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Digital Competencies in Verifying Fake News: Assessing the Knowledge and Abilities of Journalism Students 验证假新闻的数字能力:评估新闻专业学生的知识和能力
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.3390/soc14050066
Amparo López-Meri, Hugo Doménech-Fabregat, Silvia Marcos-García
The surge of disinformation in the digital sphere following the COVID-19 pandemic presents a considerable threat to democratic principles in contemporary societies. In response, multiple fact-checking platforms and citizen media literacy initiatives have been promoted. The fact checker has indeed become a new professional profile demanded by the sector. In this context, this research delves into the study of digital skills applied to information verification by journalism students. Adopting a comprehensive understanding of digital skills that extends beyond technical proficiency to encompass a shift in mindset, journalism students’ perceptions of their verification abilities are examined using a quantitative survey technique. This examination is based on an original list of competencies prepared specifically for this study. The results indicate that journalism students demonstrate awareness of the implications of disinformation, exhibiting scepticism towards content from unfamiliar sources or displaying clear signs of deceptive intent. Furthermore, they emphasise the importance of verification and fact-checking practices and express confidence in their proficiency in analysis, critical thinking, and social skills. However, their confidence in handling computer applications for verification and specialisation in data journalism is comparatively lower. Notably, significant gender disparities were observed in these areas, with women exhibiting greater confidence in social skills, collaborative work, and innovation, while men displayed a heightened proficiency in computer applications. Consequently, there is a need for improvements in teaching practices, which could potentially create new job opportunities for journalism students.
COVID-19 大流行之后,数字领域的虚假信息激增,对当代社会的民主原则构成了相当大的威胁。为此,多个事实核查平台和公民媒体扫盲行动得到了推广。事实核查员确实已成为该行业所要求的一种新的职业形象。在此背景下,本研究深入探讨了新闻专业学生应用于信息核查的数字技能。本研究采用定量调查技术,对新闻专业学生对其核实能力的看法进行了考察。该调查基于专门为本研究准备的原始能力清单。结果表明,新闻专业学生意识到了虚假信息的影响,对来自陌生来源的内容持怀疑态度,或表现出明显的欺骗意图。此外,他们还强调了核实和事实检查做法的重要性,并对自己在分析、批判性思维和社交技能方面的能力表示有信心。然而,他们对使用计算机应用软件进行核实和数据新闻专业化的信心则相对较低。值得注意的是,在这些领域观察到了明显的性别差异,女性在社交技能、协同工作和创新方面表现出更大的自信,而男性则在计算机应用方面表现出更高的熟练程度。因此,有必要改进教学实践,这有可能为新闻专业学生创造新的就业机会。
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引用次数: 0
Do Societies Have Emotions? 社会有情感吗?
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.3390/soc14050065
Abilio Almeida
In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in the study of emotions, demonstrating their importance in understanding diverse human and social dynamics. However, as this field of study develops and diversifies, a structural yet simple question remains virtually undiscussed: Is it really possible to say that societies possess emotions or a certain sensitivity akin to individual experiences? This exploratory study, based on documentary analysis, endeavours to identify and examine emotional patterns across six different periods, spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. Among the eight secondary findings, three fundamental conclusions stand out: (1) throughout history, societies have experienced different emotional atmospheres, sometimes simultaneously; (2) although societies generally propose an emotional model to follow, the reality does not always conform to it; and (3) it is mainly through the culture that society creates a certain emotional harmony, allowing the social body to remain cohesive and develop, thus postponing or preventing its disintegration. This study aims to offer a modest contribution to the complex and under-explored discussion on the correlation between specific emotional climates and particular social contexts.
