M. Sabeen, Q. Mahmood, A. Ebadi, Z. A. Bhatti, F. Faridullah, M. Irshad, Allauddin Kakar, M. Bilal, H. Arshad, N. Shahid
The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals including cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, and lead in 8 food crops irrigated with industrial wastewater and correlate the levels with potential human health risks. The concentrations of these metals in the food crops irrigated with wastewater decreased in the order iron (Fe) ˃ chromium (Cr) ˃ cadmium (Cd) ˃ nickel (Ni) ˃ lead (Pb). In all cases, the metallic contents in the vegetables exceeded the safe limits recommended by FAO/WHO. The highest bioaccumulation factor was recorded for cadmium. Further, the health risk indices of cadmium and lead were greater than 1 in seven food crops. For nickel, health risk was exceeded only for Pisum sativum and Solanum tuberosum. The indices for various food crops were in decreasing order: Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr > Fe. Out of 8 food crops, only Cantiquorum antiquorum showed risk indices lower than 1 for all 5 metals. Data demonstrated that food crops irrigated with wastewater in this study area are highly metal contaminated and may constitute a serious health risk to the local human and animal populations.
{"title":"Health risk assessment consequent to wastewater irrigation in Pakistan","authors":"M. Sabeen, Q. Mahmood, A. Ebadi, Z. A. Bhatti, F. Faridullah, M. Irshad, Allauddin Kakar, M. Bilal, H. Arshad, N. Shahid","doi":"10.25252/se/19/71758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/71758","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals including cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, and lead in 8 food crops irrigated with industrial wastewater and correlate the levels with potential human health risks. The concentrations of these metals in the food crops irrigated with wastewater decreased in the order iron (Fe) ˃ chromium (Cr) ˃ cadmium (Cd) ˃ nickel (Ni) ˃ lead (Pb). In all cases, the metallic contents in the vegetables exceeded the safe limits recommended by FAO/WHO. The highest bioaccumulation factor was recorded for cadmium. Further, the health risk indices of cadmium and lead were greater than 1 in seven food crops. For nickel, health risk was exceeded only for Pisum sativum and Solanum tuberosum. The indices for various food crops were in decreasing order: Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr > Fe. Out of 8 food crops, only Cantiquorum antiquorum showed risk indices lower than 1 for all 5 metals. Data demonstrated that food crops irrigated with wastewater in this study area are highly metal contaminated and may constitute a serious health risk to the local human and animal populations.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48182441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weed management in crop production has the objective of reducing plant nutrient competition with minimal effect on soil microbial load. Hence, it is important to investigate the effect of botanicals used for weed management in this regard. The effect of cassava effluent (CE) concentrations of 60, 120, 180 and 240 μg CN/kg (CN is a universal chemical symbol for cyanide) soil that were applied one, two, three and four times, was evaluated on soil nutrients and microbial load in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement. Control treatment (without CE) was incorporated into the experiment in an incomplete factorial design. This was laid out in completely randomized design in the screen-house. Results showed that CE concentration and frequency of application altered the C, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents of the soil. CE concentration and frequency of application had significant interaction (p<0.05) on all the plant nutrients analysed. CE concentration of 60 and 120 μg CN/kg soil applied one to four times had available P concentrations lesser than the control treatment. Contrarily, P increased by 45% when CE of 240 μg CN/kg soil was applied three times. Significant (p<0.05) interaction between CE concentration and application frequency markedly decreased culturable bacterial population, while fungal population was increased by some interactions. The study concluded that application of CE for weed control has moderating effect on soil nutrients and microbial load. Hence, its adoption for weed control requires the understanding of its influence on chemical and biological properties of soil.
