level of stress. In general, the results of the experiments revealed that the tolerance of wheat cultivar Sirvan under terminal drought stress conditions increased with zinc and manganese foliar application and had a high yield stability.
{"title":"Alleviation of terminal drought stress in wheat by foliar application of zinc and manganese","authors":"Keyvan Shams","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71650","url":null,"abstract":"In order to study the effect of drought stress and foliar application of micronutrients on agronomical properties of wheat cultivar Sirvan, the experiments were carried out at the Agricultural Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah during the 2015-16 and 2016 -17 growing seasons. The experiments were performed in a split-plot format in a randomized complete-block design based on 4 replications. The main plots included irrigation treatments at three levels: I 1 - normal irrigation, I 2 - irrigation withdraw from the beginning of the flowering stage to the end of the growth period, and I 3 - irrigation withdraw from the beginning of the grain filling stage to the end of the growth period and the sub-plots included foliar application treatments at four levels: S 0 foliar application of water, S 1 - foliar application of zinc, S 2 - foliar application of manganese and S 3 - foliar application of zinc and manganese. Significant interaction between stress levels and foliar application showed that the number of spikes per plant in treatment where irrigation withdraw at flowering and irrigation withdraw at the grain filling stage was affected by both zinc and manganese foliar application treatments and increased with irrigation water compared to foliar application treatments. The number of grains per spike followed the same trend and no significant difference was found between treatments at different levels of stress and foliar application regarding 1000 grain weight. A significant interaction between stress and foliar application levels on grain yield and harvest index showed that wheat Sirvan cultivar behavior in two years of experiment is different from that of foliar application levels at each level of stress. In general, the results of the experiments revealed that the tolerance of wheat cultivar Sirvan under terminal drought stress conditions increased with zinc and manganese foliar application and had a high yield stability.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49579353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In semi-arid areas, irrigation changes not only the chemically and physical properties of soil, but also the activity of microbiota. We undertook a study of algal flora and enzyme in the trans-zonal range: from the forest-steppe to the dry-steppe, which is lacking precipitation and where surface irrigation is widely used. The aims of the study were to reveal the activity of five soil enzymes and abundance of algae under the influence of irrigation on the south of the East European Plain (Ukraine, Moldova) and to determine the contribution of the biological factor to the increase of wind and water erosion resistance of irrigated soils. The activity of algae during irrigation had the most favourable conditions in the fall (3-42 thousand / g of soil), which was facilitated by optimal soil moisture (21-24%). Soils in irrigated conditions in spring and summer featured a higher content of dehydrogenase (on 41%) and polyphenol oxidase (on 34%) compared to non-irrigated soils. Irrigated soils also differed by higher urease content (on 17%) than on non-irrigated soils and in spring these differences were up to 50%. The explanation for this phenomenon is associated with the action of irrigation in respect of increasing the role of humus coagulation of elementary soil particles, the increase in the proportion of particles <0.001 mm as products of weathering and the increase of bacterial origin cement.
{"title":"Microbiota's response to natural-anthropogenic changes in moisture in a trans-zonal aspect: A case study for the south part of East European Plain","authors":"F. Lisetskii, D. Vladimirov","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71769","url":null,"abstract":"In semi-arid areas, irrigation changes not only the chemically and physical properties of soil, but also the activity of microbiota. We undertook a study of algal flora and enzyme in the trans-zonal range: from the forest-steppe to the dry-steppe, which is lacking precipitation and where surface irrigation is widely used. The aims of the study were to reveal the activity of five soil enzymes and abundance of algae under the influence of irrigation on the south of the East European Plain (Ukraine, Moldova) and to determine the contribution of the biological factor to the increase of wind and water erosion resistance of irrigated soils. The activity of algae during irrigation had the most favourable conditions in the fall (3-42 thousand / g of soil), which was facilitated by optimal soil moisture (21-24%). Soils in irrigated conditions in spring and summer featured a higher content of dehydrogenase (on 41%) and polyphenol oxidase (on 34%) compared to non-irrigated soils. Irrigated soils also differed by higher urease content (on 17%) than on non-irrigated soils and in spring these differences were up to 50%. The explanation for this phenomenon is associated with the action of irrigation in respect of increasing the role of humus coagulation of elementary soil particles, the increase in the proportion of particles <0.001 mm as products of weathering and the increase of bacterial origin cement.