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Is Non-destructive Provenancing of Pottery Possible With Just a Few Discriminative Trace Elements? 仅凭少量鉴别微量元素就能对陶器进行无损溯源吗?
Pub Date : 2016-10-07 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2016.1209030
D. Wilke, D. Rauch, P. Rauch
Abstract This study outlines how to perform a fully non-destructive compositional analysis of pottery, but with the limited number of discriminative elements quantifiable by pXRF. The spectrometer was calibrated with fired clay samples spiked with Ti, Fe, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Nb. Methodological outliers resulting from surface modifications and paste heterogeneity were identified by multiple spot analysis per fragment and sorted out. From ten late medieval/early modern potting centres located all over Germany 75 to 360 waster sherds were analysed, resembling plain earthenware, proto-stoneware and glazed stoneware. The 90% quantiles of the assemblages could be distinguished by simple bi- and trivariate scattergrams of the trace elements, although the overall compositional difference was low. As a general trend paste group distinction of similar wares got less pronounced with decreasing geographic distance of the production sites. With the limited total spread of elemental concentrations, the n≤15 dimensional space of discriminative elements is too small to separate hundreds of paste recipes generated over centuries in a densely populated territory. Thus a restriction to the anthropologically reasonable context is required when compositional provenancing of unknown pottery is undertaken, and the successful resolution of production sites needs to be confirmed on a case by case basis. Statement of significance Apart from cultural heritage and art historical conservation aspects, non-destructive XRF analysis allows for high, though non-automatized throughput of even very small ceramic fragments, which strongly improves the significance and validity of location, ware and style specific reference groups. However, pottery also provides considerable methodological constraints to true non-destructive compositional analysis, and the difference in chemical pattern between production centres is generally small. Diligent instrument calibration and a stringent protocol are therefore prerequisites for distinguishing geographically neighbouring pottery produces, and assemblages with adjacent and partially overlapping chemical composition in general. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
摘要:本研究概述了如何对陶器进行完全无损的成分分析,但pXRF可量化的判别元素数量有限。用掺有Ti, Fe, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr和Nb的烧制粘土样品校准光谱仪。通过对每个片段进行多点分析,确定表面修饰和粘贴异质性导致的方法学异常值,并对其进行分类。从遍布德国的十个中世纪晚期/现代早期的盆栽中心中,分析了75到360个废料碎片,类似于普通陶器、原始石器和釉面石器。通过微量元素的二元和三元散点图可以区分90%的组合,但总体成分差异不大。随着生产地点的地理距离的减小,相似商品的糊类差异也逐渐减小。由于元素浓度的总分布有限,判别性元素的n≤15维空间太小,无法将数百个世纪以来在人口稠密的地区生成的酱料配方分开。因此,在进行未知陶器的成分来源时,需要对人类学上合理的背景进行限制,并且需要根据具体情况确定生产地点的成功解决方案。除了文化遗产和艺术历史保护方面,非破坏性的XRF分析允许即使非常小的陶瓷碎片的高,尽管非自动化的吞吐量,这大大提高了位置,瓷器和风格特定参考组的重要性和有效性。然而,陶器也为真正的非破坏性成分分析提供了相当大的方法限制,生产中心之间化学模式的差异通常很小。因此,勤奋的仪器校准和严格的规程是区分地理上邻近的陶器产品以及具有相邻和部分重叠化学成分的组合的先决条件。图形抽象
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引用次数: 14
Sourcing obsidian: a new optimized LA-ICP-MS protocol 黑曜石来源:一种新的优化LA-ICP-MS协议
Pub Date : 2016-10-03 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2016.1236516
M. Orange, François‐Xavier Le Bourdonnec, A. Scheffers, Renaud Joannes-Boyau
Abstract Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry [LA-ICP-MS] is one of the most successful analytical techniques used in archaeological sciences. Applied to the sourcing of lithic raw materials, it allows for fast and reliable analysis of large assemblages. However, the majority of published studies omit important analytical issues commonly encountered with laser ablation. This research presents a new advanced LA-ICP-MS protocol developed at Southern Cross GeoScience (SOLARIS laboratory, Southern Cross University, Australia), which optimizes the potential of this cutting-edge geochemical characterization technique for obsidian sourcing. This new protocol uses ablation lines with a reduced number of assayed elements (specific isotopes) to achieve higher sensitivity as well as increased precision and accuracy, in contrast to previous studies working with ablation points and an exhaustive list of measured