{"title":"Screening of cassava effluent- a proposed weed biocontrol agent for its effect on soil nutrients and microbial population","authors":"O. Ayodele, S. Oladele","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/112011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/112011","url":null,"abstract":"Weed management in crop production has the objective of reducing plant nutrient competition with minimal effect on soil microbial load. Hence, it is important to investigate the effect of botanicals used for weed management in this regard. The effect of cassava effluent (CE) concentrations of 60, 120, 180 and 240 μg CN/kg (CN is a universal chemical symbol for cyanide) soil that were applied one, two, three and four times, was evaluated on soil nutrients and microbial load in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement. Control treatment (without CE) was incorporated into the experiment in an incomplete factorial design. This was laid out in completely randomized design in the screen-house. Results showed that CE concentration and frequency of application altered the C, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents of the soil. CE concentration and frequency of application had significant interaction (p<0.05) on all the plant nutrients analysed. CE concentration of 60 and 120 μg CN/kg soil applied one to four times had available P concentrations lesser than the control treatment. Contrarily, P increased by 45% when CE of 240 μg CN/kg soil was applied three times. Significant (p<0.05) interaction between CE concentration and application frequency markedly decreased culturable bacterial population, while fungal population was increased by some interactions. The study concluded that application of CE for weed control has moderating effect on soil nutrients and microbial load. Hence, its adoption for weed control requires the understanding of its influence on chemical and biological properties of soil.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44865667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Onwudike Stanley Uchenna, Onwubiko Jadidiah Solomon
The need for cheap and affordable alternate sources of plant nutrient inputs to boost the nutrient level of degraded arable farmlands has been a major concern for soil scientists. In 2018, a field study was carried out under rain-fed conditions to evaluate the effect of palm waste biochar (PWB), poultry litter biochar (PLB) and inorganic fertilizer on the properties of soil, N and P use efficiency on a sandy Ultisol. The treatments consisted of T 1 (control), T 2 (625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer), T 3 (10 t ha -1 PWB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer), T 4 (10 t ha -1 PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer), T 5 (5 t ha -1 PWB + 5 t ha -1 PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer) and T 6 (10 t ha -1 PWB+10 t ha -1 PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer). These treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant effects among treatment means were determined using Fishers Least Significant Difference (F-LSD) at a 5% probability level. Results showed that biochar application significantly ( p = 0.05 ) reduced soil bulk density by 9.9%, increased soil organic matter by 28.4%, total exchangeable bases by 34.8% and raised soil pH by 19.2%. The number of leaves, plant height and leaf area of maize were significantly higher in the amended plots than that of the control plots after six weeks of planting. Plots amended with 10 t ha -1 PLB+625kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer had the highest grain and fresh cob yield of 3.08 t ha -1 and 7.53 t ha -1 , respectively, while the least values were obtained in the control plots (2.18t ha -1 and 4.03 t ha -1 , respectively). The highest values of nitrogen uptake (70.84 kg ha -1 ), physiological efficiency of (27.47 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus uptake (78.54 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus use efficiency (80.14%), agronomic efficiency of N (9.6 kg ha -1 ), agronomic efficiencies of P(22.02 kg ha -1 ), partial factor productivity of N (32.85 kg ha -1 ) and P (75.34 kg ha -1 ) as well as N physiological efficiency (30.6 kg ha -1 ) were obtained in plots amended with 10 t/ha PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer. Therefore, application of 10 t ha -1 PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer is recommended for improved N and P use efficiencies, N and P uptakes, yield performance of maize and improvement in the soil properties of a degraded acidic soil.
需要廉价且负担得起的植物营养素替代来源，以提高退化耕地的营养水平，这一直是土壤科学家的主要担忧。2018年，在雨水灌溉条件下进行了一项实地研究，以评估棕榈废弃物生物炭（PWB）、家禽粪便生物炭（PLB）和无机肥料对沙质土壤性质、氮磷利用效率的影响。处理包括T1（对照）、T2（625 kg ha-1 NPK肥料）、T3（10 T ha-1 PWB+625 kg ha-1 NPK肥料。这些治疗以随机完全区组设计进行安排，并重复三次。使用方差分析（ANOVA）对数据进行分析，并使用Fishers最小显著性差异（F-LSD）在5%的概率水平下确定治疗手段之间的显著影响。结果表明，施用生物炭显著降低了土壤容重9.9%，增加了土壤有机质28.4%，总可交换基34.8%，土壤pH值提高了19.2%（p＝0.05）。施用10 t ha-1 PLB+625 kg ha-1 NPK肥料的小区的谷物产量和鲜玉米芯产量最高，分别为3.08 t ha-和7.53 t ha-，而对照小区的产量最低，分别为2.18 t ha-1和4.03 t ha-1。氮吸收（70.84 kg ha-1）、生理效率（27.47 kg ha-2）、磷吸收（78.54 kg ha-3）、磷利用效率（80.14%）、氮农艺效率（9.6 kg ha-4）、磷农艺效率（22.02 kg ha-5）、，在10t/ha PLB+625 kg ha-1 NPK肥料改良的小区中，获得了N（32.85 kg ha-2）和P（75.34 kg ha-3）的部分因子生产力以及N的生理效率（30.6 kg ha-4）。因此，建议施用10 t ha-1 PLB+625 kg ha-1 NPK肥料，以提高氮磷利用效率、氮磷吸收量、玉米产量和改善退化酸性土壤的土壤性质。
