U. Ali, Muhammad Azam Khan, I. Hafiz, K. Khan, Shahid Mahmood
Climate change is a global phenomenon occurring throughout the world. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) considered to be the major culprit to bring these changes. So, carbon (C) sequestration by any mean could be useful to reduce the CO 2 level in atmosphere. Turf grasses have the ability to sequester C and minimize the effects of GHGs on the environment. In order to study that how turf grasses can help in C sequestration, Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) was grown both at industrial and urban location and its effect on C storage were assessed by soil and plant analysis. Dry deposition of ammonium and nitrate was maximum at both locations through the year. However wet deposition was highest during the months of high rainfall. It was examined through soil analysis that soil organic matter, soil C and nitrogen in both locations increased after second mowing of grass. However, soil pH 6.68 in urban and 7.00 in industrial area and EC 1.86 dS/m in urban and 1.90 dS/m in industrial area decreased as the grass growth continue. Soil fresh weight (27.6 g) in urban and (27.28 g) industrial area also decreased after first and second mowing of grass. The C levels in plant dry biomass also increased which showed improved ability of plant to uptake C from the soil and store it. Similarly, chlorophyll contents were more in industrial area compared to urban area indicates the positive impact of high C concentration. Whereas stomatal conductance was reduced in high C environment to slow down respiration process. Hence, from present study it can be concluded that the Bermuda grass could be grown in areas with high C concentration in atmosphere for sequestrating C in soil.
{"title":"Comparative study of the growth and carbon sequestration potential of Bermuda grass in industrial and urban areas","authors":"U. Ali, Muhammad Azam Khan, I. Hafiz, K. Khan, Shahid Mahmood","doi":"10.25252/se/18/51380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/18/51380","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a global phenomenon occurring throughout the world. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) considered to be the major culprit to bring these changes. So, carbon (C) sequestration by any mean could be useful to reduce the CO 2 level in atmosphere. Turf grasses have the ability to sequester C and minimize the effects of GHGs on the environment. In order to study that how turf grasses can help in C sequestration, Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) was grown both at industrial and urban location and its effect on C storage were assessed by soil and plant analysis. Dry deposition of ammonium and nitrate was maximum at both locations through the year. However wet deposition was highest during the months of high rainfall. It was examined through soil analysis that soil organic matter, soil C and nitrogen in both locations increased after second mowing of grass. However, soil pH 6.68 in urban and 7.00 in industrial area and EC 1.86 dS/m in urban and 1.90 dS/m in industrial area decreased as the grass growth continue. Soil fresh weight (27.6 g) in urban and (27.28 g) industrial area also decreased after first and second mowing of grass. The C levels in plant dry biomass also increased which showed improved ability of plant to uptake C from the soil and store it. Similarly, chlorophyll contents were more in industrial area compared to urban area indicates the positive impact of high C concentration. Whereas stomatal conductance was reduced in high C environment to slow down respiration process. Hence, from present study it can be concluded that the Bermuda grass could be grown in areas with high C concentration in atmosphere for sequestrating C in soil.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46792133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Potassium humate is one of the alternate sources of organic matter for improving physico-chemical properties of soils, crop growth and yield. The study investigated the effect of using different rates of potassium humate with and without recommended inorganic fertilizers in clayey loam soil on yield and economics of potato production. Four field experiments were conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 by using four levels of each, NPK (0, 50, 75 and 100% recommended dose) and potassium humate (0, 8, 12 and 16 kg ha) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Tuber number, tuber fresh and dry weight and biological yield per hill, tuber yield per hectare and harvest index were significantly and positively affected by increasing level of NPK in both autumn and spring crops. Application of potassium humate significantly increased tuber fresh and dry weights (up to 10.95% and 14.43%; respectively), tuber yield (up to 10.96%), biological yield (up to 8.46%) and harvest index (up to 3.1) in both autumn and spring crops but improved tuber number per hill only in autumn crops. Application of full rate of NPK fertilizers with 16 kg ha potassium humate resulted in the highest tuber yield (19.749 tons ha). However, study results of benefit cost ratio indicated that application of NPK at 75% of recommended dose with 16 kg ha potassium humate remained the most economical for potato growers.
