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A Gendered Lens on Mediation and Market Governance: Experiences of Women Market Vendors in Papua New Guinea 调解和市场治理的性别视角:巴布亚新几内亚女性市场商贩的经验
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-18 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080155
Wilma Langa, Jackie Kauli, Verena Thomas
The majority of market vendors at urban informal markets in Papua New Guinea are women. They face vulnerabilities related to safety, security and infrastructural support. They operate within male-dominated mediation structures where women’s contributions to mediation and market governance are often invisible. However, in this article, we demonstrate how women market vendors contribute to the social aspect of market governance, particularly addressing issues of law and order within Awagasi market. Through the efforts of women vendors in mediation and conflict management, safety in the market and normal operation of the informal market have improved. The study involved 18 women market vendors, as well as male market vendors, at Awagasi market. It used focus group discussions, interviews and creative mapping to examine the different roles of women market vendors regarding mediation and market governance at Awagasi market. The study revealed the different roles women play and their social innovations in keeping peace and order in the market. Recognising women’s agency in conflict management can support the promotion and strengthening of safe market spaces in urban environments.
巴布亚新几内亚城市非正规市场的大多数商贩都是妇女。她们面临着与安全、安保和基础设施支持有关的脆弱性。她们在男性主导的调解结构中经营,妇女对调解和市场管理的贡献往往被忽视。然而,在本文中,我们将展示女性市场商贩如何为市场治理的社会方面做出贡献,特别是如何解决阿瓦加西市场的法律和秩序问题。通过女摊贩在调解和冲突管理方面的努力,市场的安全和非正规市场的正常运作得到了改善。这项研究涉及阿瓦加西市场的 18 名女商贩和男商贩。研究采用焦点小组讨论、访谈和创造性制图等方法,考察了女性市场商贩在阿瓦加西市场的调解和市场管理方面所扮演的不同角色。研究揭示了妇女在维持市场和平与秩序方面所扮演的不同角色及其社会创新。认识到妇女在冲突管理中的作用,有助于促进和加强城市环境中的安全市场空间。
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引用次数: 0
Tea Shops in Myanmar: Micro-Institutional Functions for Rural Migrants and Women 缅甸的茶叶店:面向农村移民和妇女的微型机构功能
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080154
Zaw Lin, Joseph J. Molnar
Lahpet-Ye-Hsain, commonly referred to as “tea shops” or teahouses, are versatile establishments that serve as both dining places and social gathering spots. These micro-institutions are fundamental to Myanmar society at the local level, playing a significant role in daily social interactions, economic activities, and political discourse. Operated as private businesses and informal meeting spots, tea shops are primarily staffed by women who serve tea and food to a predominantly male clientele at various times of the day. The size of tea shops can vary, from small snack shops to larger establishments offering a wide range of menu options. In a typical small village tea shop, customers sit on footstools around small square tables, creating a space for sharing tea and food, and exchanging ideas, opinions, problems, hopes, and aspirations. Tea shops attract a diverse range of individuals, as they are known for their inclusive nature that welcomes people from all backgrounds and walks of life, although women are often on the periphery. Historically dominated by men, we suggest that empowering women’s involvement in tea shops could positively impact their agency in other aspects of life, especially during political change. These micro-institutions serve as the initial connection point for residents in the village or neighborhood, traditionally catering to men but now increasingly broadened to women, newcomers, and young individuals exploring new opportunities.