isotopes. Applied to obsidian sources from the Western Mediterranean region, the Carpathian basin, and the Aegean, the results clearly differentiate between the main outcrops, thus demonstrating the efficiency of the new advanced LA-ICP-MS protocol in answering fundamental archaeological questions. Statement of significance Our new LA-ICP-MS protocol, specifically tailored for the geochemical sourcing of obsidian artefacts in the Western Mediterranean area, was developed at SOLARIS (Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Australia) with a top-of-the-range Agilent 7700x ICP-MS coupled to a an ESI NWR 213 Laser Ablation System. Taking into account the common analytical issues encountered with the LA-ICP-MS technique, we focused on two parameters: the use of ablation lines instead of ablation points, and the development of a reduced list of measured isotopes. The use of ablation lines aims to compensate for any sample heterogeneity, achieve a higher count rate as well as a better signal stability, and also reduce laser-induced elemental fractionation. The measured isotopes have been carefully selected amongst the most efficient to discriminate between the different obsidian sources. This shortened list of isotopes achieves precise and accurate measurements with a higher sensitivity, and with the use of ablation lines, contributes to enhancing the potential of this geochemical characterization technique for obsidian sourcing. Data availability The LA-ICP-MS results for the obsidian geological samples from the Mediterranean area are available as supplementary data. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
激光烧蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)是考古科学中最成功的分析技术之一。应用于锂原料的采购,它允许快速和可靠的大型组合分析。然而,大多数已发表的研究忽略了激光消融通常遇到的重要分析问题。这项研究提出了一种新的先进的LA-ICP-MS协议,该协议由南十字星地球科学(澳大利亚南十字星大学SOLARIS实验室)开发,它优化了这种尖端地球化学表征技术在黑曜石来源方面的潜力。与以往使用烧蚀点和详尽的测量同位素列表的研究相比,新方案使用烧蚀线减少了被测元素(特定同位素)的数量,以获得更高的灵敏度和更高的精度和准确性。应用于西地中海地区、喀尔巴阡盆地和爱琴海的黑曜岩来源,结果清楚地区分了主要露头,从而证明了新的先进LA-ICP-MS协议在回答基本考古问题方面的效率。我们的新LA-ICP-MS方案是专门为西地中海地区黑曜石文物的地球化学来源量身定制的,由SOLARIS(澳大利亚南十字星大学南十字星地球科学)开发,采用顶级的Agilent 7700x ICP-MS与ESI NWR 213激光烧蚀系统相结合。考虑到LA-ICP-MS技术遇到的常见分析问题,我们重点关注两个参数:使用烧蚀线而不是烧蚀点,以及开发减少的测量同位素列表。烧蚀线的使用旨在补偿任何样品的非均匀性,实现更高的计数率以及更好的信号稳定性,并减少激光诱导的元素分异。所测量的同位素是经过精心挑选的最有效的同位素,以区分不同的黑曜石来源。这种缩短的同位素列表以更高的灵敏度实现了精确和准确的测量,并且使用了烧蚀线,有助于提高这种地球化学表征技术对黑曜石来源的潜力。地中海地区黑曜岩地质样品的LA-ICP-MS结果可作为补充数据。图形抽象
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引用次数: 12
An experimental study of two grave excavation methods: Arbitrary Level Excavation and Stratigraphic Excavation 任意水平开挖和地层开挖两种开挖方法的试验研究
Pub Date : 2016-09-12 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2016.1229916
L. Evis, I. Hanson, P. Cheetham
Abstract The process of archaeological excavation is one of destruction. It normally provides archaeologists with a singular opportunity to recognise, define, extract and record archaeological evidence: the artefacts, features and deposits present in the archaeological record. It is expected that when archaeologists are excavating in a research, commercial or forensic setting the methods that they utilise will ensure a high rate of evidence recognition and recovery. Methods need to be accepted amongst the archaeological and scientific community they are serving and be deemed reliable. For example, in forensic contexts, methods need to conform to scientific and legal criteria so that the evidence retrieved is admissible in a court of law. Two standard methods of grave excavation were examined in this study with the aim of identifying the better approach in terms of evidence recovery. Four archaeologists with a range of experience each excavated two similarly constructed experimental ‘single graves’ using two different excavation methods. Those tested were the arbitrary level excavation method and the stratigraphic excavation method. The results from the excavations were used to compare recovery rates for varying forms of evidence placed within the graves. The stratigraphic excavation method resulted in higher rates of recovery for all evidence types, with an average of 71% of evidence being recovered, whereas the arbitrary level excavation method recovered an average of 56%. Neither method recovered all of the evidence. These findings raise questions about the reliability and so suitability of these established approaches to excavation.
