Pakistan; a predominantly arid land region; has a large, growing, urbanizing and increasingly affluent population. Soil and water resources are finite, with per capita arable land area of 0.10 ha by 2050, and prone to degradation by inappropriate management, harsh environments and changing climate. Nonetheless, agriculture productivity increased strongly between 1960 and 2016. Whereas, the population of Pakistan increased by a factor of 4.5 between 1960 and 2018 (from 45 to 201 million), total cereal grain production increased by a factor of 6.5 (from 6.6 to 43.0 million ton). Despite the impressive gains in agricultural production since the Green Revolution era, there is no cause for complacency because even greater challenges lie ahead. Total food production may have to be doubled between 2015 and 2050 because of the growth in population along with rapidly urbanizing and increasingly affluent lifestyle. The national agronomic crop yield (2.8 Mg/ha for wheat, 3.8 Mg/ha for rice, and 4.6 Mg/ha for maize) may have to be increased drastically, and that too in a changing and uncertain climate. Important among the challenges are the growing incidence of drought stress and heatwave, and increasing risks of soil degradation and desertification. Further, soil resources must also be managed to advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN; achieve Land Degradation Neutrality proposed by the UNCCD; implement the “4 per Thousand” program of soil carbon sequestration initiated at COP21 in Paris in 2015; and fulfil the aspirations of better lifestyle for the people of Pakistan. The strategy is to restore degraded soils and desertified ecosystems through sustainable intensification. The goal is to produce more from less by reducing losses (i.e., water, nutrients, soil) and enhancing eco-efficiency of inputs (i.e., fertilizer, irrigation water, energy). Vertical increase in agronomic yield, by restoring soil health and adopting best management practices (BMPs), is the only viable option because there is no scope for any horizontal expansion. Site/regional specific BMPs may include conservation agriculture along with retention of crop residue mulch and without any in-field burning of biomass; incorporation of a cover crop (forages) in the rotation cycle; and use of integrated nutrient management (INM) involving a judicious combination of organic (compost, manure, biofertilizers) and inorganic sources of nutrients, and integration of crops with livestock and trees. Further, the flood irrigation must be replaced by drip sub-irrigation system. Chosen BMPs must create a positive soil ecosystem C budget, and restore the soil organic carbon stock.
{"title":"Managing agricultural soils of Pakistan for food and climate","authors":"R. Lal","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/61527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/61527","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan; a predominantly arid land region; has a large, growing, urbanizing and increasingly affluent population. Soil and water resources are finite, with per capita arable land area of 0.10 ha by 2050, and prone to degradation by inappropriate management, harsh environments and changing climate. Nonetheless, agriculture productivity increased strongly between 1960 and 2016. Whereas, the population of Pakistan increased by a factor of 4.5 between 1960 and 2018 (from 45 to 201 million), total cereal grain production increased by a factor of 6.5 (from 6.6 to 43.0 million ton). Despite the impressive gains in agricultural production since the Green Revolution era, there is no cause for complacency because even greater challenges lie ahead. Total food production may have to be doubled between 2015 and 2050 because of the growth in population along with rapidly urbanizing and increasingly affluent lifestyle. The national agronomic crop yield (2.8 Mg/ha for wheat, 3.8 Mg/ha for rice, and 4.6 Mg/ha for maize) may have to be increased drastically, and that too in a changing and uncertain climate. Important among the challenges are the growing incidence of drought stress and heatwave, and increasing risks of soil degradation and desertification. Further, soil resources must also be managed to advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN; achieve Land Degradation Neutrality proposed by the UNCCD; implement the “4 per Thousand” program of soil carbon sequestration initiated at COP21 in Paris in 2015; and fulfil the aspirations of better lifestyle for the people of Pakistan. The strategy is to restore degraded soils and desertified ecosystems through sustainable intensification. The goal is to produce more from less by reducing losses (i.e., water, nutrients, soil) and enhancing eco-efficiency of inputs (i.e., fertilizer, irrigation water, energy). Vertical increase in agronomic yield, by restoring soil health and adopting best management practices (BMPs), is the only viable option because there is no scope for any horizontal expansion. Site/regional specific BMPs may include conservation agriculture along with retention of crop residue mulch and without any in-field burning of biomass; incorporation of a cover crop (forages) in the rotation cycle; and use of integrated nutrient management (INM) involving a judicious combination of organic (compost, manure, biofertilizers) and inorganic sources of nutrients, and integration of crops with livestock and trees. Further, the flood irrigation must be replaced by drip sub-irrigation system. Chosen BMPs must create a positive soil ecosystem C budget, and restore the soil organic carbon stock.