Lahpet-Ye-Hsain 通常被称为 "茶店 "或茶馆,是一种多功能场所,既是餐饮场所,也是社交聚会场所。这些微型机构是缅甸地方社会的基础,在日常社会交往、经济活动和政治讨论中发挥着重要作用。茶叶店既是私人企业,也是非正式的聚会场所,主要由女性员工在一天中的不同时段为以男性为主的顾客提供茶水和食物。茶店的规模大小不一,小到小吃店,大到提供多种菜单选择的茶店。在典型的乡村小茶馆里,顾客坐在脚凳上,围着小方桌,在这里分享茶水和食物,交流想法、意见、问题、希望和愿望。茶叶店以其包容性而闻名,欢迎来自各种背景和阶层的人们,尽管女性往往处于边缘地位,但茶叶店吸引着各种各样的人。茶叶店历来由男性主导,我们认为,赋予女性参与茶叶店的权力会对她们在生活其他方面的能动性产生积极影响,尤其是在政治变革期间。这些微型机构是村庄或社区居民的最初联系点,传统上以男性为服务对象,但现在越来越多地扩展到女性、新移民和寻求新机会的年轻人。
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引用次数: 0
Structural Anti-Roma Racism in Italian Middle Schools 意大利中学中的结构性反罗姆人种族主义
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080153
Concetta Smedile, Antonia Ramírez-García
This study examines persistent racism, despite its formal denial, through an interdisciplinary approach that combines critical race theories, whiteness study and social psychology. It questions whether the analytical and empirical distinction between different forms of prejudice—despite their coexistence—can yield positive outcomes in the fight against racism. Considering the case of the Roma community in Italy, specifically within the universalistic approach of the Italian school system, the level of prejudice was measured in a sample of 305 middle school teachers. The main findings confirm the persistence of blatant prejudice concealed beneath a veneer of subtle racism and reveal that an educational institution’s rhetorical commitment to democracy may not substantially impact the behavior of democratic teachers when interacting with Roma individuals. The systemic inequalities ingrained within the education system are reminiscent of colonial times, where practices that once suppressed the potential of Africans are now used against Italian Roma citizens. This article finally suggests how teacher training might be improved to reduce racism, based on the different profiles of prejudicial attitudes detected among teachers.
本研究采用跨学科方法,将批判性种族理论、白人研究和社会心理学结合起来,对持续存在的种族主义进行了研究,尽管它在形式上被否认。它质疑的是,尽管不同形式的偏见并存,但从分析和经验上对它们加以区分,能否在反对种族主义的斗争中产生积极的结果。考虑到意大利罗姆人社区的情况,特别是在意大利学校系统的普遍性方法中,对 305 名中学教师的偏见程度进行了抽样测量。主要研究结果证实了隐藏在微妙的种族主义外衣下的公然偏见持续存在,并揭示了教育机构对民主的口头承诺可能不会对民主教师与罗姆人互动时的行为产生实质性影响。教育系统中根深蒂固的系统性不平等让人想起殖民时代,曾经压制非洲人潜能的做法如今被用来对付意大利的罗姆公民。最后,本文根据在教师中发现的不同偏见态度,提出了如何改进教师培训以减少种族主义的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Patents and Public Health: State Responsibility to Opt for a Balanced Approach 专利与公共健康:国家选择平衡方法的责任
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080152
Saima Butt, Kamran Shaukat, Talha Mahboob Alam, Tony Jan
The topic of public health is indispensable to talk about. It is essential to discuss new inventions, new and improved treatments, and their efficiencies with different combinations, but one thing that is important to remember is whether these inventions are available for those in need. Availability concerns are linked with affordability, as the affordability of a drug determines its consumption; furthermore, affordability can lead to overconsumption. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement provides flexibility to control the misuse of patent monopolies. The object of this research is twofold: one is to investigate whether and how Pakistan incorporates TRIPS flexibilities in its national patent legislation, and the second is to find out the reason for unaffordable cancer treatment in Pakistan. This research highlights that the use of TRIPS flexibilities in Pakistan will help the state authorities to provide better health facilities to the public generally as well as particularly in cancer cases, as cancer treatment in Pakistan is unaffordable. The methodology applied for this research is primarily comparative and bears the qualitative aspect of the issue. This research concludes that Pakistan’s legal system fails to incorporate effective legal provisions related to TRIPS flexibilities, and it also highlights that the ever-greening of patents results in the high prices of cancer medicines in Pakistan. This research further recommended that there is a dire need to incorporate and use TRIPS flexibilities in the country to control the high prices of cancer treatment and cancer mortality rate in the country.