{"title":"Pyrolyzed agricultural wastes for improving degraded soil, nutrient use efficiency and growth performance of maize","authors":"Onwudike Stanley Uchenna, Onwubiko Jadidiah Solomon","doi":"10.25252/se/20/111938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/20/111938","url":null,"abstract":"The need for cheap and affordable alternate sources of plant nutrient inputs to boost the nutrient level of degraded arable farmlands has been a major concern for soil scientists. In 2018, a field study was carried out under rain-fed conditions to evaluate the effect of palm waste biochar (PWB), poultry litter biochar (PLB) and inorganic fertilizer on the properties of soil, N and P use efficiency on a sandy Ultisol. The treatments consisted of T 1 (control), T 2 (625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer), T 3 (10 t ha -1 PWB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer), T 4 (10 t ha -1 PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer), T 5 (5 t ha -1 PWB + 5 t ha -1 PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer) and T 6 (10 t ha -1 PWB+10 t ha -1 PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer). These treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant effects among treatment means were determined using Fishers Least Significant Difference (F-LSD) at a 5% probability level. Results showed that biochar application significantly ( p = 0.05 ) reduced soil bulk density by 9.9%, increased soil organic matter by 28.4%, total exchangeable bases by 34.8% and raised soil pH by 19.2%. The number of leaves, plant height and leaf area of maize were significantly higher in the amended plots than that of the control plots after six weeks of planting. Plots amended with 10 t ha -1 PLB+625kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer had the highest grain and fresh cob yield of 3.08 t ha -1 and 7.53 t ha -1 , respectively, while the least values were obtained in the control plots (2.18t ha -1 and 4.03 t ha -1 , respectively). The highest values of nitrogen uptake (70.84 kg ha -1 ), physiological efficiency of (27.47 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus uptake (78.54 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus use efficiency (80.14%), agronomic efficiency of N (9.6 kg ha -1 ), agronomic efficiencies of P(22.02 kg ha -1 ), partial factor productivity of N (32.85 kg ha -1 ) and P (75.34 kg ha -1 ) as well as N physiological efficiency (30.6 kg ha -1 ) were obtained in plots amended with 10 t/ha PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer. Therefore, application of 10 t ha -1 PLB + 625 kg ha -1 NPK fertilizer is recommended for improved N and P use efficiencies, N and P uptakes, yield performance of maize and improvement in the soil properties of a degraded acidic soil.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41633441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shadman Khan, Muhammad Hussain Ismail, M. Ibrar, Jawad Ul Haq, Z. Ali
A field experiment was performed at Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil and plant nitrogen and yielding parameters of mung bean. The experiment was performed in randomize complete block design with split plot arrangement with four replications. Area of each experimental unit was 10.5 m and was applied with biochar at the rate of 0, 20, and 40 t ha along with full and half levels of P and K i-e., (90 kg P, 60 kg K ha and 45 kg P, 30 kg K ha). Nitrogen was applied to all the experimental units uniformly @ 25 kg N ha. The data showed that all of the analyzed parameters were significantly influenced with various biochar levels except fresh and dry weight of nodules. With full and half dose of P and K application, soil total N and soil organic matter were found significant with an increase of 16% and 7% as compared to half dose. With application of various levels of biochar, a significant increase was recorded in most of the parameters. Data regarding Soil N and soil O.M were found significantly enhanced at 40 t ha -1 with values of 0.15% and 2.64% which were 200% and 94% higher as compared to 0 t ha biochar applications. Other parameters like 1000 grain weight, biological yield (fresh and dry), plant N and number of nodules were significantly affected with 20 t ha biochar application which were increased by 20 %, 33%, 21% and 21% as compared to control. Combined application of P&K and biochar significantly affected soil total nitrogen i-e., 0.16% at (full×40 t ha) and nodulation number i-e., 36 at (half×20 t ha). It was concluded that biochar application @ 20 t ha -1 along with half levels of P and K, proved the best treatments combination for most of the plant parameters and hence they are recommended .