腐植酸钾是改善土壤理化性质、作物生长和产量的有机物替代来源之一。研究了在粘土质壤土中施用不同比例的腐植酸钾（添加和不添加推荐无机肥）对马铃薯产量和经济性的影响。2010-11年和2011-12年期间，在随机完全区组设计（RCBD）中进行了四项田间实验，分别使用四种水平的NPK（0、50、75和100%推荐剂量）和腐植酸钾（0、8、12和16 kg ha），并进行了三次重复。秋季和春季作物中，NPK水平的提高对块茎数量、块茎鲜干重、单株生物产量、每公顷块茎产量和收获指数都有显著的正向影响。施用腐植酸钾可显著提高秋春季作物的块茎鲜重和干重（分别高达10.95%和14.43%）、块茎产量（高达10.96%）、生物产量（高可达8.46%）和收获指数（高达3.1），但仅秋季作物可提高每丘块茎数。施用16公斤公顷腐植酸钾的NPK肥料，块茎产量最高（19.749吨公顷）。然而，效益成本比的研究结果表明，以推荐剂量的75%施用16公斤公顷腐植酸钾的NPK对马铃薯种植者来说仍然是最经济的。
{"title":"Potassium humate and NPK application rates influence yield and economic performance of potato crops grown in clayey loam soils","authors":"Muhammad Idrees, M. A. Anjum, J. Mirza","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51384","url":null,"abstract":"Potassium humate is one of the alternate sources of organic matter for improving physico-chemical properties of soils, crop growth and yield. The study investigated the effect of using different rates of potassium humate with and without recommended inorganic fertilizers in clayey loam soil on yield and economics of potato production. Four field experiments were conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 by using four levels of each, NPK (0, 50, 75 and 100% recommended dose) and potassium humate (0, 8, 12 and 16 kg ha) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Tuber number, tuber fresh and dry weight and biological yield per hill, tuber yield per hectare and harvest index were significantly and positively affected by increasing level of NPK in both autumn and spring crops. Application of potassium humate significantly increased tuber fresh and dry weights (up to 10.95% and 14.43%; respectively), tuber yield (up to 10.96%), biological yield (up to 8.46%) and harvest index (up to 3.1) in both autumn and spring crops but improved tuber number per hill only in autumn crops. Application of full rate of NPK fertilizers with 16 kg ha potassium humate resulted in the highest tuber yield (19.749 tons ha). However, study results of benefit cost ratio indicated that application of NPK at 75% of recommended dose with 16 kg ha potassium humate remained the most economical for potato growers.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49539482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan; a predominantly arid land region; has a large, growing, urbanizing and increasingly affluent population. Soil and water resources are finite, with per capita arable land area of 0.10 ha by 2050, and prone to degradation by inappropriate management, harsh environments and changing climate. Nonetheless, agriculture productivity increased strongly between 1960 and 2016. Whereas, the population of Pakistan increased by a factor of 4.5 between 1960 and 2018 (from 45 to 201 million), total cereal grain production increased by a factor of 6.5 (from 6.6 to 43.0 million ton). Despite the impressive gains in agricultural production since the Green Revolution era, there is no cause for complacency because even greater challenges lie ahead. Total food production may have to be doubled between 2015 and 2050 because of the growth in population along with rapidly urbanizing and increasingly affluent lifestyle. The national agronomic crop yield (2.8 Mg/ha for wheat, 3.8 Mg/ha for rice, and 4.6 Mg/ha for maize) may have to be increased drastically, and that too in a changing and uncertain climate. Important among the challenges are the growing incidence of drought stress and heatwave, and increasing risks of soil degradation and desertification. Further, soil resources must also be managed to advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN; achieve Land Degradation Neutrality proposed by the UNCCD; implement the “4 per Thousand” program of soil carbon sequestration initiated at COP21 in Paris in 2015; and fulfil the aspirations of better lifestyle for the people of Pakistan. The strategy is to restore degraded soils and desertified ecosystems through sustainable intensification. The goal is to produce more from less by reducing losses (i.e., water, nutrients, soil) and enhancing eco-efficiency of inputs (i.e., fertilizer, irrigation water, energy). Vertical increase in agronomic yield, by restoring soil health and adopting best management practices (BMPs), is the only viable option because there is no scope for any horizontal expansion. Site/regional specific BMPs may include conservation agriculture along with retention of crop residue mulch and without any in-field burning of biomass; incorporation of a cover crop (forages) in the rotation cycle; and use of integrated nutrient management (INM) involving a judicious combination of organic (compost, manure, biofertilizers) and inorganic sources of nutrients, and integration of crops with livestock and trees. Further, the flood irrigation must be replaced by drip sub-irrigation system. Chosen BMPs must create a positive soil ecosystem C budget, and restore the soil organic carbon stock.
