New results of measurements of the time correlation scales of temperature fluctuations in a thermally stratified turbulent atmosphere are presented. The results were obtained during long-term observations in 2019 in the mountainous conditions of the Sayan Solar Observatory and in 2021 on the territory of the experimental complex of the V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS (Tomsk). The mobile hardware-software ultrasonic station AMK-03-4, designed to measure the characteristics of turbulent meteorological fields, was used for measurements. It is shown that the time correlation scales of surface temperature fluctuations are minimal in the indifferent stratification (and do not exceed ten seconds). During the transition to the region of super-strong instability and super-strong stability, on average, an increase in correlation times (up to 50-60 seconds) was noted. It is established that temperature fluctuations are minimal in unstable and indifferent stratifications (where the standard deviation is in the range of 0.1– 0.25 degrees). When moving to the region of stable stratification, the standard deviation of temperature fluctuations increases on average and can reach one degree.
{"title":"Temporal correlation of temperature fluctuations in a stratified atmosphere","authors":"V. Nosov, V. Lukin, E. V. Nosov, A. V. Torgaev","doi":"10.1117/12.2645089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2645089","url":null,"abstract":"New results of measurements of the time correlation scales of temperature fluctuations in a thermally stratified turbulent atmosphere are presented. The results were obtained during long-term observations in 2019 in the mountainous conditions of the Sayan Solar Observatory and in 2021 on the territory of the experimental complex of the V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS (Tomsk). The mobile hardware-software ultrasonic station AMK-03-4, designed to measure the characteristics of turbulent meteorological fields, was used for measurements. It is shown that the time correlation scales of surface temperature fluctuations are minimal in the indifferent stratification (and do not exceed ten seconds). During the transition to the region of super-strong instability and super-strong stability, on average, an increase in correlation times (up to 50-60 seconds) was noted. It is established that temperature fluctuations are minimal in unstable and indifferent stratifications (where the standard deviation is in the range of 0.1– 0.25 degrees). When moving to the region of stable stratification, the standard deviation of temperature fluctuations increases on average and can reach one degree.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":"54 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120990372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A model of an atmospheric channel for wireless optical communication based on scattered radiation between the ground surface and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in the visible and UV ranges is considered. It is estimated how the path loss, the minimal pulse energy ensuring the stable communication, and the maximal information transfer rate change as functions of the optical and geometric conditions for formation of the communication channel.
{"title":"Estimation of the quality of the atmospheric optical communication channel based on scattered radiation between the ground surface and an unmanned aerial vehicle","authors":"M. Tarasenkov, V. Belov, E. Poznakharev","doi":"10.1117/12.2644853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2644853","url":null,"abstract":"A model of an atmospheric channel for wireless optical communication based on scattered radiation between the ground surface and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in the visible and UV ranges is considered. It is estimated how the path loss, the minimal pulse energy ensuring the stable communication, and the maximal information transfer rate change as functions of the optical and geometric conditions for formation of the communication channel.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":" 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113950558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Results of experimental determination of the laser radiation extinction coefficient by sea water from the depth profiles of the airborne lidar return signal power by the gradient method for pure and coastal waters at depths from 5 to 50 m are presented. The extinction coefficients have been calculated for the “Makrel” polarization lidar with a wavelength of 532 nm. The proposed method expands the possibilities of remote hydrooptical sensing of the optical characteristics of the subsurface inhomogeneous water layers.
{"title":"Experimental determination of the sea water extinction coefficients in inhomogeneous subsurface water layers from the depth profiles of the airborne lidar return signal power","authors":"A. A. Lisenko, V. Shamanaev","doi":"10.1117/12.2644800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2644800","url":null,"abstract":"Results of experimental determination of the laser radiation extinction coefficient by sea water from the depth profiles of the airborne lidar return signal power by the gradient method for pure and coastal waters at depths from 5 to 50 m are presented. The extinction coefficients have been calculated for the “Makrel” polarization lidar with a wavelength of 532 nm. The proposed method expands the possibilities of remote hydrooptical sensing of the optical characteristics of the subsurface inhomogeneous water layers.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122506492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A method of probing the profile of the structural characteristic of the refractive index using a micro-pulse turbulent lidar BSE-4 has been tested. The sounding path included a horizontal section 130 m long, located above the roof of the building. A flat mirror directs the laser beam vertically upwards. The high intensity of optical turbulence above the roof contributed to the appearance of fluctuations in the intensity of radiation in the laser beam. Turbulence above the roof was controlled by a scintillometer. Measurements were made at night during three days. An increase in the intensity of fluctuations of the refractive index was recorded in the altitude range from 12 to 18 km at the level of 10-16 m-2/3. The intensity of optical turbulence at this altitude regularly increased over time, while the wind speed at an altitude of 15 km, obtained from meteorological observations, regularly decreased. The results consistent with analytical models of vertical profile of the structure parameter of atmospheric refractive index.