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48723358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infiltration gallery is a method of water treatment through soil filtration. The mechanism is the filtering or absorption of contaminants in the river that flows through the soil. This method uses soil to remove contaminants. This method has three kinds of screening processes, ie physically, chemically and biologically. This process depends on moisture content, temperature, porosity, specific gravity, the saturated degree and hydraulic conductivity in the soil. Now a days, the cost of clean water production in the province of East Java, Indonesia requires a lot of cost, because the consumption of coagulant is very high; It is necessary to have a preliminary processing that helps the performance of water treatment in East Java, Indonesia. Natural water purification method using soil called infiltration gallery can be one solution in processing river water or as preliminary processing for water treatment in East Java. The purpose of this research is to know soil characteristics in soil samples in each region and its ability to removel TSS and Total Coliform. The second objective is to find good soil composition for removel TSS and total Coliform. The location of soil sampling is in Surabaya, Lumajang, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo and Gresik, East Java province, Indonesia. The method of analysis used gravimetry, method 9223 B, the comparison between mass and specific gravity, constant head permeameter and wet grain. The results showed that the soil samples from each region were not able to remove the TSS and total coliform, so that the engineering of soil composition was required. Appropriate soil composition is sand and clay, 85% and 15%, with the percentage of TSS and total coliform removal of 63.50% and 99.67%.
{"title":"Preliminary study of infiltration gallery for water treatment towards Universal Access 2019 in Indonesia","authors":"MarithaNilam Kusuma, Wahyono Hadi, B. Wirjodirdjo","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51284","url":null,"abstract":"Infiltration gallery is a method of water treatment through soil filtration. The mechanism is the filtering or absorption of contaminants in the river that flows through the soil. This method uses soil to remove contaminants. This method has three kinds of screening processes, ie physically, chemically and biologically. This process depends on moisture content, temperature, porosity, specific gravity, the saturated degree and hydraulic conductivity in the soil. Now a days, the cost of clean water production in the province of East Java, Indonesia requires a lot of cost, because the consumption of coagulant is very high; It is necessary to have a preliminary processing that helps the performance of water treatment in East Java, Indonesia. Natural water purification method using soil called infiltration gallery can be one solution in processing river water or as preliminary processing for water treatment in East Java. The purpose of this research is to know soil characteristics in soil samples in each region and its ability to removel TSS and Total Coliform. The second objective is to find good soil composition for removel TSS and total Coliform. The location of soil sampling is in Surabaya, Lumajang, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo and Gresik, East Java province, Indonesia. The method of analysis used gravimetry, method 9223 B, the comparison between mass and specific gravity, constant head permeameter and wet grain. The results showed that the soil samples from each region were not able to remove the TSS and total coliform, so that the engineering of soil composition was required. Appropriate soil composition is sand and clay, 85% and 15%, with the percentage of TSS and total coliform removal of 63.50% and 99.67%.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42915028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of organic manure is proposed to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, as well as to add sulfur (S) into the soil so that the phosphate use efficiency may be improved by maize crop. This field experiment was conducted during 2014 at Assiut city, Assiut governorate, Egypt to study the effect of sulfur and farmyard manure (FYM) on phosphorus availability, grain yield and phosphorus use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L. cv Single Hybrid 10). Randomized complete block design was followed with three replications. Four treatments viz SP= superphosphate, SP+S = superphosphate +sulfur, SP+FYM = superphosphate +farmyard manure and SP+FYM+S = superphosphate + farmyard manure + sulfur were tested. The soil analysis after corn harvest showed that the Olsen P of the soil improved with applying sulfur or farmyard manure and their mixture in presence of superphosphate. Adding farmyard manure with superphosphate enhanced grain yield of corn plants by 44.6% as well as the application of superphosphate with farmyard manure and sulfur increased the grain yield by 44.2% compared to the SP. The results in this study showed that amending soil by farmyard manure and sulfur with superphosphate improved phosphorus use efficiency in comparison with superphosphate alone.