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47046987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Narran valley is famous for its beauty however anthropogenic activities are not only destroying the beauty of this valley but also lead to the pollution. Cr (VI) is considered as a major environment pollutant as it is mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Current study deals with an attempt to know the Cr (VI) reduction potential of the indigenous bacterial isolates of soil of Narran valley. Total ten bacterial strains (JM1, JM5, JM6, JM7, JM8, JM9, JM10, J11, JM12, and JM13) were isolated from Narran valley soil. The morphological and biochemical characterization of selected strains were done. Maximum tolerable concentration of K2Cr2O4 was found to be 300 mgL for all of these strains. These bacteria were found to have multiple metal resistance. These strains could efficiently convert hexavalent chromium into trivalent form (96-98%) at an initial concentration of 300 μg mL of Cr (VI). In comparison with other purified isolates, (JM8) exhibited highest Cr (VI) reduction potential at all the preliminary concentrations (100, 300 and 900 μg mL). Best carbon and nitrogen sources for Cr (VI) reduction were sodium acetate and yeast extract, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that JM9 and JM13 showed 99% similarity with genus Bacillus whereas JM8 was found to be homologous to genus Acinetobacter. FTIR study showed the contribution of sulphonate, carboxyl, amino and S-H groups of bacterial cell surface in the metal binding process. These chromium resistant bacterial isolates can be appropriate candidate for the remediation of chromate contaminated areas.
{"title":"Cr (VI) resistant Bacillus and Acinetobacter isolated from soil of Narran valley","authors":"Javeria Mushtaq, R. Batool","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71669","url":null,"abstract":"Narran valley is famous for its beauty however anthropogenic activities are not only destroying the beauty of this valley but also lead to the pollution. Cr (VI) is considered as a major environment pollutant as it is mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Current study deals with an attempt to know the Cr (VI) reduction potential of the indigenous bacterial isolates of soil of Narran valley. Total ten bacterial strains (JM1, JM5, JM6, JM7, JM8, JM9, JM10, J11, JM12, and JM13) were isolated from Narran valley soil. The morphological and biochemical characterization of selected strains were done. Maximum tolerable concentration of K2Cr2O4 was found to be 300 mgL for all of these strains. These bacteria were found to have multiple metal resistance. These strains could efficiently convert hexavalent chromium into trivalent form (96-98%) at an initial concentration of 300 μg mL of Cr (VI). In comparison with other purified isolates, (JM8) exhibited highest Cr (VI) reduction potential at all the preliminary concentrations (100, 300 and 900 μg mL). Best carbon and nitrogen sources for Cr (VI) reduction were sodium acetate and yeast extract, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that JM9 and JM13 showed 99% similarity with genus Bacillus whereas JM8 was found to be homologous to genus Acinetobacter. FTIR study showed the contribution of sulphonate, carboxyl, amino and S-H groups of bacterial cell surface in the metal binding process. These chromium resistant bacterial isolates can be appropriate candidate for the remediation of chromate contaminated areas.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49401701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Suleymanov, I. Saifullin, M. Komissarov, I. Gabbasova, A. Suleymanov, T. Garipov
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of surface application and plowing of phosphogypsum and turkey litter to a depth of 20 cm on the erodibility of clay-illuvial agrochernozem (Luvic Chernozems (Aric, Pachic)) in the Southern Cis-Urals (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia). Under laboratory conditions, 1°, 3°, and 7° slopes were modeled. Soil loss, runoff onset time, and turbidity were measured with a rainfall simulator. Particle size distribution and total organic carbon were measured. Under simulated heavy rainfall (360‒420 mm h −1 ) for 30 min, the untreated control had the highest soil loss (28.9 t ha −1 ). Separate and combined introductions of phosphogypsum and turkey litter significantly increased soil resistance to water erosion. Co-introduction of the amendments strengthened this effect especially when the phosphogypsum to turkey litter ratio increased from 1:10 to 1:2 at the higher dose (60 t ha −1 ). The turbidity of the runoff from a 1° slope reached a small peak within the first 3 min then gradually decreased thereafter. At 3°, the turbidity remained nearly constant over time and was uniformly distributed. At 7°, the turbidity sharply increased then gradually decreased and its distribution was a deformed bell. Washed-out (trapped) sediments from all treatments and slopes had relatively more very fine sand, silt, and clay and a slightly higher total organic carbon content than the original soil. Phosphogypsum and turkey litter wastes may be effective anti-erosion amendments and potential fertilizers because they increase flocculation, improve the structure, and enrich the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil.