{"title":"Managing agricultural soils of Pakistan for food and climate","authors":"R. Lal","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/61527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/61527","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan; a predominantly arid land region; has a large, growing, urbanizing and increasingly affluent population. Soil and water resources are finite, with per capita arable land area of 0.10 ha by 2050, and prone to degradation by inappropriate management, harsh environments and changing climate. Nonetheless, agriculture productivity increased strongly between 1960 and 2016. Whereas, the population of Pakistan increased by a factor of 4.5 between 1960 and 2018 (from 45 to 201 million), total cereal grain production increased by a factor of 6.5 (from 6.6 to 43.0 million ton). Despite the impressive gains in agricultural production since the Green Revolution era, there is no cause for complacency because even greater challenges lie ahead. Total food production may have to be doubled between 2015 and 2050 because of the growth in population along with rapidly urbanizing and increasingly affluent lifestyle. The national agronomic crop yield (2.8 Mg/ha for wheat, 3.8 Mg/ha for rice, and 4.6 Mg/ha for maize) may have to be increased drastically, and that too in a changing and uncertain climate. Important among the challenges are the growing incidence of drought stress and heatwave, and increasing risks of soil degradation and desertification. Further, soil resources must also be managed to advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN; achieve Land Degradation Neutrality proposed by the UNCCD; implement the “4 per Thousand” program of soil carbon sequestration initiated at COP21 in Paris in 2015; and fulfil the aspirations of better lifestyle for the people of Pakistan. The strategy is to restore degraded soils and desertified ecosystems through sustainable intensification. The goal is to produce more from less by reducing losses (i.e., water, nutrients, soil) and enhancing eco-efficiency of inputs (i.e., fertilizer, irrigation water, energy). Vertical increase in agronomic yield, by restoring soil health and adopting best management practices (BMPs), is the only viable option because there is no scope for any horizontal expansion. Site/regional specific BMPs may include conservation agriculture along with retention of crop residue mulch and without any in-field burning of biomass; incorporation of a cover crop (forages) in the rotation cycle; and use of integrated nutrient management (INM) involving a judicious combination of organic (compost, manure, biofertilizers) and inorganic sources of nutrients, and integration of crops with livestock and trees. Further, the flood irrigation must be replaced by drip sub-irrigation system. Chosen BMPs must create a positive soil ecosystem C budget, and restore the soil organic carbon stock.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48723358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Murad Ali, Farmanullah Khan, Subhanullah Subhanullah, W. Ahmad, M. Ishaq, M. Saeed
Agricultural land in Pakistan is decreasing due to development of infrastructure and in order to feed its masses, agricultural activities are shifting towards sloping land where soil loss through surface runoff process is the sternest ecological threat to sustainable agriculture. Improving soil fertility and crop productivity through integrated nutrients management (INM) is a globally accepted practice. The reported study was conducted during 2014-15 for field investigations in the improvement of eroded soil’s physical characteristics and crop productivity using integrated nutrients management techniques. The treatments contained combinations of NPK (% of recommended dose 120:90:60 kg NPK ḥa -1 ), FYM (t ha -1 ) and Poultry manure PM (t ha -1 ) respectively as; 0:0:0, 100%:0:0, 0:20:0, 25%:15:0, 50%:10:0, 75%:5:0, 0:0:10, 25:0:7.5, 50%:0:5, 75%:0:2.5, 0:5:2.5, 25%:5:2.5, 50%:5:2.5, 75%:5:2.5. Results revealed that 50%:5:2.5 combination of nutrient sources significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved spike m -2 (by 34%), grains spike -1 (by 38%) and grain yield (by 90%) over the control treatment. Regarding soil physical properties, 0:20:0 combination reduced soil bulk density while improving available water, organic matter content and saturation water percentage at 0-15 cm soil depth. Positive correlation of soil organic matter was observed with available water holding capacity (ṙ = 0.92) and saturation percentage (ṙ = 0.93) while negatively co-related with ṣoil bulk density (ṙ = -0.96). It was concluded that chemical fertilizer’s improvement in physical properties of eroded soil and the resultant production was significantly lagging behind that achieved with integrated nutrient management. Under the current experimental conditions, 50%:5:2.5 combination of nutrient sources application restituted the physical properties of eroded soil and showed asset over rest of the INM and their unshared applications.