建议施用有机肥以减少化肥的使用，并向土壤中添加硫，以提高玉米作物对磷的利用效率。本试验于2014年在埃及Assiut省Assiut市进行，研究了硫和农家肥(FYM)对玉米(Zea mays L. cv Single Hybrid 10)磷有效性、产量和磷利用效率的影响。随机完全区组设计3个重复。试验采用SP=过磷酸钙、SP+S =过磷酸钙+硫、SP+FYM =过磷酸钙+农家肥和SP+FYM+S =过磷酸钙+农家肥+硫4种处理。玉米收获后的土壤分析表明，在过磷酸钙存在的情况下，施用硫肥或农家肥及其混合物可提高土壤的奥尔森磷含量。添加过磷酸钙农家肥与过磷酸钙复合施用玉米植株籽粒产量较SP提高44.6%，施用过磷酸钙农家肥与硫复合施用玉米植株籽粒产量较SP提高44.2%。本研究结果表明，与单独过磷酸钙相比，过磷酸钙农家肥与硫复合施用土壤可提高磷的利用效率。
{"title":"Improvement in phosphorus use efficiency of corn crop by amending the soil with sulfur and farmyard manure","authors":"A. Amin","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51377","url":null,"abstract":"The use of organic manure is proposed to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, as well as to add sulfur (S) into the soil so that the phosphate use efficiency may be improved by maize crop. This field experiment was conducted during 2014 at Assiut city, Assiut governorate, Egypt to study the effect of sulfur and farmyard manure (FYM) on phosphorus availability, grain yield and phosphorus use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L. cv Single Hybrid 10). Randomized complete block design was followed with three replications. Four treatments viz SP= superphosphate, SP+S = superphosphate +sulfur, SP+FYM = superphosphate +farmyard manure and SP+FYM+S = superphosphate + farmyard manure + sulfur were tested. The soil analysis after corn harvest showed that the Olsen P of the soil improved with applying sulfur or farmyard manure and their mixture in presence of superphosphate. Adding farmyard manure with superphosphate enhanced grain yield of corn plants by 44.6% as well as the application of superphosphate with farmyard manure and sulfur increased the grain yield by 44.2% compared to the SP. The results in this study showed that amending soil by farmyard manure and sulfur with superphosphate improved phosphorus use efficiency in comparison with superphosphate alone.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42384790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Murad Ali, Farmanullah Khan, Subhanullah Subhanullah, W. Ahmad, M. Ishaq, M. Saeed
Agricultural land in Pakistan is decreasing due to development of infrastructure and in order to feed its masses, agricultural activities are shifting towards sloping land where soil loss through surface runoff process is the sternest ecological threat to sustainable agriculture. Improving soil fertility and crop productivity through integrated nutrients management (INM) is a globally accepted practice. The reported study was conducted during 2014-15 for field investigations in the improvement of eroded soil’s physical characteristics and crop productivity using integrated nutrients management techniques. The treatments contained combinations of NPK (% of recommended dose 120:90:60 kg NPK ḥa -1 ), FYM (t ha -1 ) and Poultry manure PM (t ha -1 ) respectively as; 0:0:0, 100%:0:0, 0:20:0, 25%:15:0, 50%:10:0, 75%:5:0, 0:0:10, 25:0:7.5, 50%:0:5, 75%:0:2.5, 0:5:2.5, 25%:5:2.5, 50%:5:2.5, 75%:5:2.5. Results revealed that 50%:5:2.5 combination of nutrient sources significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved spike m -2 (by 34%), grains spike -1 (by 38%) and grain yield (by 90%) over the control treatment. Regarding soil physical properties, 0:20:0 combination reduced soil bulk density while improving available water, organic matter content and saturation water percentage at 0-15 cm soil depth. Positive correlation of soil organic matter was observed with available water holding capacity (ṙ = 0.92) and saturation percentage (ṙ = 0.93) while negatively co-related with ṣoil bulk density (ṙ = -0.96). It was concluded that chemical fertilizer’s improvement in physical properties of eroded soil and the resultant production was significantly lagging behind that achieved with integrated nutrient management. Under the current experimental conditions, 50%:5:2.5 combination of nutrient sources application restituted the physical properties of eroded soil and showed asset over rest of the INM and their unshared applications.