公共卫生是一个不可或缺的话题。讨论新发明、新的和改进的治疗方法及其不同组合的疗效是必不可少的,但有一点必须牢记,那就是这些发明是否可供有需要的人使用。可获得性问题与可负担性相关,因为药物的可负担性决定了其消费量;此外,可负担性可能导致过度消费。与贸易有关的知识产权协议》(TRIPS)为控制专利垄断的滥用提供了灵活性。本研究的目的有两个:一是调查巴基斯坦是否以及如何将《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》的灵活性纳入其国家专利立法;二是找出巴基斯坦癌症治疗负担不起的原因。这项研究强调,在巴基斯坦使用《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》的灵活性将有助于国家当局为公众提供更好的医疗设施,特别是在癌症病例中,因为巴基斯坦的癌症治疗费用是无法负担的。本研究采用的方法主要是比较法,并涉及问题的定性方面。本研究得出结论认为,巴基斯坦的法律制度未能纳入与《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》 灵活性相关的有效法律规定,本研究还强调,专利权的不断绿化导致巴基斯坦癌症药物的价 格居高不下。本研究进一步建议,巴基斯坦亟需纳入并利用《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》的灵活性,以控制该国癌症治疗的高昂价格和癌症死亡率。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Aasan et al. The Relative Importance of Family, School, and Leisure Activities for the Mental Wellbeing of Adolescents: The Young-HUNT Study in Norway. Societies 2023, 13, 93 更正:Aasan et al. The Relative Importance of Family, School, and Leisure Activities for the Mental Wellbeing of Adolescents:挪威 Young-HUNT 研究》。社会 2023,13,93
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080149
Bodil Elisabeth Valstad Aasan, Monica Lillefjell, Steinar Krokstad, Mari Sylte, Erik Reidar Sund
In the original publication [...]
在最初的出版物中 [...]
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引用次数: 0
Aftermaths of COVID-19 Lockdown on Socioeconomic and Psychological Nexus of Urban Population: A Case in Hyderabad, Pakistan COVID-19 封锁对城市人口的社会经济和心理影响:巴基斯坦海得拉巴的一个案例
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080150
Mir Aftab Hussain Talpur, Shabir Hussain Khahro, Muhammad Saad Khan, Fahad Ahmed Shaikh, Yasir Javed
The COVID-19 pandemic started in the last week of December, 2019. An emergency was declared throughout the globe as the virus spread over 208 counties within a short amount of time. This pandemic had significant negative impacts on common men living in densely populated countries, including Pakistan. Hence, this research aimed to record people’s perception of the 7th largest settlement in Pakistan, namely Hyderabad. This study mainly focused on socioeconomic and psychological parameters. The close-ended questionnaire was designed concerning the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The DASS-21 is an optimal tool for recording the emotional values of depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 400 questionnaires were filled out; they used a 5-point Likert scale. Significant socioeconomic issues were noted, such as lower household income, economic recession, job cuts, inaccessible Internet services during online teaching or working from home, etc. The primary challenges in the lockdown situation were Internet access (4.06) and anxiety (4.86) in the female population. There were higher levels of depression (N = 200), anxiety (N = 341), and stress (N = 125) in the local inhabitants. Other notable problems were illuminated, such as restrictions on social gatherings, electricity load shedding, and lower incomes. This study concludes that the degree of psychological problems varied according to the typology of gender. Based on study findings, this study recommends the prompt execution of policies considering possible future pandemics to restrain anxiety and depression in the female population. The local government is also advised to revitalize infrastructure to provide uninterrupted power supplies and Internet facilities. The income-generating channels should be open for lower-income households concerning future lockdowns.