在巴基斯坦白沙瓦农业大学研究农场进行了田间试验，评估了生物炭对土壤和植物氮以及绿豆产量参数的影响。实验采用随机完全块设计，采用四个重复的分割区布置。每个实验单元的面积为10.5m，并以0、20和40t ha的速率施用生物炭，同时施用全水平和半水平的磷和钾。，（90千克磷，60千克钾公顷和45千克磷，30千克钾公顷）。在25kg N ha的条件下，将氮气均匀地施加到所有实验单元上。数据显示，除根瘤的鲜重和干重外，所有分析参数都受到不同生物炭水平的显著影响。全剂量和半剂量施用P和K后，土壤总氮和土壤有机质显著增加，分别比半剂量增加16%和7%。随着不同水平的生物炭的应用，大多数参数都显著增加。土壤N和土壤O.M的数据在40 t ha-1时显著增强，分别为0.15%和2.64%，与0 t ha生物炭应用相比分别高出200%和94%。施用20t ha生物炭对1000粒重、生物产量（新鲜和干燥）、植物氮和根瘤数量等其他参数都有显著影响，与对照相比分别增加了20%、33%、21%和21%。磷钾和生物炭的联合施用对土壤总氮的影响显著。，×40t ha时为0.16%。，36 at（半×20 t ha）。结果表明，生物炭施用量为20t ha-1，同时施用一半的P和K，是大多数植物参数的最佳处理组合，因此推荐使用。
{"title":"The effect of biochar on soil organic matter, total N in soil and plant, nodules, grain yield and biomass of mung bea","authors":"Shadman Khan, Muhammad Hussain Ismail, M. Ibrar, Jawad Ul Haq, Z. Ali","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/132088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/132088","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was performed at Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil and plant nitrogen and yielding parameters of mung bean. The experiment was performed in randomize complete block design with split plot arrangement with four replications. Area of each experimental unit was 10.5 m and was applied with biochar at the rate of 0, 20, and 40 t ha along with full and half levels of P and K i-e., (90 kg P, 60 kg K ha and 45 kg P, 30 kg K ha). Nitrogen was applied to all the experimental units uniformly @ 25 kg N ha. The data showed that all of the analyzed parameters were significantly influenced with various biochar levels except fresh and dry weight of nodules. With full and half dose of P and K application, soil total N and soil organic matter were found significant with an increase of 16% and 7% as compared to half dose. With application of various levels of biochar, a significant increase was recorded in most of the parameters. Data regarding Soil N and soil O.M were found significantly enhanced at 40 t ha -1 with values of 0.15% and 2.64% which were 200% and 94% higher as compared to 0 t ha biochar applications. Other parameters like 1000 grain weight, biological yield (fresh and dry), plant N and number of nodules were significantly affected with 20 t ha biochar application which were increased by 20 %, 33%, 21% and 21% as compared to control. Combined application of P&K and biochar significantly affected soil total nitrogen i-e., 0.16% at (full×40 t ha) and nodulation number i-e., 36 at (half×20 t ha). It was concluded that biochar application @ 20 t ha -1 along with half levels of P and K, proved the best treatments combination for most of the plant parameters and hence they are recommended .","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43264598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) of a crop could be an important index in determining efficiency of a fertiliser. This study presents the investigation of NUE of maize; comparing organic fertiliser and mineral fertiliser NPK. The field trials were conducted in the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014, using a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Experimental treatments were 0, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 kg N ha -1 Accelerated compost (AC) with a commercial name OBD-plus which is a recent material in Nigeria), conventional compost ‘ CC ’ (60 kg N ha -1 ) and NPK 15-15-15 mineral fertiliser (60 kg N ha -1 ). Data on maize grain yield, Fertiliser N recovery (NR) and Fertiliser Utilization Efficiency (UE) as well as post-cropping soil N were subjected to statistical analysis. The 60 kg N AC treated plots resulted in the highest significant mean NR (54.3%) and UE (42.3 kg kg -1 ) in the two years, with improved soil N. Therefore, the AC considered in this study would be best applied at 60 kg N ha -1 for maize production in the Alfisols. This would optimize fertiliser utilization and reduce N loss, thus mitigating environmental pollution.