由于基础设施的发展，巴基斯坦的农业用地正在减少，为了养活其群众，农业活动正在向坡地转移，在坡地，地表径流过程造成的土壤流失是对可持续农业的最严重生态威胁。通过综合养分管理(INM)提高土壤肥力和作物生产力是全球公认的做法。本研究于2014- 2015年进行了利用综合养分管理技术改善侵蚀土壤物理特性和作物生产力的实地调查。NPK(推荐用量百分比120:90:60 kg NPK ḥa -1)、FYM (t ha -1)和禽粪肥PM (t ha -1)的组合分别为;0:20:0 100% 0:0:0: 0时,25%:15:0,50%:10:0,75%:5:0,0:0:10,25:0:7.5,50%:0:5,75%:0:2.5,0:5:2.5,25%:5:2.5,50%:75%:5:2.5 5:2.5。结果表明，与对照处理相比，50%:5:2.5的营养源组合显著(p≤0.05)提高了穗粒数m -2(34%)、穗粒数1(38%)和籽粒产量(90%)。在土壤物理性质方面，0:20:0组合降低了土壤容重，提高了0 ~ 15 cm土壤深度的有效水分、有机质含量和饱和含水量。土壤有机质与有效持水量( = 0.92)、饱和率( = 0.93)呈正相关，与容重(ṣoil)呈负相关( = -0.96)。综上所述，化肥对侵蚀土壤物理性质和产量的改善效果明显落后于综合养分管理。在目前的试验条件下，50%:5:2.5的营养源组合施用恢复了侵蚀土壤的物理性质，并表现出优于其余INM及其未共享施用的资产。
{"title":"Enhancing wheat productivity and soil physical properties of water eroded agricultural land through integrated nutrient management","authors":"Murad Ali, Farmanullah Khan, Subhanullah Subhanullah, W. Ahmad, M. Ishaq, M. Saeed","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/61450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/61450","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural land in Pakistan is decreasing due to development of infrastructure and in order to feed its masses, agricultural activities are shifting towards sloping land where soil loss through surface runoff process is the sternest ecological threat to sustainable agriculture. Improving soil fertility and crop productivity through integrated nutrients management (INM) is a globally accepted practice. The reported study was conducted during 2014-15 for field investigations in the improvement of eroded soil’s physical characteristics and crop productivity using integrated nutrients management techniques. The treatments contained combinations of NPK (% of recommended dose 120:90:60 kg NPK ḥa -1 ), FYM (t ha -1 ) and Poultry manure PM (t ha -1 ) respectively as; 0:0:0, 100%:0:0, 0:20:0, 25%:15:0, 50%:10:0, 75%:5:0, 0:0:10, 25:0:7.5, 50%:0:5, 75%:0:2.5, 0:5:2.5, 25%:5:2.5, 50%:5:2.5, 75%:5:2.5. Results revealed that 50%:5:2.5 combination of nutrient sources significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved spike m -2 (by 34%), grains spike -1 (by 38%) and grain yield (by 90%) over the control treatment. Regarding soil physical properties, 0:20:0 combination reduced soil bulk density while improving available water, organic matter content and saturation water percentage at 0-15 cm soil depth. Positive correlation of soil organic matter was observed with available water holding capacity (ṙ = 0.92) and saturation percentage (ṙ = 0.93) while negatively co-related with ṣoil bulk density (ṙ = -0.96). It was concluded that chemical fertilizer’s improvement in physical properties of eroded soil and the resultant production was significantly lagging behind that achieved with integrated nutrient management. Under the current experimental conditions, 50%:5:2.5 combination of nutrient sources application restituted the physical properties of eroded soil and showed asset over rest of the INM and their unshared applications.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47661188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Farooq, S. Kanwal, A. Ditta, A. Hussain, M. Naveed, M. Jamshaid, M. Iqbal
Under arid and semiarid climate conditions, application of muriate of potash (KCl) results in salinity problem due to its higher chloride (Cl - ) contents. In order to combat this problem, KCl was blended with different sources of compost (fruits and vegetables, poultry, press mud and cow dung) in order to get a dilution effect of composts. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of KCl blended composts and KCl or K 2 SO 4 alone on growth, physiology and K nutrition of maize. Different composts applied @ 500 kg ha -1 were blended with KCl in such a way that each combination received the same amount of K as in case of recommended KCl and K 2 SO 4 alone. Muriate of potash blended poultry compost significantly improved various growth parameters like plant height (19%), root length (60%), root (100%) and shoot fresh weight (64%), root (88%) and shoot dry weight (81%) and chlorophyll contents (29%) compared to KCl alone. However, the maximum physiological parameters were observed with KCl blended press mud compost. Similarly, KCl blended poultry compost significantly increased K concentration and uptake in shoot (26 and 122%) and root (39 and 133%) compared to KCl alone. Post-harvest soil analysis showed an increase of about 2 folds in K contents in KCl blended poultry compost compared to KCl alone. Based on the above results, KCl blended composts proved better in improving various growth, physiological and K nutrition of maize compared to the application of KCl and K 2 SO 4 alone.