由于基础设施的发展，巴基斯坦的农业用地正在减少，为了养活其群众，农业活动正在向坡地转移，在坡地，地表径流过程造成的土壤流失是对可持续农业的最严重生态威胁。通过综合养分管理(INM)提高土壤肥力和作物生产力是全球公认的做法。本研究于2014- 2015年进行了利用综合养分管理技术改善侵蚀土壤物理特性和作物生产力的实地调查。NPK(推荐用量百分比120:90:60 kg NPK ḥa -1)、FYM (t ha -1)和禽粪肥PM (t ha -1)的组合分别为;0:20:0 100% 0:0:0: 0时,25%:15:0,50%:10:0,75%:5:0,0:0:10,25:0:7.5,50%:0:5,75%:0:2.5,0:5:2.5,25%:5:2.5,50%:75%:5:2.5 5:2.5。结果表明，与对照处理相比，50%:5:2.5的营养源组合显著(p≤0.05)提高了穗粒数m -2(34%)、穗粒数1(38%)和籽粒产量(90%)。在土壤物理性质方面，0:20:0组合降低了土壤容重，提高了0 ~ 15 cm土壤深度的有效水分、有机质含量和饱和含水量。土壤有机质与有效持水量( = 0.92)、饱和率( = 0.93)呈正相关，与容重(ṣoil)呈负相关( = -0.96)。综上所述，化肥对侵蚀土壤物理性质和产量的改善效果明显落后于综合养分管理。在目前的试验条件下，50%:5:2.5的营养源组合施用恢复了侵蚀土壤的物理性质，并表现出优于其余INM及其未共享施用的资产。
{"title":"Enhancing wheat productivity and soil physical properties of water eroded agricultural land through integrated nutrient management","authors":"Murad Ali, Farmanullah Khan, Subhanullah Subhanullah, W. Ahmad, M. Ishaq, M. Saeed","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/61450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/61450","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural land in Pakistan is decreasing due to development of infrastructure and in order to feed its masses, agricultural activities are shifting towards sloping land where soil loss through surface runoff process is the sternest ecological threat to sustainable agriculture. Improving soil fertility and crop productivity through integrated nutrients management (INM) is a globally accepted practice. The reported study was conducted during 2014-15 for field investigations in the improvement of eroded soil’s physical characteristics and crop productivity using integrated nutrients management techniques. The treatments contained combinations of NPK (% of recommended dose 120:90:60 kg NPK ḥa -1 ), FYM (t ha -1 ) and Poultry manure PM (t ha -1 ) respectively as; 0:0:0, 100%:0:0, 0:20:0, 25%:15:0, 50%:10:0, 75%:5:0, 0:0:10, 25:0:7.5, 50%:0:5, 75%:0:2.5, 0:5:2.5, 25%:5:2.5, 50%:5:2.5, 75%:5:2.5. Results revealed that 50%:5:2.5 combination of nutrient sources significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved spike m -2 (by 34%), grains spike -1 (by 38%) and grain yield (by 90%) over the control treatment. Regarding soil physical properties, 0:20:0 combination reduced soil bulk density while improving available water, organic matter content and saturation water percentage at 0-15 cm soil depth. Positive correlation of soil organic matter was observed with available water holding capacity (ṙ = 0.92) and saturation percentage (ṙ = 0.93) while negatively co-related with ṣoil bulk density (ṙ = -0.96). It was concluded that chemical fertilizer’s improvement in physical properties of eroded soil and the resultant production was significantly lagging behind that achieved with integrated nutrient management. Under the current experimental conditions, 50%:5:2.5 combination of nutrient sources application restituted the physical properties of eroded soil and showed asset over rest of the INM and their unshared applications.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47661188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Farooq, S. Kanwal, A. Ditta, A. Hussain, M. Naveed, M. Jamshaid, M. Iqbal
Under arid and semiarid climate conditions, application of muriate of potash (KCl) results in salinity problem due to its higher chloride (Cl - ) contents. In order to combat this problem, KCl was blended with different sources of compost (fruits and vegetables, poultry, press mud and cow dung) in order to get a dilution effect of composts. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of KCl blended composts and KCl or K 2 SO 4 alone on growth, physiology and K nutrition of maize. Different composts applied @ 500 kg ha -1 were blended with KCl in such a way that each combination received the same amount of K as in case of recommended KCl and K 2 SO 4 alone. Muriate of potash blended poultry compost significantly improved various growth parameters like plant height (19%), root length (60%), root (100%) and shoot fresh weight (64%), root (88%) and shoot dry weight (81%) and chlorophyll contents (29%) compared to KCl alone. However, the maximum physiological parameters were observed with KCl blended press mud compost. Similarly, KCl blended poultry compost significantly increased K concentration and uptake in shoot (26 and 122%) and root (39 and 133%) compared to KCl alone. Post-harvest soil analysis showed an increase of about 2 folds in K contents in KCl blended poultry compost compared to KCl alone. Based on the above results, KCl blended composts proved better in improving various growth, physiological and K nutrition of maize compared to the application of KCl and K 2 SO 4 alone.