COVID-19 大流行始于 2019 年 12 月的最后一周。由于病毒在短时间内蔓延至 208 个国家,全球宣布进入紧急状态。这次大流行对生活在人口稠密国家(包括巴基斯坦)的普通人造成了严重的负面影响。因此,本研究旨在记录人们对巴基斯坦第七大居住区海得拉巴的看法。本研究主要关注社会经济和心理参数。封闭式问卷是根据抑郁、焦虑和压力量表(DASS-21)设计的。DASS-21 是记录抑郁、焦虑和压力情绪值的最佳工具。共填写了 400 份问卷,采用的是 5 点李克特量表。调查中发现了一些重要的社会经济问题,如家庭收入较低、经济衰退、裁员、在线教学或在家工作时无法使用互联网服务等。在封锁情况下,女性面临的主要挑战是上网(4.06)和焦虑(4.86)。当地居民的抑郁(200 人)、焦虑(341 人)和压力(125 人)水平较高。研究还揭示了其他值得注意的问题,如社交聚会受限、停电和收入较低等。本研究的结论是,心理问题的程度因性别类型而异。根据研究结果,本研究建议,考虑到未来可能出现的流行病,应及时执行相关政策,以抑制女性人口的焦虑和抑郁情绪。还建议地方政府振兴基础设施,提供不间断的电力供应和互联网设施。针对未来的封锁,应为低收入家庭开辟创收渠道。
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引用次数: 0
Capacity Building for Student Teachers in Learning, Teaching Artificial Intelligence for Quality of Education 学生教师的学习能力建设,人工智能教学提高教育质量
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080148
Zehra Altinay, Fahriye Altinay, Ramesh Chander Sharma, Gokmen Dagli, Rustam Shadiev, Betul Yikici, Mehmet Altinay
The future of education relies on the integration of information technologies, emphasizing the importance of equity and inclusiveness for quality education. Teacher education programs are essential for fostering qualified educators for the future. Integrating AI in education is crucial to ensure inclusivity and comprehensive services for all. This study aims to evaluate student teachers’ perceptions of using AI in learning and teaching, and to provide suggestions for enhancing sustainable education through information technologies. A qualitative research design was adopted to gather perceptions and experiences from 240 student teachers who participated in a seminar on AI usage and completed self-reflection tasks. These student teachers, enrolled in various teaching methods and principal courses, contributed to the thematic analysis. The study reveals that AI should be carefully planned and incorporated into lesson plans to enhance personalized learning. Student teachers reported that AI supports and motivates the learning process, effectively transforming students’ needs and learning experiences. However, they also noted potential drawbacks, such as AI imposing restrictions on the teaching profession, replacing teachers, and producing biased results. The study suggests that capacity-building strategies for student teachers should be enriched across different courses to raise awareness about AI’s applications.
未来的教育有赖于信息技术的整合,强调公平和包容对于优质教育的重要性。师范教育计划对于培养未来合格的教育工作者至关重要。将人工智能融入教育对于确保包容性和为所有人提供全面服务至关重要。本研究旨在评估学生教师对在学习和教学中使用人工智能的看法,并为通过信息技术加强可持续教育提供建议。本研究采用定性研究设计,收集了 240 名参加人工智能应用研讨会并完成自我反思任务的学生教师的看法和经验。这些学生教师参加了各种教学方法和校长课程,为专题分析做出了贡献。研究表明,人工智能应经过精心策划并纳入课程计划,以加强个性化学习。学生教师表示,人工智能支持并激励了学习过程,有效地改变了学生的需求和学习体验。不过,他们也指出了潜在的弊端,如人工智能对教师职业的限制、取代教师以及产生有偏见的结果。研究建议,应在不同课程中丰富学生教师的能力建设策略,以提高对人工智能应用的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Psychosexual Health and Well-Being of Trans and Gender-Diverse Individuals in Portugal 葡萄牙变性和性别多元化人士的性心理健康与福祉
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080144
Mariana Henriques, Henrique Pereira
This study aimed to explore and describe the perceptions of trans and gender-diverse individuals (TGD) in Portugal regarding the implications on their psychological, social, and psychosexual health. A qualitative investigation was conducted using an electronic interview answered by 32 participants. The data were examined through a thematic analysis, and the following themes were identified: experiences with healthcare services, social interaction, discrimination experiences, mental health, social support systems, self-esteem, social identity, sex and sexual health, quality of life, and sociopolitical enhancement strategy proposals. The analysis of these themes provides information on the perceptions and experiences of the participants and suggests factors that impact the well-being and quality of life of the individuals in the current sample.