{"title":"Comparative efficacy of KCl blended composts and sole application of KCl or K2SO4 in improving K nutrition, photosynthetic capacity and growth of maiz","authors":"N. Farooq, S. Kanwal, A. Ditta, A. Hussain, M. Naveed, M. Jamshaid, M. Iqbal","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51273","url":null,"abstract":"Under arid and semiarid climate conditions, application of muriate of potash (KCl) results in salinity problem due to its higher chloride (Cl - ) contents. In order to combat this problem, KCl was blended with different sources of compost (fruits and vegetables, poultry, press mud and cow dung) in order to get a dilution effect of composts. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of KCl blended composts and KCl or K 2 SO 4 alone on growth, physiology and K nutrition of maize. Different composts applied @ 500 kg ha -1 were blended with KCl in such a way that each combination received the same amount of K as in case of recommended KCl and K 2 SO 4 alone. Muriate of potash blended poultry compost significantly improved various growth parameters like plant height (19%), root length (60%), root (100%) and shoot fresh weight (64%), root (88%) and shoot dry weight (81%) and chlorophyll contents (29%) compared to KCl alone. However, the maximum physiological parameters were observed with KCl blended press mud compost. Similarly, KCl blended poultry compost significantly increased K concentration and uptake in shoot (26 and 122%) and root (39 and 133%) compared to KCl alone. Post-harvest soil analysis showed an increase of about 2 folds in K contents in KCl blended poultry compost compared to KCl alone. Based on the above results, KCl blended composts proved better in improving various growth, physiological and K nutrition of maize compared to the application of KCl and K 2 SO 4 alone.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41797242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil pH is one of the chemical properties influencing the nutrient bioavailability. Most of the Pakistani soils are calcareous in nature. Keeping in view the limitations of classical statistics for explaining spatial heterogeneity a survey in the farmer grown rice fields was conducted for mapping of soil pH down the soil profile up to the depth of 100 cm using geo-statistics and GIS as a diagnostic tool. One hundred and seventy five soil samples were collected from the representative soil series of rice producing district Sheikhupura. Sampling was done from five depths of 0-12, 12-24, 24-36, 36-60 and 60-100 cm. Soil profiles were excavated and samples were collected from the five depths to examine the variation of pH down the soil profile. Results indicated that soil pH at different depths was 7.80 ±0.45, 8.09 ± 0.42, 8.29±0.50, 8.39±0.54 and 8.47 ± 0.57 at 0-12, 12-24, 24-36, 36-60 and 60-100 cm depth, respectively. When geo-statistical analyses of the data were performed soil pH at all depths was found moderately to strongly spatial dependent (Nugget sill ratio <35). Maps were prepared to classify the whole district in to different pH management zones for producing regional scale information.
{"title":"Spatial Distribution of pH in the Soil Profiles of Representative Soil Series from Rice Producing Area, District Sheikhupura","authors":"G. Nabi, Humair Ahmed, Ijaz Ali","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51329","url":null,"abstract":"Soil pH is one of the chemical properties influencing the nutrient bioavailability. Most of the Pakistani soils are calcareous in nature. Keeping in view the limitations of classical statistics for explaining spatial heterogeneity a survey in the farmer grown rice fields was conducted for mapping of soil pH down the soil profile up to the depth of 100 cm using geo-statistics and GIS as a diagnostic tool. One hundred and seventy five soil samples were collected from the representative soil series of rice producing district Sheikhupura. Sampling was done from five depths of 0-12, 12-24, 24-36, 36-60 and 60-100 cm. Soil profiles were excavated and samples were collected from the five depths to examine the variation of pH down the soil profile. Results indicated that soil pH at different depths was 7.80 ±0.45, 8.09 ± 0.42, 8.29±0.50, 8.39±0.54 and 8.47 ± 0.57 at 0-12, 12-24, 24-36, 36-60 and 60-100 cm depth, respectively. When geo-statistical analyses of the data were performed soil pH at all depths was found moderately to strongly spatial dependent (Nugget sill ratio <35). Maps were prepared to classify the whole district in to different pH management zones for producing regional scale information.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47066259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to determine whether nitrogen dioxide emissions by Lysinibacillus sphaericus exist in nutrient poor soil. First, we evaluated the presence of two genes involved in denitrification (nosF and nosD) by PCR screening of five strains of L. sphaericus (III (3)7, OT4b.49, OT4b.25, OT4b.31 and CBAM5). We then applied a bacterial consortium made up by L. sphaericus III (3)7 and OT4b.49 into closed microcosms of soil and with minimum salts medium (MSM) supplemented with ammonia to measure the concentration of produced nitrogen dioxide over time. The assays with closed microcosms showed a minimum level of nitrogen dioxide over time. The nosF and nosD primers amplified the expected fragment for the five strains and the sequenced nosF and nosD PCR product showed an ATPase domain and a copper-binding domain respectively, which was consistent with the function of these genes. The basal emission of nitrogen dioxide by L. sphaericus in soil is coupled to its ability to enhance the nitrogen bioavailability for soils deficient in nutrients. Therefore, our results indicate that this microorganism can be considered as a good c and idate to validate the low emission of NOx in field and in the future as an alternative for biofertilization..