{"title":"Comparative efficacy of KCl blended composts and sole application of KCl or K2SO4 in improving K nutrition, photosynthetic capacity and growth of maiz","authors":"N. Farooq, S. Kanwal, A. Ditta, A. Hussain, M. Naveed, M. Jamshaid, M. Iqbal","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51273","url":null,"abstract":"Under arid and semiarid climate conditions, application of muriate of potash (KCl) results in salinity problem due to its higher chloride (Cl - ) contents. In order to combat this problem, KCl was blended with different sources of compost (fruits and vegetables, poultry, press mud and cow dung) in order to get a dilution effect of composts. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of KCl blended composts and KCl or K 2 SO 4 alone on growth, physiology and K nutrition of maize. Different composts applied @ 500 kg ha -1 were blended with KCl in such a way that each combination received the same amount of K as in case of recommended KCl and K 2 SO 4 alone. Muriate of potash blended poultry compost significantly improved various growth parameters like plant height (19%), root length (60%), root (100%) and shoot fresh weight (64%), root (88%) and shoot dry weight (81%) and chlorophyll contents (29%) compared to KCl alone. However, the maximum physiological parameters were observed with KCl blended press mud compost. Similarly, KCl blended poultry compost significantly increased K concentration and uptake in shoot (26 and 122%) and root (39 and 133%) compared to KCl alone. Post-harvest soil analysis showed an increase of about 2 folds in K contents in KCl blended poultry compost compared to KCl alone. Based on the above results, KCl blended composts proved better in improving various growth, physiological and K nutrition of maize compared to the application of KCl and K 2 SO 4 alone.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41797242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil pH is one of the chemical properties influencing the nutrient bioavailability. Most of the Pakistani soils are calcareous in nature. Keeping in view the limitations of classical statistics for explaining spatial heterogeneity a survey in the farmer grown rice fields was conducted for mapping of soil pH down the soil profile up to the depth of 100 cm using geo-statistics and GIS as a diagnostic tool. One hundred and seventy five soil samples were collected from the representative soil series of rice producing district Sheikhupura. Sampling was done from five depths of 0-12, 12-24, 24-36, 36-60 and 60-100 cm. Soil profiles were excavated and samples were collected from the five depths to examine the variation of pH down the soil profile. Results indicated that soil pH at different depths was 7.80 ±0.45, 8.09 ± 0.42, 8.29±0.50, 8.39±0.54 and 8.47 ± 0.57 at 0-12, 12-24, 24-36, 36-60 and 60-100 cm depth, respectively. When geo-statistical analyses of the data were performed soil pH at all depths was found moderately to strongly spatial dependent (Nugget sill ratio <35). Maps were prepared to classify the whole district in to different pH management zones for producing regional scale information.