近几十年来,人们对情绪研究的兴趣与日俱增,这表明情绪对于理解各种人类和社会动态具有重要意义。然而,随着这一研究领域的发展和多样化,一个结构性而又简单的问题几乎仍未得到讨论:是否真的可以说社会拥有情感或某种类似于个人经历的敏感性?这项探索性研究以文献分析为基础,致力于识别和研究从中世纪到当代六个不同时期的情感模式。在八项次要研究成果中,有三项基本结论引人注目:(1) 纵观历史,社会经历了不同的情感氛围,有时是同时经历的;(2) 尽管社会普遍提出了一种情感模式,但现实并不总是与之相符;(3) 主要是通过文化,社会创造了某种情感和谐,使社会主体保持凝聚力和发展,从而推迟或防止其解体。本研究旨在为关于特定情感氛围与特定社会环境之间的相关性这一复杂而又探索不足的讨论做出微薄的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Biases on Health Disinformation Research 偏见对健康误导研究的影响
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/soc14050064
Carmen Peñafiel-Saiz, Lázaro Echegaray-Eizaguirre, Amaia Perez-de-Arriluzea-Madariaga
This work analyses the treatment of elements such as biases and their relationship with disinformation in international academic production. The first step in this process was to carry out a search for papers published in academic journals indexed in the main indexing platforms. This was followed by a bibliometric analysis involving an analysis of the production and impact of the selected publications, using social media techniques and a semantic content analysis based on abstracts. The data obtained from Web of Science, Scopus, and Dimensions, relating to health, biases, and fake news as well as post-truth, show how these works have multiplied in the last decade. The question relating to this research is as follows: How have cognitive biases been treated in national and international academic journals? This question is answered with respect to the scientific or research method. The results, which date from 2000 to 2024, show a considerable academic dedication to exploring the relationship between biases and health disinformation. In all these communities we have observed a relationship between production with the field of medicine as a general theme and social media. Furthermore, this connection is always tied to other subjects, such as an aversion to vaccines in Community 10; disinformation about COVID-19 on social media in Community 5; COVID-19 and conspiracy theories in Community 6; and content for the dissemination of health-related subjects on YouTube and the disinformation spread about them. The community analysis carried out shows a common factor in all the analysed communities—that of cognitive bias.
这项工作分析了国际学术成果中对偏见等要素的处理及其与虚假信息的关系。这项工作的第一步是搜索主要索引平台收录的学术期刊上发表的论文。随后,利用社交媒体技术和基于摘要的语义内容分析,对所选出版物的生产和影响进行了文献计量分析。从 Web of Science、Scopus 和 Dimensions 获得的数据涉及健康、偏见、假新闻和后真相,显示了这些作品在过去十年中的成倍增长。本研究的相关问题如下:国内外学术期刊是如何对待认知偏见的?这个问题的答案与科学或研究方法有关。从 2000 年到 2024 年的研究结果显示,学术界在探索偏见与健康虚假信息之间的关系方面做出了相当大的努力。在所有这些社区中,我们都观察到了以医学领域为主题的生产与社交媒体之间的关系。此外,这种联系总是与其他主题联系在一起,如社区 10 中对疫苗的反感;社区 5 中社交媒体上关于 COVID-19 的虚假信息;社区 6 中 COVID-19 与阴谋论;YouTube 上与健康相关主题的传播内容及相关虚假信息的传播。所进行的社群分析表明,所有被分析的社群都存在一个共同的因素--认知偏差。
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引用次数: 0
To Retire or Not to Retire? A Comprehensive Examination of Retirement Decision Dynamics in Italy 退休还是不退休?意大利退休决策动态综合研究
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.3390/soc14050063
Michele Fabiani
The concept of active aging has become central to the public debate in many Western countries, given the increasing aging of the population and the future challenges associated with it. This phenomenon is tightly intertwined with choices regarding the retirement period, which can be postponed for different reasons by individuals in a society. The purpose of this paper is to understand the personal and family characteristics that influence future choices about retirement date in Italy. Utilizing data provided by the Bank of Italy in the Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW), a logistic regression is performed to observe the impact of different covariates on the hypothesized retirement date of individuals close to retirement, i.e., over the age of 50 who are still in working status. The results show that the decision to delay retirement has increased in recent years, and is influenced by personal (e.g., matrimonial status), work, and economic factors. In addition, these factors have different impacts between males and females.