本研究的目的是确定在营养不良的土壤中是否存在球形赖氨芽孢杆菌的二氧化氮排放。首先，我们通过对五株球形乳杆菌（III（3）7、OT4b.49、OT4b.25、OT4b.31和CBAM5）的PCR筛选，评估了两个参与反硝化作用的基因（nosF和nosD）的存在。然后，我们将由L.sphaericus III（3）7和OT4b.49组成的细菌群落应用于土壤的封闭微宇宙中，并使用补充了氨的最小盐培养基（MSM）来测量随时间产生的二氧化氮浓度。用封闭微宇宙进行的测定显示，随着时间的推移，二氧化氮含量最低。nosF和nosD引物扩增了5株菌株的预期片段，测序的nosF和nos D PCR产物分别显示出ATP酶结构域和铜结合结构域，这与这些基因的功能一致。球形乳杆菌在土壤中的基本二氧化氮排放与其在缺乏养分的土壤中提高氮生物利用度的能力有关。因此，我们的研究结果表明，这种微生物可以被认为是一种很好的证据，可以在现场和未来作为生物肥料的替代品来验证NOx的低排放。。
{"title":"Minimal NOx emission by Lysinibacillus sphaericus in nutrient poor soil","authors":"Melissa Sánchez, J. Dussán","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51203","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine whether nitrogen dioxide emissions by Lysinibacillus sphaericus exist in nutrient poor soil. First, we evaluated the presence of two genes involved in denitrification (nosF and nosD) by PCR screening of five strains of L. sphaericus (III (3)7, OT4b.49, OT4b.25, OT4b.31 and CBAM5). We then applied a bacterial consortium made up by L. sphaericus III (3)7 and OT4b.49 into closed microcosms of soil and with minimum salts medium (MSM) supplemented with ammonia to measure the concentration of produced nitrogen dioxide over time. The assays with closed microcosms showed a minimum level of nitrogen dioxide over time. The nosF and nosD primers amplified the expected fragment for the five strains and the sequenced nosF and nosD PCR product showed an ATPase domain and a copper-binding domain respectively, which was consistent with the function of these genes. The basal emission of nitrogen dioxide by L. sphaericus in soil is coupled to its ability to enhance the nitrogen bioavailability for soils deficient in nutrients. Therefore, our results indicate that this microorganism can be considered as a good c and idate to validate the low emission of NOx in field and in the future as an alternative for biofertilization..","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48029471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Akhtar, M. Naveed, M. Khalid, N. Ahmad, M. Rizwan, S. Siddique
Soil borne pathogens are responsible for considerable yield losses in field crops. Healthy growth and ultimate yield of the crop depends upon the efficient supply of water, nutrients and absence of biotic and abiotic stress. Under biotic stress plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and compost inhabiting bacteria (CIB) can help the plant to function normally by suppressing the pathogen. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of PGPR and CIB on growth and yield of maize, grown in fungus infested soil. Two strains, each of PGPR (Mb4 and Mb7) and CIB (Cb4 and Cb9) were evaluated to improve the growth and yield of maize crop. Maize seeds were sterilized and inoculated with bacterial strains before sowing along with un-inoculated control for comparison. Recommended dose of fertilizers (180, 140, 90 NPK kg ha) was applied at sowing and pots were arranged in completely randomized design. Results showed that inoculation with selected strains of bacteria, exhibited percent increase in yield of fresh cob (up to 52.69%) and dry cob (40.87%), cob length (51.42%), grain yield (up to 55.34%), 1000-grain weight (up to 37.27%), K contents in grains and straw (1.756 and 0.793, respectively), %N in grains and straw (up to 2.675 and 0.997%, respectively) and %P in grains and straw (up to 1.756 and 0.793%, respectively) compared to un-inoculated control. Keeping in view the higher yield parameters of inoculated treatments compared to un-inoculated control, it was concluded that inoculation of maize seeds with bacterial consortia suppressed the adverse effect of fungal pathogen and enhanced the growth and yield of maize crop.