在本研究中，我们评估了表面施用和犁耕磷石膏和火鸡粪便至20厘米深对Cis Urals南部（俄罗斯巴什科尔托斯坦共和国）粘土冲积农业黑钙土（Luvic Chernozems（Aric，Pachic））可蚀性的影响。在实验室条件下，对1°、3°和7°斜坡进行了建模。用降雨模拟器测量土壤流失、径流开始时间和浊度。测量颗粒尺寸分布和总有机碳。在模拟强降雨（360-420 mm h−1）持续30分钟的情况下，未经处理的对照土壤损失最高（28.9 t ha−1）。磷石膏和火鸡枯枝落叶的单独和联合引入显著提高了土壤对水侵蚀的抵抗力。改良剂的共同引入增强了这种效果，尤其是当磷石膏与火鸡窝的比例在更高剂量（60 t ha−1）下从1:10增加到1:2时。1°斜坡径流的浊度在最初的3分钟内达到一个小峰值，然后逐渐下降。在3°时，浊度随着时间的推移几乎保持不变，并且分布均匀。在7°时，浊度先急剧上升，然后逐渐下降，其分布呈变形钟形。所有处理和斜坡的冲刷（截留）沉积物具有相对更多的非常细的沙子、淤泥和粘土，总有机碳含量略高于原始土壤。磷石膏和火鸡粪便可能是有效的抗侵蚀改良剂和潜在的肥料，因为它们可以增加絮凝作用，改善结构，丰富土壤的有机质和营养成分。
{"title":"Effect of phosphogypsum and turkey litter on the erodibility of agrochernozems of the southern Cis-Ural (Russia) under artificial heavy rainfall","authors":"R. Suleymanov, I. Saifullin, M. Komissarov, I. Gabbasova, A. Suleymanov, T. Garipov","doi":"10.25252/SE/19/71730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/19/71730","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, we evaluated the effects of surface application and plowing of phosphogypsum and turkey litter to a depth of 20 cm on the erodibility of clay-illuvial agrochernozem (Luvic Chernozems (Aric, Pachic)) in the Southern Cis-Urals (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia). Under laboratory conditions, 1°, 3°, and 7° slopes were modeled. Soil loss, runoff onset time, and turbidity were measured with a rainfall simulator. Particle size distribution and total organic carbon were measured. Under simulated heavy rainfall (360‒420 mm h −1 ) for 30 min, the untreated control had the highest soil loss (28.9 t ha −1 ). Separate and combined introductions of phosphogypsum and turkey litter significantly increased soil resistance to water erosion. Co-introduction of the amendments strengthened this effect especially when the phosphogypsum to turkey litter ratio increased from 1:10 to 1:2 at the higher dose (60 t ha −1 ). The turbidity of the runoff from a 1° slope reached a small peak within the first 3 min then gradually decreased thereafter. At 3°, the turbidity remained nearly constant over time and was uniformly distributed. At 7°, the turbidity sharply increased then gradually decreased and its distribution was a deformed bell. Washed-out (trapped) sediments from all treatments and slopes had relatively more very fine sand, silt, and clay and a slightly higher total organic carbon content than the original soil. Phosphogypsum and turkey litter wastes may be effective anti-erosion amendments and potential fertilizers because they increase flocculation, improve the structure, and enrich the organic matter and nutrient content of the soil.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48217186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Zahir, M. Ahmad, T. Hilger, A. Dar, S. R. Malik, G. Abbas, F. Rasche
Mungbean can successfully be grown in the small slots present in the existing cropping systems that may increase the farmer income and can also restore soil fertility. The inoculation of crop plants with bacterial inoculants has the potential to increase crop productivity even under different soil and climatic conditions. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-strain biofertilizer prepared through combined use of Rhizobium phaseoli and Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis for enhancing the growth, nodulation and productivity of ten mungbean genotypes under field conditions, and effect of inoculation on total bacterial DNA (population) in soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangements and three replications. Results revealed that inoculation with multistrain biofertilizer increased the nodule numbers, growth, and yield under different mungbean genotypes when compared with their respective uninoculated control. The genotypes showed different productive potentials either with or without inoculation under field conditions. The genotype NCM 2015 yielded more but inoculation was more effective with genotypes NM 17, NM 19 and NCM-252-10 under field conditions of Bahawalpur. Results of 16S rRNA analysis showed a higher number of gene copies in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants of all mungbean genotypes than those of uninoculated plants. Maximum total bacterial population was observed in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants in NM 11 that was significantly better than un-inoculated control plants of the same mungbean line but non-significant when compared with other lines under inoculation. It is concluded that the use of multistrain biofertilizer prepared through combined use of Rhizobium and PGPR strains containing ACC-deaminase could be an effective approach to improve growth, nodulation and yield of mungbean genotypes. The response of different genotypes to the inoculation varied significantly. So, research for the development of inoculum for different advanced genotypes should be continued and more emphasis should be deployed to develop biofertilizers with efficient strains to use them under different climate and soil conditions.