鉴于人口老龄化的加剧以及与之相关的未来挑战,积极老龄化的概念已成为许多西方国家公共辩论的核心。这一现象与退休时间的选择密切相关,社会中的个人可以出于不同原因推迟退休时间。本文旨在了解影响意大利未来退休日期选择的个人和家庭特征。利用意大利银行在家庭收入和财富调查(SHIW)中提供的数据,进行了逻辑回归,以观察不同协变量对临近退休(即 50 岁以上仍处于工作状态)的个人假设退休日期的影响。结果显示,延迟退休的决定近年来有所增加,并受到个人(如婚姻状况)、工作和经济因素的影响。此外,这些因素对男性和女性的影响也不尽相同。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond the Walls: Patterns of Child Labour, Forced Labour, and Exploitation in a New Domestic Workers Dataset 墙外:新家政工人数据集中的童工、强迫劳动和剥削模式
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.3390/soc14050062
Zoe Trodd, Catherine Waite, James Goulding, Doreen S. Boyd
The new Domestic Workers Dataset is the largest single set of surveys (n = 11,759) of domestic workers to date. Our analysis of this dataset reveals features about the lives and work of this “hard-to-find” population in India—a country estimated to have the largest number of people living in forms of contemporary slavery (11 million). The data allow us to identify child labour, indicators of forced labour, and patterns of exploitation—including labour paid below the minimum wage—using bivariate analysis, factor analysis, and spatial analysis. The dataset also helps to advance our understanding of how to measure labour exploitation and modern slavery by showing the value of “found data” and participatory and citizen science approaches.
新的家庭佣工数据集是迄今为止最大的一套家庭佣工调查数据集(n = 11 759)。我们对该数据集的分析揭示了印度这一 "难以发现 "人群的生活和工作特点--据估计,印度是当代奴役形式下生活人口最多的国家(1100 万)。利用这些数据,我们可以通过双变量分析、因素分析和空间分析来识别童工、强迫劳动指标和剥削模式--包括低于最低工资的劳动。通过展示 "发现数据 "以及参与式和公民科学方法的价值,该数据集还有助于推进我们对如何衡量劳动剥削和现代奴隶制的理解。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Inclusion of Refugee Students in Greek Schools: Pre-Service Teachers’ Views about Distance Learning COVID-19 大流行对希腊学校接纳难民学生的影响:职前教师对远程学习的看法
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.3390/soc14050060
Eleni Samsari, Nektaria Palaiologou, Georgios Nikolaou
Over the last two years, the prolonged massive school closure due to COVID-19 has provoked significant constraints for refugee children. The present study aimed to investigate the perceptions of Greek pre-service teachers on refugee education during the COVID-19 pandemic. A questionnaire was addressed to 32 native university students (n = 32) who attended Education Departments in Western Macedonia in Greece. The results showed that the prevalence of distance education affected pre-service teachers’ perceptions. The access to devices with internet capability as well as the cultural barriers was considered to be crucial factors for the school attendance of refugee children. Participants’ perceptions of the level of teacher preparation in a distance learning environment were related to their level of self-efficacy for supporting refugee students. The findings suggest that in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic, the international community should make efforts to ensure the school attendance of all refugee students.
在过去的两年里,由于 COVID-19 大流行,学校长期大规模关闭,给难民儿童造成了极大的限制。本研究旨在调查希腊职前教师对 COVID-19 大流行期间难民教育的看法。研究人员对希腊西马其顿教育系的 32 名本地大学生(n = 32)进行了问卷调查。结果显示,远程教育的普及影响了职前教师的看法。能否使用具有上网功能的设备以及文化障碍被认为是难民儿童入学的关键因素。参与者对远程教育环境中教师准备水平的看法与他们支持难民学生的自我效能水平有关。研究结果表明,在COVID-19大流行之后,国际社会应努力确保所有难民学生的入学率。
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引用次数: 0
Verification Agencies on TikTok: The Case of MediaWise and Politifact TikTok 上的验证机构:MediaWise 和 Politifact 案例
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-28 DOI: 10.3390/soc14050059
Antonio Díaz-Lucena, Pablo Hidalgo-Cobo
This research aims to analyse the work of two international information verification agencies on TikTok ─MediaWise and Politifact—according to their evolution, approach, content, and format. To this end, a quantitative approach has been used with an inductive content analysis with nominal variables, which offers specific nuances adapted to the unit of analysis. In a first phase, an empirical analysis was carried out, focusing on the measurement and quantification of the number of publications and interactions of the audience, from the time Fthey started operating on this platform until 31 December 2023. The total number of posts extracted was N > 704, which generated N > 4,166,387 user responses. In a second phase, an in-depth content analysis of all the posts published by these two agencies in four months (October and November 2021 and October and November 2023) was carried out, allowing us to analyse their evolution, but also to compare the two agencies in terms of approach, themes, and style. The most important findings show that both agencies adapt the style and narratives to this social network through the use of dynamic resources, a casual and informal tone, and elements of humour. In addition, both contribute to public reason through different strategies: MediaWise focuses on media literacy and Politifact on verification, using resources, effects and content in line with that purpose. Finally, we observe a downward evolution in terms of reach and impact on the audience, as well as a lower dynamism in 2023 than in 2021, which opens the door to future lines of explanatory research that delve deeper into possible causes.