土壤传播的病原体是造成大田作物大量减产的原因。作物的健康生长和最终产量取决于水、养分的有效供应以及没有生物和非生物胁迫。在生物胁迫下，促进植物生长的根瘤菌(PGPR)和堆肥寄生菌(CIB)可以通过抑制病原菌来帮助植物正常生长。采用盆栽试验研究了PGPR和CIB对真菌侵染土壤中玉米生长和产量的影响。研究了PGPR (Mb4和Mb7)和CIB (Cb4和Cb9)对玉米生长和产量的促进作用。在播种前对玉米种子进行灭菌和接种，并与未接种的对照进行比较。播种时施氮磷钾推荐用量为180、140、90 kg ha，盆栽采用完全随机设计。结果表明，与未接种的对照相比，接种菌株可使鲜穗轴产量(52.69%)和干穗轴产量(40.87%)、穗轴长度(51.42%)、籽粒产量(55.34%)、千粒重(37.27%)、籽粒和秸秆钾含量(分别为1.756和0.793)、籽粒和秸秆氮含量(分别为2.675和0.997%)和籽粒和秸秆磷含量(分别为1.756和0.793%)显著提高。考虑到接种处理的产量参数高于未接种对照，因此，接种菌落抑制了真菌病原菌的不利影响，促进了玉米作物的生长和产量。
{"title":"Effect of bacterial consortia on growth and yield of maize grown in Fusarium infested soil","authors":"N. Akhtar, M. Naveed, M. Khalid, N. Ahmad, M. Rizwan, S. Siddique","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/872","url":null,"abstract":"Soil borne pathogens are responsible for considerable yield losses in field crops. Healthy growth and ultimate yield of the crop depends upon the efficient supply of water, nutrients and absence of biotic and abiotic stress. Under biotic stress plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and compost inhabiting bacteria (CIB) can help the plant to function normally by suppressing the pathogen. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of PGPR and CIB on growth and yield of maize, grown in fungus infested soil. Two strains, each of PGPR (Mb4 and Mb7) and CIB (Cb4 and Cb9) were evaluated to improve the growth and yield of maize crop. Maize seeds were sterilized and inoculated with bacterial strains before sowing along with un-inoculated control for comparison. Recommended dose of fertilizers (180, 140, 90 NPK kg ha) was applied at sowing and pots were arranged in completely randomized design. Results showed that inoculation with selected strains of bacteria, exhibited percent increase in yield of fresh cob (up to 52.69%) and dry cob (40.87%), cob length (51.42%), grain yield (up to 55.34%), 1000-grain weight (up to 37.27%), K contents in grains and straw (1.756 and 0.793, respectively), %N in grains and straw (up to 2.675 and 0.997%, respectively) and %P in grains and straw (up to 1.756 and 0.793%, respectively) compared to un-inoculated control. Keeping in view the higher yield parameters of inoculated treatments compared to un-inoculated control, it was concluded that inoculation of maize seeds with bacterial consortia suppressed the adverse effect of fungal pathogen and enhanced the growth and yield of maize crop.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42313206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Abu‐Hamdeh, S. M. Ismail, Samir G. Al-Solaimani, R. Hatamleh, Jeddah Saudi Arabia Arid Land Agriculture
This study aims to investigate the effect of three tillage practices and the effect of polyacrylamide application rate on surface runoff and erosion of sandy loam soils differing in silt and clay contents. Field experiments in split-split plot with four replications were carried out in two different locations; location A that consists of 25.2% silt plus clay and location B which consists of 38.5% silt plus clay. Three tillage practices were investigated; no-tillage (NT), mouldboard ploughing with rotor tiller (CT1), and chisel ploughing with disk harrow (CT2). Three polyacrylamide (PAM) rates were implemented in each tillage system; 0, 10 and 20 kg ha -1 . The experiment was conducted during December 2015 to April 2017 and wheat was sown for the two seasons. Results showed that the CT1 and CT2 treatments reduced runoff by 15.3% and 50.0%, respectively in location A and by 6.4% and 13.8%, respectively, in location B compared to the NT treatment. Applying 10 and 20 kg ha -1 of PAM decreased runoff by 9.5% and 22%, respectively in location A and by 4.5% and 12%, respectively in location B compared to the 0 kg ha - 1 PAM treatment. Applying 10 and 20 kg ha -1 PAM reduced soil erosion by 19% and 28%, respectively, in location A and by 26% and 33%, respectively in location B compared to the 0 kg ha -1 PAM application rate. Comparing the effect of tillage practices in location (A), the CT1 increased soil erosion by 16.5 % and 46.5% compared with the NT and CT2 treatments, respectively. Comparing the effect of tillage practices in location (B), the CT1 increased soil erosion by 38.6% and 75.6% compared to the NT and CT2, respectively.