作物的氮利用效率（NUE）可能是决定化肥效率的一个重要指标。本研究对玉米NUE进行了调查；比较有机肥料和矿物肥料NPK。实地试验在2013年和2014年的雨季进行，采用三个重复的随机完全区块设计。实验处理为0、60、90、120、150和180 kg N ha-1商业名称为OBD plus的加速堆肥（AC），这是尼日利亚最近的一种材料）、传统堆肥“CC”（60 kg N ha-1）和NPK 15-15-15矿物肥料（60 kg N ha-1）。对玉米产量、肥料氮回收率（NR）、肥料利用效率（UE）以及种植后土壤氮的数据进行了统计分析。在改良土壤N的情况下，60 kg N AC处理的地块在两年内产生了最高的显著平均NR（54.3%）和UE（42.3 kg kg-1）。因此，本研究中考虑的AC最好在60 kg N ha-1的条件下用于Alfisols的玉米生产。这将优化化肥利用，减少氮损失，从而减轻环境污染。
{"title":"Short communication: Nitrogen use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.): Organic versus inorganic fertilisers effects","authors":"AyanfeOluwa Olufemi Emmanuel, A. Olugbenga","doi":"10.25252/se/19/51389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/51389","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) of a crop could be an important index in determining efficiency of a fertiliser. This study presents the investigation of NUE of maize; comparing organic fertiliser and mineral fertiliser NPK. The field trials were conducted in the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014, using a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Experimental treatments were 0, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 kg N ha -1 Accelerated compost (AC) with a commercial name OBD-plus which is a recent material in Nigeria), conventional compost ‘ CC ’ (60 kg N ha -1 ) and NPK 15-15-15 mineral fertiliser (60 kg N ha -1 ). Data on maize grain yield, Fertiliser N recovery (NR) and Fertiliser Utilization Efficiency (UE) as well as post-cropping soil N were subjected to statistical analysis. The 60 kg N AC treated plots resulted in the highest significant mean NR (54.3%) and UE (42.3 kg kg -1 ) in the two years, with improved soil N. Therefore, the AC considered in this study would be best applied at 60 kg N ha -1 for maize production in the Alfisols. This would optimize fertiliser utilization and reduce N loss, thus mitigating environmental pollution.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42919372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hussain, A. Latif, W. Hassan, S. Farooq, S. Hussain, Shakeel Ahmad, A. Nawaz
Water deficiency has become a major issue threatening the sustainability of arable crops globally. This study was conducted to assess the effects of deficit supplemental irrigation (DSI) at different growth phases on the performance of different maize hybrids under semi-arid climate. The irrigations were skipped either at vegetative or reproductive stage, while a sufficient supplemental irrigation was taken as control in three maize hybrids i.e., P-30Y87, S-6621 and P-30Y58. The DSI at both growth phases significantly hampered root length and proliferation, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI) and relative water contents (RWC). The DSI applied at both growth phases reduced the grain yield and yield related attributes, but DSI at reproductive stage was more lethal. Hybrid P-30Y87 performed better under different irrigation treatments due to better root system, crop allometry and other yield related traits compared to other hybrids while hybrid P-30Y58 recorded the lowest crop yield due to poor root system. The lateral roots had positive correlation with grains cob-1 and water use efficiency, while positive correlation among root length and grain weight and yield was observed under DSI at both growth phases. In conclusion, DSI at reproductive stage severely hampers the maize productivity; however maize productivity under deficit irrigation supply can potentially be improved to some extent by using maize hybrids with better root system. The moisture deficiency at reproductive stage proved more lethal for maize productivity, while maize hybrids with better root system potentially evaded the adverse effects of moisture deficits under semi-arid climate.