{"title":"Lidar estimation of the vertical profile of the structural characteristic of the refractive index of the atmosphere","authors":"I. Razenkov","doi":"10.1117/12.2644553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2644553","url":null,"abstract":"A method of probing the profile of the structural characteristic of the refractive index using a micro-pulse turbulent lidar BSE-4 has been tested. The sounding path included a horizontal section 130 m long, located above the roof of the building. A flat mirror directs the laser beam vertically upwards. The high intensity of optical turbulence above the roof contributed to the appearance of fluctuations in the intensity of radiation in the laser beam. Turbulence above the roof was controlled by a scintillometer. Measurements were made at night during three days. An increase in the intensity of fluctuations of the refractive index was recorded in the altitude range from 12 to 18 km at the level of 10-16 m-2/3. The intensity of optical turbulence at this altitude regularly increased over time, while the wind speed at an altitude of 15 km, obtained from meteorological observations, regularly decreased. The results consistent with analytical models of vertical profile of the structure parameter of atmospheric refractive index.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122891095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Apeksimov, P. A. Babushkin, A. A. Zemlyanov, A. M. Kabanov, D. I. Kochetov, V. Oshlakov, A. V. Petrov, E. E. Khoroshaeva
The results of the experiments on the excitation and detection of two-photon fluorescence of the dyes by the intense light channels generated by controlling the wavefront of the femtosecond laser pulses are presented. Emission of the dyes and the detection of the backward signal were carried out according to the lidar scheme at a distance of 100 m from the source.
{"title":"Remote excitation and detection of two-photon fluorescence using femtosecond laser pulses","authors":"D. Apeksimov, P. A. Babushkin, A. A. Zemlyanov, A. M. Kabanov, D. I. Kochetov, V. Oshlakov, A. V. Petrov, E. E. Khoroshaeva","doi":"10.1117/12.2644914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2644914","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the experiments on the excitation and detection of two-photon fluorescence of the dyes by the intense light channels generated by controlling the wavefront of the femtosecond laser pulses are presented. Emission of the dyes and the detection of the backward signal were carried out according to the lidar scheme at a distance of 100 m from the source.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131554759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on data from the Met Office Hadley Centre, we studied variations in heat content of the upper active layer (UAL) at middle and high latitudes of the World Ocean using the method of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF). The maximum contribution to the UAL heat contents is provided by the first harmonic that refers to seasonal variations. We analyzed features of spatial distribution of the UAL heat content seasonal variations for the first few EOF modes. Meridional structures are descriptive of the first harmonic. One can observe the first vector maxima in the Atlantics south-western part and in the zone of its eastern coast, and in the Pacific north-western part. Differences in thermal regime between the Atlantics and Pacific western and eastern parts may be due to radiation heating and systems of warm currents. The second and third harmonics have zonal structures.
{"title":"Empirical orthogonal functions in heat contents of the World Ocean energetically active zones","authors":"A. Karakhanyan, S. Molodykh","doi":"10.1117/12.2644682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2644682","url":null,"abstract":"Based on data from the Met Office Hadley Centre, we studied variations in heat content of the upper active layer (UAL) at middle and high latitudes of the World Ocean using the method of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF). The maximum contribution to the UAL heat contents is provided by the first harmonic that refers to seasonal variations. We analyzed features of spatial distribution of the UAL heat content seasonal variations for the first few EOF modes. Meridional structures are descriptive of the first harmonic. One can observe the first vector maxima in the Atlantics south-western part and in the zone of its eastern coast, and in the Pacific north-western part. Differences in thermal regime between the Atlantics and Pacific western and eastern parts may be due to radiation heating and systems of warm currents. The second and third harmonics have zonal structures.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":"12341 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130191636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Vostokov, I. V. Saling, A. S. Vostokova, M. Shojaei
The patterns of seasonal and long-term variability of phytoplankton in the Caspian Sea have been studied using SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua data. Chlorophyll "a" concentrations (CHL) in the Caspian Sea were calculated by the regional algorithm developed using an array of in situ measurements in different seasons of the year. Maps of the average monthly CHL values over a twenty-two-year period and seasonal variability diagrams were constructed for the Northern, Middle and Southern Caspian Sea. The features of seasonal variability of phytoplankton are analyzed using CHL data. The fundamental differences were mentioned in seasonal variability of phytoplankton in the Northern, Caspian Middle and Southern Caspian. The regularities of the spatial dynamics of CHL throughout the sea have been studied according to seasonal succession of phytoplankton. The years with significant deviations of the seasonal dynamics of CHL from the average climatic one were identified.