{"title":"Field evaluation of multistrain biofertilizer for improving the productivity of different mungbean genotypes","authors":"Z. Zahir, M. Ahmad, T. Hilger, A. Dar, S. R. Malik, G. Abbas, F. Rasche","doi":"10.25252/SE/17/61488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/17/61488","url":null,"abstract":"Mungbean can successfully be grown in the small slots present in the existing cropping systems that may increase the farmer income and can also restore soil fertility. The inoculation of crop plants with bacterial inoculants has the potential to increase crop productivity even under different soil and climatic conditions. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-strain biofertilizer prepared through combined use of Rhizobium phaseoli and Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis for enhancing the growth, nodulation and productivity of ten mungbean genotypes under field conditions, and effect of inoculation on total bacterial DNA (population) in soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangements and three replications. Results revealed that inoculation with multistrain biofertilizer increased the nodule numbers, growth, and yield under different mungbean genotypes when compared with their respective uninoculated control. The genotypes showed different productive potentials either with or without inoculation under field conditions. The genotype NCM 2015 yielded more but inoculation was more effective with genotypes NM 17, NM 19 and NCM-252-10 under field conditions of Bahawalpur. Results of 16S rRNA analysis showed a higher number of gene copies in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants of all mungbean genotypes than those of uninoculated plants. Maximum total bacterial population was observed in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants in NM 11 that was significantly better than un-inoculated control plants of the same mungbean line but non-significant when compared with other lines under inoculation. It is concluded that the use of multistrain biofertilizer prepared through combined use of Rhizobium and PGPR strains containing ACC-deaminase could be an effective approach to improve growth, nodulation and yield of mungbean genotypes. The response of different genotypes to the inoculation varied significantly. So, research for the development of inoculum for different advanced genotypes should be continued and more emphasis should be deployed to develop biofertilizers with efficient strains to use them under different climate and soil conditions.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44452222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infiltration gallery is a method of water treatment through soil filtration. The mechanism is the filtering or absorption of contaminants in the river that flows through the soil. This method uses soil to remove contaminants. This method has three kinds of screening processes, ie physically, chemically and biologically. This process depends on moisture content, temperature, porosity, specific gravity, the saturated degree and hydraulic conductivity in the soil. Now a days, the cost of clean water production in the province of East Java, Indonesia requires a lot of cost, because the consumption of coagulant is very high; It is necessary to have a preliminary processing that helps the performance of water treatment in East Java, Indonesia. Natural water purification method using soil called infiltration gallery can be one solution in processing river water or as preliminary processing for water treatment in East Java. The purpose of this research is to know soil characteristics in soil samples in each region and its ability to removel TSS and Total Coliform. The second objective is to find good soil composition for removel TSS and total Coliform. The location of soil sampling is in Surabaya, Lumajang, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo and Gresik, East Java province, Indonesia. The method of analysis used gravimetry, method 9223 B, the comparison between mass and specific gravity, constant head permeameter and wet grain. The results showed that the soil samples from each region were not able to remove the TSS and total coliform, so that the engineering of soil composition was required. Appropriate soil composition is sand and clay, 85% and 15%, with the percentage of TSS and total coliform removal of 63.50% and 99.67%.