{"title":"Maize hybrids with well-developed root system perform better under deficit supplemental irrigation","authors":"M. Hussain, A. Latif, W. Hassan, S. Farooq, S. Hussain, Shakeel Ahmad, A. Nawaz","doi":"10.25252/se/19/61578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/61578","url":null,"abstract":"Water deficiency has become a major issue threatening the sustainability of arable crops globally. This study was conducted to assess the effects of deficit supplemental irrigation (DSI) at different growth phases on the performance of different maize hybrids under semi-arid climate. The irrigations were skipped either at vegetative or reproductive stage, while a sufficient supplemental irrigation was taken as control in three maize hybrids i.e., P-30Y87, S-6621 and P-30Y58. The DSI at both growth phases significantly hampered root length and proliferation, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI) and relative water contents (RWC). The DSI applied at both growth phases reduced the grain yield and yield related attributes, but DSI at reproductive stage was more lethal. Hybrid P-30Y87 performed better under different irrigation treatments due to better root system, crop allometry and other yield related traits compared to other hybrids while hybrid P-30Y58 recorded the lowest crop yield due to poor root system. The lateral roots had positive correlation with grains cob-1 and water use efficiency, while positive correlation among root length and grain weight and yield was observed under DSI at both growth phases. In conclusion, DSI at reproductive stage severely hampers the maize productivity; however maize productivity under deficit irrigation supply can potentially be improved to some extent by using maize hybrids with better root system. The moisture deficiency at reproductive stage proved more lethal for maize productivity, while maize hybrids with better root system potentially evaded the adverse effects of moisture deficits under semi-arid climate.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48225025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. G. Commatteo, V. F. Consolo, P. Barbieri, F. Covacevich, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Balcarce, Argentina Unidad Integrada Balcarce
In the last decades, there has been a tendency towards sustainable agriculture. Following this trend, edaphic fungi as Trichoderma and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could increase plant growth contributing to diminish agricultural chemical supply. However, little information exists in current research regarding the possible effects of alternative practices to soybean monoculture systems on fungal groups that could contribute to plant health and/or productivity. Thus, our objective was to assess changes in the abundance and diversity of indigenous AMF and Trichoderma from a long-term field experiment located in the Argentinean Pampas, in order to test the effect of alternative practices to soybean monoculture. The fungal ability to promote the growth of crops, such us tomato plant was also tested. Soil samples were collected from a soybean monoculture system (Sb), a system including cover crop (Avena sativa) followed by soybean (CC/Sb) and a system including rotations (rot) of Soybean-Maize-Wheat crops CC/Sb-rot, M-rot and W-rot, respectively. Highest AMF and Trichoderma abundance was found at W-rot and M-rot systems, and highest AMF diversity was found at W-rot and CC systems. Furthermore, highest mycorrhizal colonization was found at CC/Sb and W-rot systems. Inoculated plants with single AMF consortium or with Trichoderma strains showed significant increases in comparison with the control. Dual inoculation increased tomato plant growth as compared to the control, and evidence of synergism was found by increases in shoot and root growth. Our results show that dual inoculation with indigenous AMF and Trichoderma from alternative crop systems to soybean monoculture could play an important role in tomato plant growth. This information could be useful to decrease production costs and environmental impacts.
{"title":"Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza and Trichoderma from systems with soybean predominance can improve tomato growth","authors":"J. G. Commatteo, V. F. Consolo, P. Barbieri, F. Covacevich, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Balcarce, Argentina Unidad Integrada Balcarce","doi":"10.25252/se/19/91805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/91805","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades, there has been a tendency towards sustainable agriculture. Following this trend, edaphic fungi as Trichoderma and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could increase plant growth contributing to diminish agricultural chemical supply. However, little information exists in current research regarding the possible effects of alternative practices to soybean monoculture systems on fungal groups that could contribute to plant health and/or productivity. Thus, our objective was to assess changes in the abundance and diversity of indigenous AMF and Trichoderma from a long-term field experiment located in the Argentinean Pampas, in order to test the effect of alternative practices to soybean monoculture. The fungal ability to promote the growth of crops, such us tomato plant was also tested. Soil samples were collected from a soybean monoculture system (Sb), a system including cover crop (Avena sativa) followed by