{"title":"Spatial Distribution of pH in the Soil Profiles of Representative Soil Series from Rice Producing Area, District Sheikhupura","authors":"G. Nabi, Humair Ahmed, Ijaz Ali","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51329","url":null,"abstract":"Soil pH is one of the chemical properties influencing the nutrient bioavailability. Most of the Pakistani soils are calcareous in nature. Keeping in view the limitations of classical statistics for explaining spatial heterogeneity a survey in the farmer grown rice fields was conducted for mapping of soil pH down the soil profile up to the depth of 100 cm using geo-statistics and GIS as a diagnostic tool. One hundred and seventy five soil samples were collected from the representative soil series of rice producing district Sheikhupura. Sampling was done from five depths of 0-12, 12-24, 24-36, 36-60 and 60-100 cm. Soil profiles were excavated and samples were collected from the five depths to examine the variation of pH down the soil profile. Results indicated that soil pH at different depths was 7.80 ±0.45, 8.09 ± 0.42, 8.29±0.50, 8.39±0.54 and 8.47 ± 0.57 at 0-12, 12-24, 24-36, 36-60 and 60-100 cm depth, respectively. When geo-statistical analyses of the data were performed soil pH at all depths was found moderately to strongly spatial dependent (Nugget sill ratio <35). Maps were prepared to classify the whole district in to different pH management zones for producing regional scale information.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47066259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to determine whether nitrogen dioxide emissions by Lysinibacillus sphaericus exist in nutrient poor soil. First, we evaluated the presence of two genes involved in denitrification (nosF and nosD) by PCR screening of five strains of L. sphaericus (III (3)7, OT4b.49, OT4b.25, OT4b.31 and CBAM5). We then applied a bacterial consortium made up by L. sphaericus III (3)7 and OT4b.49 into closed microcosms of soil and with minimum salts medium (MSM) supplemented with ammonia to measure the concentration of produced nitrogen dioxide over time. The assays with closed microcosms showed a minimum level of nitrogen dioxide over time. The nosF and nosD primers amplified the expected fragment for the five strains and the sequenced nosF and nosD PCR product showed an ATPase domain and a copper-binding domain respectively, which was consistent with the function of these genes. The basal emission of nitrogen dioxide by L. sphaericus in soil is coupled to its ability to enhance the nitrogen bioavailability for soils deficient in nutrients. Therefore, our results indicate that this microorganism can be considered as a good c and idate to validate the low emission of NOx in field and in the future as an alternative for biofertilization..
本研究的目的是确定在营养不良的土壤中是否存在球形赖氨芽孢杆菌的二氧化氮排放。首先，我们通过对五株球形乳杆菌（III（3）7、OT4b.49、OT4b.25、OT4b.31和CBAM5）的PCR筛选，评估了两个参与反硝化作用的基因（nosF和nosD）的存在。然后，我们将由L.sphaericus III（3）7和OT4b.49组成的细菌群落应用于土壤的封闭微宇宙中，并使用补充了氨的最小盐培养基（MSM）来测量随时间产生的二氧化氮浓度。用封闭微宇宙进行的测定显示，随着时间的推移，二氧化氮含量最低。nosF和nosD引物扩增了5株菌株的预期片段，测序的nosF和nos D PCR产物分别显示出ATP酶结构域和铜结合结构域，这与这些基因的功能一致。球形乳杆菌在土壤中的基本二氧化氮排放与其在缺乏养分的土壤中提高氮生物利用度的能力有关。因此，我们的研究结果表明，这种微生物可以被认为是一种很好的证据，可以在现场和未来作为生物肥料的替代品来验证NOx的低排放。。
{"title":"Minimal NOx emission by Lysinibacillus sphaericus in nutrient poor soil","authors":"Melissa Sánchez, J. Dussán","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51203","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine whether nitrogen dioxide emissions by Lysinibacillus sphaericus exist in nutrient poor soil. First, we evaluated the presence of two genes involved in denitrification (nosF and nosD) by PCR screening of five strains of L. sphaericus (III (3)7, OT4b.49, OT4b.25, OT4b.31 and CBAM5). We then applied a bacterial consortium made up by L. sphaericus III (3)7 and OT4b.49 into closed microcosms of soil and with minimum salts medium (MSM) supplemented with ammonia to measure the concentration of produced nitrogen dioxide over time. The assays with closed microcosms showed a minimum level of nitrogen dioxide over time. The nosF and nosD primers amplified the expected fragment for the five strains and the sequenced nosF and nosD PCR product showed an ATPase domain and a copper-binding domain respectively, which was consistent with the function of these genes. The basal emission of nitrogen dioxide by L. sphaericus in soil is coupled to its ability to enhance the nitrogen bioavailability for soils deficient in nutrients. Therefore, our results indicate that this microorganism can be considered as a good c and idate to validate the low emission of NOx in field and in the future as an alternative for biofertilization..","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48029471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Akhtar, M. Naveed, M. Khalid, N. Ahmad, M. Rizwan, S. Siddique
Soil borne pathogens are responsible for considerable yield losses in field crops. Healthy growth and ultimate yield of the crop depends upon the efficient supply of water, nutrients and absence of biotic and abiotic stress. Under biotic stress plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and compost inhabiting bacteria (CIB) can help the plant to function normally by suppressing the pathogen. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of PGPR and CIB on growth and yield of maize, grown in fungus infested soil. Two strains, each of PGPR (Mb4 and Mb7) and CIB (Cb4 and Cb9) were evaluated to improve the growth and yield of maize crop. Maize seeds were sterilized and inoculated with bacterial strains before sowing along with un-inoculated control for comparison. Recommended dose of fertilizers (180, 140, 90 NPK kg ha) was applied at sowing and pots were arranged in completely randomized design. Results showed that inoculation with selected strains of bacteria, exhibited percent increase in yield of fresh cob (up to 52.69%) and dry cob (40.87%), cob length (51.42%), grain yield (up to 55.34%), 1000-grain weight (up to 37.27%), K contents in grains and straw (1.756 and 0.793, respectively), %N in grains and straw (up to 2.675 and 0.997%, respectively) and %P in grains and straw (up to 1.756 and 0.793%, respectively) compared to un-inoculated control. Keeping in view the higher yield parameters of inoculated treatments compared to un-inoculated control, it was concluded that inoculation of maize seeds with bacterial consortia suppressed the adverse effect of fungal pathogen and enhanced the growth and yield of maize crop.