本研究旨在根据两家国际信息验证机构--MediaWise 和 Politifact--的演变、方法、内容和形式,对其在 TikTok 上的工作进行分析。为此,我们采用了一种定量分析方法,利用名义变量进行归纳式内容分析,从而根据分析单位提供具体的细微差别。在第一阶段,我们进行了实证分析,重点是测量和量化从 "Fthey "开始在该平台上运行至 2023 年 12 月 31 日期间的出版物数量和受众的互动情况。提取的帖子总数 N > 704 个,产生的用户回复 N > 4,166,387 个。在第二阶段,我们对这两家机构在四个月(2021 年 10 月和 11 月以及 2023 年 10 月和 11 月)内发布的所有帖子进行了深入的内容分析,不仅分析了帖子的演变,还从方法、主题和风格方面对两家机构进行了比较。最重要的研究结果表明,两家机构都通过使用动态资源、随意和非正式的语气以及幽默元素,使其风格和叙事方式与这一社交网络相适应。此外,两家机构还通过不同的策略促进公众理性:MediaWise 专注于媒体扫盲,而 Politifact 则专注于核实,并根据这一目的使用资源、效果和内容。最后,我们观察到,2023 年的受众覆盖率和影响力呈下降趋势,活力也低于 2021 年,这为今后深入探讨可能原因的解释性研究打开了大门。
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引用次数: 0
Socially Innovative Initiatives in Deprived Rural Areas of Germany, Ireland and Portugal: Exploring Empowerment and Impact on Community Development 德国、爱尔兰和葡萄牙贫困农村地区的社会创新举措:探索赋权和对社区发展的影响
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-28 DOI: 10.3390/soc14050058
Gabriela Christmann, Ariane Sept, Ralph Richter
In many (remote) rural areas of Europe and the world, rural communities are facing various challenges. One response is residents leaving their communities. However, there are also many empirical examples of residents staying, launching project initiatives, developing new solutions and experimenting with new practices. This is what we call social innovation. What experiences do actors have in these processes? Can we speak of empowerment? To what extent can such initiatives have an impact on community development? In this article, we explore these questions, for which there is little related empirical research. By applying a multi-sited individualising comparison to case studies in three European countries (Germany, Ireland and Portugal), we obtain empirical evidence of the following dimensions of empowerment that Avelino et al. outline conceptually: the achievement of autonomy, competence and relatedness and also impact, meaning and resilience. Often, however, it is not the individual actors for whom such effects can be reported. Rather, the social initiative as such or the local administration has acquired new skills and autonomy. Regarding community development, ‘pathways to impact’, such as infrastructure improvements and/or the creation of new employment opportunities and/or the influx of new residents, could be identified. However, this development often depended on both opportunity and the cooperation and goodwill of many stakeholders.