考古发掘的过程是一个破坏的过程。它通常为考古学家提供了一个独特的机会来识别、定义、提取和记录考古证据:考古记录中存在的人工制品、特征和沉积物。当考古学家在研究、商业或法医环境中进行挖掘时,他们所使用的方法将确保高的证据识别和恢复率。方法需要被考古学和科学界所接受,并被认为是可靠的。例如,在法医方面,方法需要符合科学和法律标准,以便获得的证据在法庭上可以接受。本研究考察了两种标准的坟墓挖掘方法,目的是确定在证据恢复方面更好的方法。四位具有丰富经验的考古学家分别用两种不同的挖掘方法挖掘了两个类似结构的实验性“单一坟墓”。试验的方法有任意水平开挖法和地层开挖法。挖掘的结果被用来比较坟墓中不同形式的证据的恢复率。地层挖掘法对所有证据类型的回收率都较高,平均回收率为71%,而任意水平挖掘法的平均回收率为56%。两种方法都没有找到所有的证据。这些发现提出了关于这些既定挖掘方法的可靠性和适用性的问题。
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引用次数: 9
More than meets the eye: Fibre and Paper Analysis of the Chinese Manuscripts from the Silk Roads 不仅仅是看起来:丝绸之路中国手稿的纤维和纸张分析
Pub Date : 2016-08-05 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2016.1207971
A. Helman-Wazny
Abstract This study contributes to the history of paper in Central Asia during the first millennium C.E. and aims to create a typology of paper based on a systematic study of Chinese manuscript collections found along the Silk Roads. The further aspect of this study aims to improve our knowledge of archaeometric research considered with the revision and test of scientific methodology which can then be used for historical and philological scholarship. By using fibre analysis and the technological study of paper combined with codicological and textual information, research has aimed to explore the possibilities for dating these materials, and fingerprinting their places of origin. The fact that many of Chinese manuscripts being studied (which are the oldest preserved and dated artefacts from Central Asia) are fixed in time by dates mentioned in colophons makes them valuable and reliable references for building a typology of paper and for comparative study of any yet to be discovered papers from that region. A sample of studied manuscripts comprises a total of 182 Chinese manuscripts selected from the Dunhuang Collection in the British Library in London, the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris (BnF), the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St. Petersburg, and the Turfan collection in the Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (BBAW) and the Berlin State Library (StaBi).
本研究对公元一千年中亚的纸张历史做出了贡献,旨在通过对丝绸之路沿线发现的中国手稿收藏的系统研究,建立一种纸张类型学。这项研究的进一步方面旨在提高我们对考古研究的认识,考虑到科学方法的修订和检验,然后可以用于历史和语言学奖学金。通过纤维分析和对纸张的技术研究,结合法典和文本信息,研究旨在探索这些材料的年代测定的可能性,并确定它们的原产地。许多被研究的中国手稿(这些手稿是中亚保存最久的、有年代的手工艺品)都是通过附注中所提到的日期来确定时间的,这一事实使它们对于建立纸张类型学和对该地区尚未发现的纸张进行比较研究具有价值和可靠的参考价值。研究样本包括182份中国手稿,这些手稿分别来自伦敦大英图书馆敦煌馆藏、巴黎法国国家图书馆(BnF)、圣彼得堡东方手稿研究所、柏林勃兰登堡科学院(BBAW)和柏林国家图书馆(StaBi)的吐鲁番馆藏。
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引用次数: 13
Wild to domestic and back again: the dynamics of fallow deer management in medieval England (c. 11th-16th century AD) 从野生到驯养再回到家养:中世纪英格兰(公元11 -16世纪)黇鹿管理的动态
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2016.1208027
N. Sykes, G. Ayton, F. Bowen, K. Baker, Polydora Baker, Ruth, F. Carden, Craig Arthur Dicken, J. Evans, A. Hoelzel, T. Higham, Richard Jones, A. Lamb, R. Liddiard, R. Madgwick, Holly, Miller, C. Rainsford, P. Sawyer, Richard Thomas, Christopher Ward, Fay Worley
Abstract This paper presents the results of the first comprehensive scientific study of the fallow deer, a non-native species whose medieval-period introduction to Britain transformed the cultural landscape. It brings together data from traditional zooarchaeological analyses with those derived from new ageing techniques as well as the results of a programme of radiocarbon dating, multi-element isotope studies and genetic analyses. These new data are here integrated with historical and landscape evidence to examine changing patterns of fallow deer translocation and management in medieval England between the 11th and 16th century AD.