本研究旨在探讨3种耕作方式及聚丙烯酰胺施用量对不同粉砂和粘粒含量砂壤土地表径流和侵蚀的影响。在两个不同地点进行了4个重复的田间试验;地点A由25.2%的粉砂加粘土组成，地点B由38.5%的粉砂加粘土组成。调查了三种耕作方式;免耕(NT)、旋耕机板耕(CT1)、盘耙凿耕(CT2)。每个耕作制度中施用三种聚丙烯酰胺(PAM);0、10和20公斤/公顷。试验于2015年12月至2017年4月进行，分两季播种小麦。结果表明，与NT相比，CT1和CT2处理在A地分别减少了15.3%和50.0%的径流，在B地分别减少了6.4%和13.8%的径流。与0 kg ha -1 PAM处理相比，施用10和20 kg ha -1 PAM在A区分别减少了9.5%和22%的径流量，在B区分别减少了4.5%和12%。与施用0公斤公顷-1 PAM相比，施用10和20公斤公顷-1 PAM在A区分别减少19%和28%的土壤侵蚀，在B区分别减少26%和33%的土壤侵蚀。对比A地不同耕作方式对土壤侵蚀的影响，CT1处理比NT和CT2处理分别增加了16.5%和46.5%。对比B区不同耕作方式对土壤侵蚀的影响，CT1比NT和CT2分别增加了38.6%和75.6%。
{"title":"Runoff and erosion as affected by tillage system and polyacrylamide in two sandy loam soils differing in silt and clay contents in semi-arid regions","authors":"N. Abu‐Hamdeh, S. M. Ismail, Samir G. Al-Solaimani, R. Hatamleh, Jeddah Saudi Arabia Arid Land Agriculture","doi":"10.25252/SE/18/51390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/18/51390","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the effect of three tillage practices and the effect of polyacrylamide application rate on surface runoff and erosion of sandy loam soils differing in silt and clay contents. Field experiments in split-split plot with four replications were carried out in two different locations; location A that consists of 25.2% silt plus clay and location B which consists of 38.5% silt plus clay. Three tillage practices were investigated; no-tillage (NT), mouldboard ploughing with rotor tiller (CT1), and chisel ploughing with disk harrow (CT2). Three polyacrylamide (PAM) rates were implemented in each tillage system; 0, 10 and 20 kg ha -1 . The experiment was conducted during December 2015 to April 2017 and wheat was sown for the two seasons. Results showed that the CT1 and CT2 treatments reduced runoff by 15.3% and 50.0%, respectively in location A and by 6.4% and 13.8%, respectively, in location B compared to the NT treatment. Applying 10 and 20 kg ha -1 of PAM decreased runoff by 9.5% and 22%, respectively in location A and by 4.5% and 12%, respectively in location B compared to the 0 kg ha - 1 PAM treatment. Applying 10 and 20 kg ha -1 PAM reduced soil erosion by 19% and 28%, respectively, in location A and by 26% and 33%, respectively in location B compared to the 0 kg ha -1 PAM application rate. Comparing the effect of tillage practices in location (A), the CT1 increased soil erosion by 16.5 % and 46.5% compared with the NT and CT2 treatments, respectively. Comparing the effect of tillage practices in location (B), the CT1 increased soil erosion by 38.6% and 75.6% compared to the NT and CT2, respectively.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49007966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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