土壤传播的病原体是造成大田作物大量减产的原因。作物的健康生长和最终产量取决于水、养分的有效供应以及没有生物和非生物胁迫。在生物胁迫下，促进植物生长的根瘤菌(PGPR)和堆肥寄生菌(CIB)可以通过抑制病原菌来帮助植物正常生长。采用盆栽试验研究了PGPR和CIB对真菌侵染土壤中玉米生长和产量的影响。研究了PGPR (Mb4和Mb7)和CIB (Cb4和Cb9)对玉米生长和产量的促进作用。在播种前对玉米种子进行灭菌和接种，并与未接种的对照进行比较。播种时施氮磷钾推荐用量为180、140、90 kg ha，盆栽采用完全随机设计。结果表明，与未接种的对照相比，接种菌株可使鲜穗轴产量(52.69%)和干穗轴产量(40.87%)、穗轴长度(51.42%)、籽粒产量(55.34%)、千粒重(37.27%)、籽粒和秸秆钾含量(分别为1.756和0.793)、籽粒和秸秆氮含量(分别为2.675和0.997%)和籽粒和秸秆磷含量(分别为1.756和0.793%)显著提高。考虑到接种处理的产量参数高于未接种对照，因此，接种菌落抑制了真菌病原菌的不利影响，促进了玉米作物的生长和产量。
{"title":"Effect of bacterial consortia on growth and yield of maize grown in Fusarium infested soil","authors":"N. Akhtar, M. Naveed, M. Khalid, N. Ahmad, M. Rizwan, S. Siddique","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/872","url":null,"abstract":"Soil borne pathogens are responsible for considerable yield losses in field crops. Healthy growth and ultimate yield of the crop depends upon the efficient supply of water, nutrients and absence of biotic and abiotic stress. Under biotic stress plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and compost inhabiting bacteria (CIB) can help the plant to function normally by suppressing the pathogen. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of PGPR and CIB on growth and yield of maize, grown in fungus infested soil. Two strains, each of PGPR (Mb4 and Mb7) and CIB (Cb4 and Cb9) were evaluated to improve the growth and yield of maize crop. Maize seeds were sterilized and inoculated with bacterial strains before sowing along with un-inoculated control for comparison. Recommended dose of fertilizers (180, 140, 90 NPK kg ha) was applied at sowing and pots were arranged in completely randomized design. Results showed that inoculation with selected strains of bacteria, exhibited percent increase in yield of fresh cob (up to 52.69%) and dry cob (40.87%), cob length (51.42%), grain yield (up to 55.34%), 1000-grain weight (up to 37.27%), K contents in grains and straw (1.756 and 0.793, respectively), %N in grains and straw (up to 2.675 and 0.997%, respectively) and %P in grains and straw (up to 1.756 and 0.793%, respectively) compared to un-inoculated control. Keeping in view the higher yield parameters of inoculated treatments compared to un-inoculated control, it was concluded that inoculation of maize seeds with bacterial consortia suppressed the adverse effect of fungal pathogen and enhanced the growth and yield of maize crop.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42313206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Abu‐Hamdeh, S. M. Ismail, Samir G. Al-Solaimani, R. Hatamleh, Jeddah Saudi Arabia Arid Land Agriculture
This study aims to investigate the effect of three tillage practices and the effect of polyacrylamide application rate on surface runoff and erosion of sandy loam soils differing in silt and clay contents. Field experiments in split-split plot with four replications were carried out in two different locations; location A that consists of 25.2% silt plus clay and location B which consists of 38.5% silt plus clay. Three tillage practices were investigated; no-tillage (NT), mouldboard ploughing with rotor tiller (CT1), and chisel ploughing with disk harrow (CT2). Three polyacrylamide (PAM) rates were implemented in each tillage system; 0, 10 and 20 kg ha -1 . The experiment was conducted during December 2015 to April 2017 and wheat was sown for the two seasons. Results showed that the CT1 and CT2 treatments reduced runoff by 15.3% and 50.0%, respectively in location A and by 6.4% and 13.8%, respectively, in location B compared to the NT treatment. Applying 10 and 20 kg ha -1 of PAM decreased runoff by 9.5% and 22%, respectively in location A and by 4.5% and 12%, respectively in location B compared to the 0 kg ha - 1 PAM treatment. Applying 10 and 20 kg ha -1 PAM reduced soil erosion by 19% and 28%, respectively, in location A and by 26% and 33%, respectively in location B compared to the 0 kg ha -1 PAM application rate. Comparing the effect of tillage practices in location (A), the CT1 increased soil erosion by 16.5 % and 46.5% compared with the NT and CT2 treatments, respectively. Comparing the effect of tillage practices in location (B), the CT1 increased soil erosion by 38.6% and 75.6% compared to the NT and CT2, respectively.