本文介绍了首个对灰鹿的全面科学研究的结果。灰鹿是一种非本地物种,在中世纪被引入英国后,改变了英国的文化景观。它汇集了来自传统动物考古分析的数据,以及来自新老化技术的数据,以及放射性碳定年、多元素同位素研究和遗传分析项目的结果。这些新数据与历史和景观证据相结合,研究了公元11世纪至16世纪中世纪英格兰休闲鹿迁移和管理的变化模式。
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引用次数: 26
Preferential amplification of repetitive DNA during whole genome sequencing library creation from historic samples 历史样品全基因组测序文库创建过程中重复DNA的优先扩增
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2016.1160594
Bastiaan Star, Marianne H. S. Hansen, M. Skage, I. Bradbury, J. A. Godiksen, O. S. Kjesbu, S. Jentoft
Abstract Repetitive microsatellite DNA forms a universal component of eukaryote genomes and specific biochemical properties of such repeat regions may influence the outcome of laboratory protocols. The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) genome contains an order of magnitude more dinucleotide repeats than the majority of vertebrates, with over eight percent of its genome that can be classified as either AC or AG dinucleotide repeat. We find that the abundance of these repeats can be inflated in ancient DNA (aDNA) whole genome sequencing (WGS) data generated from this species, in particular in samples with a lower fragment length. This inflation is suppressed by a reduced number of amplification cycles and by the inclusion of manufactured dinucleotide repeat oligonucleotides during amplification. These data indicate that a biased amplification reaction leads to artificially high levels of AC and AG repeats. This process appears to be particularly efficient in Atlantic cod –likely due to its high genomic content of repeats with relatively simple sequence complexity. While the extend of such bias in other studies is unclear, we nonetheless urge caution when quantifying repeat content in aDNA WGS data, given that amplification bias can be difficult to detect if this process affects more complex repeat structures than dinucleotide repeats.
重复微卫星DNA是真核生物基因组的普遍组成部分,这种重复区域的特定生化特性可能会影响实验室方案的结果。大西洋鳕鱼(Gadus morhua)基因组包含的二核苷酸重复序列比大多数脊椎动物多一个数量级,其中超过8%的基因组可归类为AC或AG二核苷酸重复序列。我们发现这些重复序列的丰度可以在从该物种产生的古DNA (aDNA)全基因组测序(WGS)数据中膨胀,特别是在片段长度较低的样本中。这种膨胀被扩增循环次数的减少和扩增过程中合成的二核苷酸重复寡核苷酸的包含所抑制。这些数据表明,偏倚的扩增反应导致人为高水平的AC和AG重复。这一过程似乎在大西洋鳕鱼中特别有效——可能是由于其重复序列的基因组含量高,序列复杂性相对简单。虽然这种偏倚在其他研究中的范围尚不清楚,但我们仍敦促在量化aDNA WGS数据中的重复内容时保持谨慎,因为如果该过程影响比二核苷酸重复更复杂的重复结构,则很难检测到扩增偏倚。
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引用次数: 13
Clovis Colonization of Eastern North America: A Phylogenetic Approach 北美洲东部克洛维斯人的殖民:系统发育研究
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2016.1183920
M. J. O’Brien, Briggs Buchanan, M. Eren
Abstract Over the past several decades, archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists, and others who study cultural phenomena have begun to appreciate that methods developed to reconstruct the evolutionary, or phylogenetic, relationships among biological taxa can be used to create cultural sequences based on heritable continuity. One method in particular is cladistics, which creates hypothetical statements of relatedness—rendered as trees—based on the model and parameters used. To date, cladistics has been used to create phylogenetic orderings of a wide variety of cultural phenomena, including basketry and other textiles, ceramic vessels, stone projectile points, languages, folk tales, manuscripts, residence patterns, and political organization. Here we lay out the basic method of cladistics and show how it has formed the basis for long-term studies of the colonization of eastern North America during the Early Paleoindian period (ca. 13,300–11,900 calendar years before the present). Statement of Significance Archaeologists have long used changes in artifact form to measure the passage of time, the supposition being that if the changes are ordered correctly, a historical sequence of forms is created. This is correct, but oftentimes what archaeologists really want to know is which thing produced another thing as opposed to simply preceding it. This is an evolutionary sequence. Over the past several decades, not only archaeologists but also anthropologists, linguists, and others who study cultural phenomena have begun to use a suite of methods that were developed to reconstruct the evolutionary, or phylogenetic, relationships among biological taxa, one of which is cladistics. This marks a return to the questions on which the founding of much of anthropology rests: the writing of cultural lineages. This return is important to the growth and continued health of archaeology and anthropology because a reconstructed phylogeny helps guide interpretation of the evolution of traits in that it generates hypotheses about the lineages in which those traits arose and under what circumstances. Data availability The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are contained within the paper.
在过去的几十年里,考古学家、人类学家、语言学家和其他研究文化现象的人开始意识到,重建生物类群之间进化或系统发育关系的方法可以用于基于遗传连续性创建文化序列。其中一种特别的方法是分类学,它根据所使用的模型和参数创建关系的假设陈述——呈现为树。到目前为止,分类学已经被用来对各种各样的文化现象进行系统发育排序,包括编织和其他纺织品、陶瓷器皿、石头抛射点、语言、民间故事、手稿、居住模式和政治组织。在这里,我们列出了分类学的基本方法,并展示了它是如何形成早期古印度时期(距今约13,300-11,900日历年)北美东部殖民的长期研究的基础。长期以来,考古学家一直用人工制品形状的变化来衡量时间的流逝,他们认为,如果这些变化顺序正确,就会形成一个历史顺序。这是对的,但通常考古学家真正想知道的是哪个东西产生了另一个东西,而不是简单地在它之前。这是一个进化序列。在过去的几十年里,不仅是考古学家,而且人类学家、语言学家和其他研究文化现象的人都开始使用一套方法来重建生物分类群之间的进化或系统发生关系,其中一种方法就是分类学。这标志着对许多人类学奠基的问题的回归:对文化谱系的书写。这种回归对于考古学和人类学的发展和持续健康是重要的,因为重建的系统发育有助于指导对特征进化的解释,因为它产生了关于这些特征产生的谱系和在什么情况下产生的假设。数据可得性作者确认,研究结果所依据的所有数据是完全可得的,不受任何限制。所有相关数据都包含在论文中。
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引用次数: 7
Poor preservation of antibodies in archaeological human bone and dentine 考古人骨和牙本质中抗体保存不良
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2015.1133117
Ross Kendall, Jessica Hendy, M. Collins, A. Millard, R. Gowland
Abstract The growth of proteomics-based methods in archaeology prompted an investigation of the survival of non-collagenous proteins, specifically immunoglobulin G (IgG), in archaeological human bone and dentine. Over a decade ago reports were published on extracted, immunoreactive archaeological IgG, and the variable yields of IgG molecules detected by Western blots of 1D and 2D SDS-PAGE gels. If IgG can indeed be recovered from archaeological skeletal material, it offers remarkable opportunities for exploring the history of disease - for example in applying functional anti-malarial IgGs to study past patterns of malaria. More recently, the field has seen a move away from immunological approaches and towards the use of shotgun proteomics via mass spectrometry. Using previously published techniques, this study attempted to extract and characterize archaeological IgG proteins. In only one extraction method were immunoglobulin derived peptides identified, and these displayed extensive evidence of degradation. The failure to extract immunoglobulins by all but one method, along with observed patterns of protein degradation, suggests that IgG may be an unsuitable target for detecting disease-associated antigens. This research highlights the importance of revisiting previously ‘successful’ biomolecular methodologies using emerging technologies.