soybean (CC/Sb) and a system including rotations (rot) of Soybean-Maize-Wheat crops CC/Sb-rot, M-rot and W-rot, respectively. Highest AMF and Trichoderma abundance was found at W-rot and M-rot systems, and highest AMF diversity was found at W-rot and CC systems. Furthermore, highest mycorrhizal colonization was found at CC/Sb and W-rot systems. Inoculated plants with single AMF consortium or with Trichoderma strains showed significant increases in comparison with the control. Dual inoculation increased tomato plant growth as compared to the control, and evidence of synergism was found by increases in shoot and root growth. Our results show that dual inoculation with indigenous AMF and Trichoderma from alternative crop systems to soybean monoculture could play an important role in tomato plant growth. This information could be useful to decrease production costs and environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45594508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Aziz, M. Ashraf, S. Sikandar, M. Asif, N. Akhtar, S. M. Shahzad, A. Wasaya, A. Raza, B. H. Babar
Soil salinization limit crop yield and deteriorate product quality in arid and semi-arid agroecological regions. Under such conditions regulation of mineral nutrients may help to sustain crop productivity. Therefore, a pot experiment was carried out to identify optimal sulfur level and source for enhancing salt adaptability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). A uniform salinity level of 100 mM NaCl was developed in each pot and then six S treatments viz. S 0, control; S 1, 20 mg sulfur kg -1 soil; S 2, 40 mg sulfur kg -1 soil; S 3, 60 mg sulfur kg -1 soil; S 4, 80 mg sulfur kg -1 soil and S 5, 100 mg sulfur kg -1 soil were applied by using elemental S and K 2 SO 4 as sulfur source. Supplementation of sulfur caused reduction in tissue Na + accumulation and electrolyte leakage while increase in tissue K + and Ca 2+ with a subsequent increase in relative water content and photosynthetic rate of sunflower. Increasing sulfur levels in the form of K 2 SO 4 depicted linear increase in plant growth and yield attributes up to 80 mg sulfur kg -1 soil beyond which there was decline in these growth characteristics suggesting that sulfur as K 2 SO 4 at 80 mg sulfur kg -1 soil might be optimum in mitigating NaCl toxicity in sunflower.
{"title":"Optimizing sulfur for improving salt tolerance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)","authors":"A. Aziz, M. Ashraf, S. Sikandar, M. Asif, N. Akhtar, S. M. Shahzad, A. Wasaya, A. Raza, B. H. Babar","doi":"10.25252/se/19/71647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/71647","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinization limit crop yield and deteriorate product quality in arid and semi-arid agroecological regions. Under such conditions regulation of mineral nutrients may help to sustain crop productivity. Therefore, a pot experiment was carried out to identify optimal sulfur level and source for enhancing salt adaptability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). A uniform salinity level of 100 mM NaCl was developed in each pot and then six S treatments viz. S 0, control; S 1, 20 mg sulfur kg -1 soil; S 2, 40 mg sulfur kg -1 soil; S 3, 60 mg sulfur kg -1 soil; S 4, 80 mg sulfur kg -1 soil and S 5, 100 mg sulfur kg -1 soil were applied by using elemental S and K 2 SO 4 as sulfur source. Supplementation of sulfur caused reduction in tissue Na + accumulation and electrolyte leakage while increase in tissue K + and Ca 2+ with a subsequent increase in relative water content and photosynthetic rate of sunflower. Increasing sulfur levels in the form of K 2 SO 4 depicted linear increase in plant growth and yield attributes up to 80 mg sulfur kg -1 soil beyond which there was decline in these growth characteristics suggesting that sulfur as K 2 SO 4 at 80 mg sulfur kg -1 soil might be optimum in mitigating NaCl toxicity in sunflower.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42951388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atif Ali Khan, M. Ashraf, Sabeeqa Usman Malik, S. Gulzar, M. Amin
Effect of climatic and physiographic factors on surface runoff is critical to study for soil conservation and water harvesting. In this study, the spatial variations of climatic and physiographic factors and their spatial correlation with surface runoff was investigated. The rainfall and temperature records were used for mapping climatic factors. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was utilized in estimation and mapping of physiographic factors as well as watershed delineation and runoff estimation. The models were generated using runoff and influencing factors (rainfall, temperature, slope and elevation). The relationship between runoff and influencing factors was derived by developing statistically sound regression models. The spatial correlation indicated that the maximum surface runoff was generated in the areas receiving high rainfall (>1450 mm) whereas, runoff tend to decrease with rise in temperature above a certain value (18 ˚C ). The runoff also showed significant variability with slope and elevation changes. Maximum change in runoff was predicted by one unit change in temperature followed by elevation, slope and then rainfall. The regression model was found to be adequately fit to the predicted runoff by using influencing factors. The study identified potential water harvesting sites for sustainable water supply in Rawalpindi district.