{"title":"Study of seasonal and long-term phytoplankton variability in the Caspian Sea based on remote sensing data.","authors":"S. Vostokov, I. V. Saling, A. S. Vostokova, M. Shojaei","doi":"10.1117/12.2645217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2645217","url":null,"abstract":"The patterns of seasonal and long-term variability of phytoplankton in the Caspian Sea have been studied using SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua data. Chlorophyll \"a\" concentrations (CHL) in the Caspian Sea were calculated by the regional algorithm developed using an array of in situ measurements in different seasons of the year. Maps of the average monthly CHL values over a twenty-two-year period and seasonal variability diagrams were constructed for the Northern, Middle and Southern Caspian Sea. The features of seasonal variability of phytoplankton are analyzed using CHL data. The fundamental differences were mentioned in seasonal variability of phytoplankton in the Northern, Caspian Middle and Southern Caspian. The regularities of the spatial dynamics of CHL throughout the sea have been studied according to seasonal succession of phytoplankton. The years with significant deviations of the seasonal dynamics of CHL from the average climatic one were identified.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127010333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the report, the diurnal hourly dynamics of the mean and turbulent components of the kinetic energy flux density vector (the Umov vector) retrieved from minisodar measurements of the 3D wind vector and its 3D variance in the lower 200-meter layer of the atmosphere is analyzed. The results of this analysis can be used to elucidate time periods and altitude ranges of the maximal and minimal values of the Umov vector components as well as the prevailing directions of the total kinetic energy transfer, that is, to detect times and altitudes most and least favorable for flights of unmanned aerial vehicles, to estimate the effect of wind on high-rise buildings and bridges, and to predict the wind energy potential of wind turbines.
{"title":"Dynamics of the kinetic energy flux density vector in the lower 200-meter layer of the atmosphere","authors":"N. P. Krasnenko, A. Potekaev, L. Shamanaeva","doi":"10.1117/12.2644734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2644734","url":null,"abstract":"In the report, the diurnal hourly dynamics of the mean and turbulent components of the kinetic energy flux density vector (the Umov vector) retrieved from minisodar measurements of the 3D wind vector and its 3D variance in the lower 200-meter layer of the atmosphere is analyzed. The results of this analysis can be used to elucidate time periods and altitude ranges of the maximal and minimal values of the Umov vector components as well as the prevailing directions of the total kinetic energy transfer, that is, to detect times and altitudes most and least favorable for flights of unmanned aerial vehicles, to estimate the effect of wind on high-rise buildings and bridges, and to predict the wind energy potential of wind turbines.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128012914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The absorbance and fluorescence of chromophoric fraction of dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have proved to be optical markers to study estuarine and coastal mixing, dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in DOM, and also necessary as preconditions for remote sensing techniques. Optical properties and distribution of CDOM of the Kara and Laptev seas were investigated during the 72nd cruise of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in August-September 2018. Autochthonous material was found to be most abundant. The predominance of terrestrial-derived humic substances was observed for the Ob and Yenisei river-influenced regions. The transport of allochthonous DOM to the Laptev Sea occurred through the Vilkitsky Strait mainly along the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, and the content of humic-like CDOM decreases about twofold at 50 m depth.
{"title":"Colored dissolved organic matter of the Kara and Laptev seas in the case of eastern distribution of Ob and Yenisei River runoff","authors":"A. Drozdova, A. Shatravin","doi":"10.1117/12.2645105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2645105","url":null,"abstract":"The absorbance and fluorescence of chromophoric fraction of dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have proved to be optical markers to study estuarine and coastal mixing, dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in DOM, and also necessary as preconditions for remote sensing techniques. Optical properties and distribution of CDOM of the Kara and Laptev seas were investigated during the 72nd cruise of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in August-September 2018. Autochthonous material was found to be most abundant. The predominance of terrestrial-derived humic substances was observed for the Ob and Yenisei river-influenced regions. The transport of allochthonous DOM to the Laptev Sea occurred through the Vilkitsky Strait mainly along the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, and the content of humic-like CDOM decreases about twofold at 50 m depth.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132558725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The surface impedance and geoelectric section of the Selenga River in the area of the Ulan-Ude water intake station were determined based on measurements by radio impedance sounding in the very-long-wave - long-wave (VLF-LF) radio wave bands. Radio impedance sounding by IPI-300 equipment on a 360 m long profile made it possible to determine the electrical properties and structure of the layered medium "ice-water-bottom soil" by changing the impedance and geoelectric section. The thickness of the ice on the ice track varied from 0.6 m to 1.2 m. The electrical resistivity of water from wells was 71 Ohm·m at a temperature of 1°C. An electromagnetic model of the Selenga River water area based on the local electrical characteristics of the underlying medium has been created.
{"title":"Geoelectric section of the Selenga river water area based on the results of VLF-LF radio impedance soundings","authors":"I. Naguslaeva, Y. Bashkuev","doi":"10.1117/12.2644909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2644909","url":null,"abstract":"The surface impedance and geoelectric section of the Selenga River in the area of the Ulan-Ude water intake station were determined based on measurements by radio impedance sounding in the very-long-wave - long-wave (VLF-LF) radio wave bands. Radio impedance sounding by IPI-300 equipment on a 360 m long profile made it possible to determine the electrical properties and structure of the layered medium \"ice-water-bottom soil\" by changing the impedance and geoelectric section. The thickness of the ice on the ice track varied from 0.6 m to 1.2 m. The electrical resistivity of water from wells was 71 Ohm·m at a temperature of 1°C. An electromagnetic model of the Selenga River water area based on the local electrical characteristics of the underlying medium has been created.","PeriodicalId":217776,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Ocean Optics","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133657343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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