{"title":"Preliminary study of infiltration gallery for water treatment towards Universal Access 2019 in Indonesia","authors":"MarithaNilam Kusuma, Wahyono Hadi, B. Wirjodirdjo","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51284","url":null,"abstract":"Infiltration gallery is a method of water treatment through soil filtration. The mechanism is the filtering or absorption of contaminants in the river that flows through the soil. This method uses soil to remove contaminants. This method has three kinds of screening processes, ie physically, chemically and biologically. This process depends on moisture content, temperature, porosity, specific gravity, the saturated degree and hydraulic conductivity in the soil. Now a days, the cost of clean water production in the province of East Java, Indonesia requires a lot of cost, because the consumption of coagulant is very high; It is necessary to have a preliminary processing that helps the performance of water treatment in East Java, Indonesia. Natural water purification method using soil called infiltration gallery can be one solution in processing river water or as preliminary processing for water treatment in East Java. The purpose of this research is to know soil characteristics in soil samples in each region and its ability to removel TSS and Total Coliform. The second objective is to find good soil composition for removel TSS and total Coliform. The location of soil sampling is in Surabaya, Lumajang, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo and Gresik, East Java province, Indonesia. The method of analysis used gravimetry, method 9223 B, the comparison between mass and specific gravity, constant head permeameter and wet grain. The results showed that the soil samples from each region were not able to remove the TSS and total coliform, so that the engineering of soil composition was required. Appropriate soil composition is sand and clay, 85% and 15%, with the percentage of TSS and total coliform removal of 63.50% and 99.67%.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42915028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of organic manure is proposed to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, as well as to add sulfur (S) into the soil so that the phosphate use efficiency may be improved by maize crop. This field experiment was conducted during 2014 at Assiut city, Assiut governorate, Egypt to study the effect of sulfur and farmyard manure (FYM) on phosphorus availability, grain yield and phosphorus use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L. cv Single Hybrid 10). Randomized complete block design was followed with three replications. Four treatments viz SP= superphosphate, SP+S = superphosphate +sulfur, SP+FYM = superphosphate +farmyard manure and SP+FYM+S = superphosphate + farmyard manure + sulfur were tested. The soil analysis after corn harvest showed that the Olsen P of the soil improved with applying sulfur or farmyard manure and their mixture in presence of superphosphate. Adding farmyard manure with superphosphate enhanced grain yield of corn plants by 44.6% as well as the application of superphosphate with farmyard manure and sulfur increased the grain yield by 44.2% compared to the SP. The results in this study showed that amending soil by farmyard manure and sulfur with superphosphate improved phosphorus use efficiency in comparison with superphosphate alone.
建议施用有机肥以减少化肥的使用，并向土壤中添加硫，以提高玉米作物对磷的利用效率。本试验于2014年在埃及Assiut省Assiut市进行，研究了硫和农家肥(FYM)对玉米(Zea mays L. cv Single Hybrid 10)磷有效性、产量和磷利用效率的影响。随机完全区组设计3个重复。试验采用SP=过磷酸钙、SP+S =过磷酸钙+硫、SP+FYM =过磷酸钙+农家肥和SP+FYM+S =过磷酸钙+农家肥+硫4种处理。玉米收获后的土壤分析表明，在过磷酸钙存在的情况下，施用硫肥或农家肥及其混合物可提高土壤的奥尔森磷含量。添加过磷酸钙农家肥与过磷酸钙复合施用玉米植株籽粒产量较SP提高44.6%，施用过磷酸钙农家肥与硫复合施用玉米植株籽粒产量较SP提高44.2%。本研究结果表明，与单独过磷酸钙相比，过磷酸钙农家肥与硫复合施用土壤可提高磷的利用效率。
{"title":"Improvement in phosphorus use efficiency of corn crop by amending the soil with sulfur and farmyard manure","authors":"A. Amin","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51377","url":null,"abstract":"The use of organic manure is proposed to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, as well as to add sulfur (S) into the soil so that the phosphate use efficiency may be improved by maize crop. This field experiment was conducted during 2014 at Assiut city, Assiut governorate, Egypt to study the effect of sulfur and farmyard manure (FYM) on phosphorus availability, grain yield and phosphorus use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L. cv Single Hybrid 10). Randomized complete block design was followed with three replications. Four treatments viz SP= superphosphate, SP+S = superphosphate +sulfur, SP+FYM = superphosphate +farmyard manure and SP+FYM+S = superphosphate + farmyard manure + sulfur were tested. The soil analysis after corn harvest showed that the Olsen P of the soil improved with applying sulfur or farmyard manure and their mixture in presence of superphosphate. Adding farmyard manure with superphosphate enhanced grain yield of corn plants by 44.6% as well as the application of superphosphate with farmyard manure and sulfur increased the grain yield by 44.2% compared to the SP. The results in this study showed that amending soil by farmyard manure and sulfur with superphosphate improved phosphorus use efficiency in comparison with superphosphate alone.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42384790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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