基于蛋白质组学的考古学方法的发展促使了对考古人骨和牙本质中非胶原蛋白(特别是免疫球蛋白G (IgG))存活情况的调查。十多年前,关于提取的、具有免疫反应性的考古IgG,以及通过1D和2D SDS-PAGE凝胶的Western blots检测IgG分子的可变产率的报道已经发表。如果IgG确实可以从考古骨骼材料中恢复,它将为探索疾病的历史提供非凡的机会——例如,应用功能性抗疟疾IgG来研究过去的疟疾模式。最近,该领域已经从免疫学方法转向通过质谱法使用鸟枪蛋白质组学。利用先前发表的技术,本研究试图提取和表征考古IgG蛋白。在只有一种提取方法中,免疫球蛋白衍生的肽被鉴定出来,这些肽显示出广泛的降解证据。除了一种方法外,所有方法都不能提取免疫球蛋白,同时观察到蛋白质降解的模式,这表明IgG可能不是检测疾病相关抗原的合适靶标。这项研究强调了利用新兴技术重新审视以前“成功”的生物分子方法的重要性。
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引用次数: 13
Archaeology and archaeometallurgy: some unresolved areas in the interpretation of analytical data 考古学和考古冶金学:分析数据解释中的一些未解决的领域
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2016.1160593
M. Pearce
Abstract This paper uses examples from Mediterranean and in particular Italian prehistory to explore the interface between prehistoric archaeology and metals analysis by examining three areas: the usefulness of data from past analyses (‘what is it made of?’), lead isotope analysis and the problem of unpublished data (‘where is it from?’), and the interpretation of analytical data (‘what does it mean?’). Issues discussed include big data, the integration of datasets from different analytical programmes (especially where analytical results are in disagreement), and open access and the withholding of data through incomplete publication, which means that conclusions cannot be verified. It offers some suggestions as to how communication between archaeologists and archaeometallurgists can be improved.
本文以地中海,特别是意大利史前史为例,通过考察三个方面来探索史前考古学和金属分析之间的联系:过去分析数据的有用性(“它是由什么组成的?”),铅同位素分析和未发表数据的问题(“它来自哪里?”),以及分析数据的解释(“它意味着什么?”)。讨论的问题包括大数据,来自不同分析项目的数据集的整合(特别是在分析结果不一致的情况下),以及开放获取和通过不完整发表而扣留数据,这意味着结论无法得到验证。本文就如何改善考古学家与考古学家之间的交流提出了一些建议。
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引用次数: 16
Exploring Late Bronze Age systems of bronzework production in Switzerland through Network Science 通过网络科学探索青铜时代晚期瑞士青铜器生产系统
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20548923.2016.1183940
Benjamin Jennings
Abstract Many hundreds of Bronze Age bronze artefacts are known from excavations in Switzerland, yet the interpretation of production networks from the object find locations remain problematic. It is proposed that the decorative elements used on items, such as ring-jewellery, can be used as elements to assist in the identification of artisanal traditions and ‘schools’, and also regional or community preference and selection of specific designs. Combining the analysis of over 1700 items of ring-jewellery from Switzerland with approaches from network science has facilitated the identification of regional clustering of design elements, comparable with cultural typologies in the area. It is also possible to identify potential instances of cultural differentiation through decoration within the broader regional cultural traditions. The study highlights important facets of bronzework production in the region of Switzerland, while also demonstrating future potential directions which could build upon the European wide dataset of prehistoric bronzework.
从瑞士出土的数百件青铜时代的青铜器文物中,人们已经知道,然而,从物品发现地点对生产网络的解释仍然存在问题。有人建议,在物品上使用的装饰元素,如戒指珠宝,可以作为帮助识别手工传统和“学校”的元素,也可以作为区域或社区偏好和选择特定设计的元素。结合对来自瑞士的1700多件戒指珠宝的分析和网络科学的方法,促进了设计元素的区域集群的识别,与该地区的文化类型学相比较。也可以通过更广泛的区域文化传统中的装饰来识别文化差异的潜在实例。该研究强调了瑞士地区青铜器生产的重要方面,同时也展示了未来可能建立在欧洲史前青铜器广泛数据集的潜在方向。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research
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