在欧洲和世界许多(偏远)农村地区,农村社区正面临着各种挑战。对策之一是居民离开社区。然而,也有许多经验性的例子表明,居民会留下来,发起项目倡议,制定新的解决方案,并尝试新的做法。这就是我们所说的社会创新。在这些过程中,参与者有哪些经验?我们是否可以谈论赋权?这些举措能在多大程度上对社区发展产生影响?在这篇文章中,我们将探讨这些相关经验研究甚少的问题。通过对三个欧洲国家(德国、爱尔兰和葡萄牙)的案例研究进行多地点个性化比较,我们获得了阿韦利诺等人在概念上概述的以下赋权维度的经验证据:自主性、能力和相关性的实现,以及影响、意义和复原力。然而,通常情况下,并不是个别行动者可以报告这些影响。相反,社会倡议本身或地方管理部门获得了新的技能和自主权。关于社区发展,可以确定 "产生影响的途径",如改善基础设施和/或创造新的就业机 会和/或新居民的涌入。然而,这种发展往往取决于机遇和许多利益相关者的合作与善意。
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引用次数: 0
Ethnic Variation in the Link between Women’s Relative Employment Positions and Entry into Parenthood in Belgium 比利时妇女相对就业地位与生育之间的种族差异
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.3390/soc14050057
Layla Van den Berg, Karel Neels
This study investigates the association between women’s relative employment positions and the transition to parenthood, focusing on women of Maghrebi, Turkish, and Southern European origin in Belgium. Whereas gender specialization is associated with higher chances of entering parenthood in the older literature, the economic preconditions to parenthood have shifted and more recent studies indicate that couples where both partners work are more likely to start a family. However, whereas this shift has been extensively studied among majority populations, we lack insight into whether similar patterns can also be found among population subgroups with a migration background. This paper uses Belgian census data from 2011–2015 to explore how women’s relative employment positions are linked to the likelihood of entering parenthood and whether this association varies by women’s age, generation, and origin of the male partner. The results indicate that couples in which both partners are employed are more likely to enter parenthood regardless of migration background. However, the results for women of Maghrebi or Turkish background suggest that single-earner couples and couples where both partners are unemployed delay entry into parenthood to a similar extent.
本研究以比利时的马格里布裔、土耳其裔和南欧裔妇女为研究对象,调查了妇女的相对就业状况与为人父母的转变之间的关系。在较早的文献中,性别专业化与更高的为人父母的机会有关,而为人父母的经济前提条件已经发生了变化,最近的研究表明,夫妻双方都工作的夫妇更有可能组建家庭。然而,虽然这种转变在多数人口中得到了广泛研究,但我们对有移民背景的人口亚群中是否也存在类似模式缺乏深入了解。本文利用比利时 2011-2015 年的人口普查数据,探讨了女性的相对就业状况与生育可能性之间的关系,以及这种关系是否因女性的年龄、世代和男性伴侣的原籍而有所不同。结果表明,无论移民背景如何,夫妻双方都有工作的夫妇更有可能为人父母。然而,马格里布或土耳其裔妇女的研究结果表明,单亲夫妇和双方都失业的夫妇推迟生育的程度相似。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Narratives of Teachers Working with Culturally Diverse Students: Any Insights about Inclusion? 探索与文化差异学生共事的教师的叙述:对全纳教育有何启示?
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.3390/soc14040055
Eleni Samsari, Nektaria Palaiologou, Georgios Nikolaou
The aim of the present study is to capture the teachers’ reflections and lived experiences on the inclusion of culturally diverse students in Greek school settings. Through a qualitative narrative inquiry approach, teachers share their personal accounts and stories about their efforts, initiatives, and moves towards more inclusive schooling, as well as the barriers they face in the school environment. Five (n = 5) primary school teachers were recruited purposefully because of their work experience with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students in mainstream, integration or reception classes. Narrative-discursive analysis unravels the effectiveness of inclusive practice in Greece for culturally diverse students according to specific aspects of inclusive pedagogy such as progressive education, transformative learning, innovative practices, and strategies, as well as school–family partnership. Teachers’ experiences revealed their complex work to handle the increasing diversity in schools and to respond to all students’ needs in a context of slow but steady measures towards inclusion.
本研究旨在捕捉希腊学校环境中教师对多元文化学生全纳问题的反思和亲身经历。通过定性叙事调查法,教师们分享了他们的个人经历和故事,讲述了他们为实现更具全纳性的学校教育所做的努力、采取的举措和行动,以及他们在学校环境中所面临的障碍。我们有目的地招募了五名(n = 5)小学教师,因为他们在主流班级、融合班级或接收班级都有与文化和语言多元化(CLD)学生打交道的工作经验。通过叙事-辨证分析,根据全纳教学法的具体方面,如渐进式教育、变革性学习、创新实践和策略,以及学校-家庭伙伴关系,揭示了希腊针对不同文化背景学生的全纳实践的有效性。教师们的经验表明,他们的工作十分复杂,既要应对学校日益增长的多样性,又要在采取缓慢但稳步的全纳措施的背景下满足所有学生的需求。
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引用次数: 0
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