{"title":"Spatial trends in surface runoff and influence of climatic and physiographic factors: A case study of watershed areas of Rawalpindi district","authors":"Atif Ali Khan, M. Ashraf, Sabeeqa Usman Malik, S. Gulzar, M. Amin","doi":"10.25252/se/19/81787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/81787","url":null,"abstract":"Effect of climatic and physiographic factors on surface runoff is critical to study for soil conservation and water harvesting. In this study, the spatial variations of climatic and physiographic factors and their spatial correlation with surface runoff was investigated. The rainfall and temperature records were used for mapping climatic factors. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was utilized in estimation and mapping of physiographic factors as well as watershed delineation and runoff estimation. The models were generated using runoff and influencing factors (rainfall, temperature, slope and elevation). The relationship between runoff and influencing factors was derived by developing statistically sound regression models. The spatial correlation indicated that the maximum surface runoff was generated in the areas receiving high rainfall (>1450 mm) whereas, runoff tend to decrease with rise in temperature above a certain value (18 ˚C ). The runoff also showed significant variability with slope and elevation changes. Maximum change in runoff was predicted by one unit change in temperature followed by elevation, slope and then rainfall. The regression model was found to be adequately fit to the predicted runoff by using influencing factors. The study identified potential water harvesting sites for sustainable water supply in Rawalpindi district.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45040124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The possibility of oil palm leaf (OPL) being applied as ameliorative agent in unrefined petroleum oil tainted soil was examined in this study. Six treatment protocols, comprising group 1 (untainted soil), group 2 (untainted soil +50g of OPL), group 3 (untainted soil +100g of OPL), group 4 (petroleum oil tainted soil), group 5 (petroleum oil tainted soil +50g of OPL) and group 6 (petroleum tainted soil +100g of OPL) were used in this study. A decrease in photosynthetic pigments of cowpea seedlings in unrefined oil tainted soil compared to the cowpea seedlings in control was noted. Cowpea seedlings raised in unrefined oil tainted soil had lower levels of antioxidants relative to the control. Conversely, lipid peroxidation was elevated in seedlings raised in unrefined oil tainted soil. The activities of glutathione s- transferase, sulphite oxidase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase significantly reduced in cowpea seedlings raised in soil tainted with unrefined oil without addition of OPL as compared to those of the control and all OPL protocols. The significant improvement in photosynthetic pigments, beta carotene as well as the antioxidant profile of cowpea seedlings in untainted soil treated with OPL when compared with those in control group, alongside the substantial ameliorative effect on chlorophyll, beta carotene and the antioxidant profile of cowpea seedlings in OPL amended soil, suggests that OPL addition to unrefined petroleum oil tainted soil reduced petroleum toxicity on cowpea seedlings.
{"title":"Effect of oil palm leaf treatment of crude oil impinged soil on biochemical indices of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seedlings","authors":"F. Achuba","doi":"10.25252/se/19/111980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/111980","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of oil palm leaf (OPL) being applied as ameliorative agent in unrefined petroleum oil tainted soil was examined in this study. Six treatment protocols, comprising group 1 (untainted soil), group 2 (untainted soil +50g of OPL), group 3 (untainted soil +100g of OPL), group 4 (petroleum oil tainted soil), group 5 (petroleum oil tainted soil +50g of OPL) and group 6 (petroleum tainted soil +100g of OPL) were used in this study. A decrease in photosynthetic pigments of cowpea seedlings in unrefined oil tainted soil compared to the cowpea seedlings in control was noted. Cowpea seedlings raised in unrefined oil tainted soil had lower levels of antioxidants relative to the control. Conversely, lipid peroxidation was elevated in seedlings raised in unrefined oil tainted soil. The activities of glutathione s- transferase, sulphite oxidase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase significantly reduced in cowpea seedlings raised in soil tainted with unrefined oil without addition of OPL as compared to those of the control and all OPL protocols. The significant improvement in photosynthetic pigments, beta carotene as well as the antioxidant profile of cowpea seedlings in untainted soil treated with OPL when compared with those in control group, alongside the substantial ameliorative effect on chlorophyll, beta carotene and the antioxidant profile of cowpea seedlings in OPL amended soil, suggests that OPL addition to unrefined petroleum oil tainted soil reduced petroleum toxicity on cowpea seedlings.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42858526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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