本研究旨在探讨3种耕作方式及聚丙烯酰胺施用量对不同粉砂和粘粒含量砂壤土地表径流和侵蚀的影响。在两个不同地点进行了4个重复的田间试验;地点A由25.2%的粉砂加粘土组成，地点B由38.5%的粉砂加粘土组成。调查了三种耕作方式;免耕(NT)、旋耕机板耕(CT1)、盘耙凿耕(CT2)。每个耕作制度中施用三种聚丙烯酰胺(PAM);0、10和20公斤/公顷。试验于2015年12月至2017年4月进行，分两季播种小麦。结果表明，与NT相比，CT1和CT2处理在A地分别减少了15.3%和50.0%的径流，在B地分别减少了6.4%和13.8%的径流。与0 kg ha -1 PAM处理相比，施用10和20 kg ha -1 PAM在A区分别减少了9.5%和22%的径流量，在B区分别减少了4.5%和12%。与施用0公斤公顷-1 PAM相比，施用10和20公斤公顷-1 PAM在A区分别减少19%和28%的土壤侵蚀，在B区分别减少26%和33%的土壤侵蚀。对比A地不同耕作方式对土壤侵蚀的影响，CT1处理比NT和CT2处理分别增加了16.5%和46.5%。对比B区不同耕作方式对土壤侵蚀的影响，CT1比NT和CT2分别增加了38.6%和75.6%。
{"title":"Runoff and erosion as affected by tillage system and polyacrylamide in two sandy loam soils differing in silt and clay contents in semi-arid regions","authors":"N. Abu‐Hamdeh, S. M. Ismail, Samir G. Al-Solaimani, R. Hatamleh, Jeddah Saudi Arabia Arid Land Agriculture","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51390","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the effect of three tillage practices and the effect of polyacrylamide application rate on surface runoff and erosion of sandy loam soils differing in silt and clay contents. Field experiments in split-split plot with four replications were carried out in two different locations; location A that consists of 25.2% silt plus clay and location B which consists of 38.5% silt plus clay. Three tillage practices were investigated; no-tillage (NT), mouldboard ploughing with rotor tiller (CT1), and chisel ploughing with disk harrow (CT2). Three polyacrylamide (PAM) rates were implemented in each tillage system; 0, 10 and 20 kg ha -1 . The experiment was conducted during December 2015 to April 2017 and wheat was sown for the two seasons. Results showed that the CT1 and CT2 treatments reduced runoff by 15.3% and 50.0%, respectively in location A and by 6.4% and 13.8%, respectively, in location B compared to the NT treatment. Applying 10 and 20 kg ha -1 of PAM decreased runoff by 9.5% and 22%, respectively in location A and by 4.5% and 12%, respectively in location B compared to the 0 kg ha - 1 PAM treatment. Applying 10 and 20 kg ha -1 PAM reduced soil erosion by 19% and 28%, respectively, in location A and by 26% and 33%, respectively in location B compared to the 0 kg ha -1 PAM application rate. Comparing the effect of tillage practices in location (A), the CT1 increased soil erosion by 16.5 % and 46.5% compared with the NT and CT2 treatments, respectively. Comparing the effect of tillage practices in location (B), the CT1 increased soil erosion by 38.6% and 75.6% compared to the NT and CT2, respectively.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49007966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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