本研究旨在探讨和描述葡萄牙变性者和性别多元化者(TGD)对其心理、社会和性心理健康影响的看法。研究采用电子访谈的方式,对 32 名参与者进行了定性调查。通过主题分析对数据进行了研究,并确定了以下主题:医疗保健服务经验、社会交往、歧视经历、心理健康、社会支持系统、自尊、社会身份、性和性健康、生活质量以及社会政治改善策略建议。对这些主题的分析提供了有关参与者看法和经历的信息,并提出了影响当前样本中个人福祉和生活质量的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Moral Faces: How Spontaneous Ideological Inferences from Facial Cues Influence Moral Judgments 道德面孔:来自面部线索的自发意识形态推断如何影响道德判断
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080143
Ahreum Maeng
This research demonstrates that individuals make moral judgments based on ideological inferences from facial cues. Using racially homogeneous male faces, four studies showed that individuals infer ideological beliefs—and thus group membership (in- versus out-group)—from a novel face and that the fit between the inferred social identity and the perceiver’s own social identity leads to judgments of moral superiority. Further evidence shows that a salient social identity moderates moral evaluation. These results reflect the automaticity of social categorization, which contributes to moral judgments of a person.
这项研究表明,个体会根据面部线索的意识形态推断做出道德判断。四项研究利用种族相同的男性面孔表明,个体会从一张新奇的面孔中推断出意识形态信仰,进而推断出群体成员身份(内群体或外群体),而推断出的社会身份与感知者自身的社会身份之间的契合度会导致道德优越感的判断。进一步的证据表明,突出的社会认同会调节道德评价。这些结果反映了社会分类的自动性,它有助于对一个人的道德判断。
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引用次数: 0
Importance of University Students’ Perception of Adoption and Training in Artificial Intelligence Tools 大学生对人工智能工具采用和培训重要性的认识
IF 2.1 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.3390/soc14080141
José Carlos Vázquez-Parra, Carolina Henao-Rodríguez, Jenny Paola Lis-Gutiérrez, Sergio Palomino-Gámez
Undoubtedly, artificial intelligence (AI) tools are becoming increasingly common in people’s lives. The educational field is one of the most reflective on the importance of its adoption. Universities have made great efforts to integrate these new technologies into their classrooms, considering that every future professional will need AI skills and competencies. This article examines the importance of student perception and acceptance in adopting AI tools in higher education effectively. It highlights how students’ positive perceptions can significantly influence their motivation and commitment to learning. This research emphasizes that to integrate AI into university curricula successfully, it is essential to include its technologies in all areas of study and foster positivity among students regarding their use and training. This study’s methodology applied the validated instrument “Perception of Adoption and Training in the Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools in the Profession” to a sample of Mexican students. This exploratory analysis highlights the need for educational institutions to understand and address student perceptions of AI to design educational strategies that incorporate technological advances, are pedagogically relevant, and align with the students’ aspirations and needs.
毫无疑问,人工智能(AI)工具在人们的生活中越来越常见。教育领域是最能体现采用人工智能重要性的领域之一。考虑到每一位未来的专业人士都需要人工智能技能和能力,各大学都为将这些新技术融入课堂做出了巨大努力。本文探讨了学生的认知和接受程度对于在高等教育中有效采用人工智能工具的重要性。文章强调了学生的积极认知如何极大地影响他们的学习动机和学习投入。本研究强调,要将人工智能成功融入大学课程,必须将其技术纳入所有学习领域,并培养学生对其使用和培训的积极性。本研究的方法是在墨西哥学生样本中使用经过验证的工具 "对人工智能工具在专业中的应用和培训的看法"。这项探索性分析强调,教育机构需要了解并解决学生对人工智能的看法,以设计出结合技术进步、与教学相关并符合学生愿望和需求的教育战略。
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引用次数: 0
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