The effect of the extrusion of canola oilcake meal (COM) and crushed sweet lupins (CSL) with molasses on the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability was determined in situ. Locally sourced (SOILL Moorreesburg, South Africa) COM and CSL, with the addition of 6% molasses, were extruded at a maximum temperature of 116 °C. A total of six Dohne Merino wethers (± 80 kg), fitted with rumen cannula, were used in this trial. Samples in polyester bags (5 g) were incubated in the rumen of the sheep at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. The DM and CP disappearances from the rumen were determined and degradability parameters were estimated. Extrusion increased the potentially degradable CP fraction by 43.5%. At each outflow rate, the average CP effective degradability of COM (68.2%) was lower than that of CSL (78.0%). Extrusion substantially lowered the CP effective degradability for both protein sources at every outflow rate tested. The biggest effect was seen at 0.08/h, where effective degradation was lowered by 25.6%. Extrusion with molasses was found to modify ruminal degradation parameters of both canola oilcake meal and crushed sweet lupins, while also decreasing the effective rumen degradation, especially at faster outflow rates. Thereby, the rumen undegradable protein fraction was increased by 85.4%. This study shows that COM and CSL extruded with 6% molasses can substantially increase RUP.
研究了用糖蜜挤压菜籽油饼粕(COM)和甜羽扇豆粕(CSL)对干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)降解率的影响。当地来源(SOILL Moorreesburg, South Africa)的COM和CSL，添加6%糖蜜，在116°C的最高温度下挤压。试验选用6头体重为±80公斤的多恩美利奴山羊，并安装瘤胃瘘管。将5 g聚酯袋装样品在绵羊瘤胃中孵育，时间间隔为0、2、4、8、16、24和48 h。测定瘤胃中DM和CP的消失量，并估计其可降解性参数。挤压使潜在可降解CP含量提高了43.5%。在各流出速率下，COM的平均CP有效降解率(68.2%)低于CSL(78.0%)。挤压大大降低了两种蛋白质源在每一个流出率下的CP有效降解率。在0.08/h时效果最大，有效降解降低了25.6%。研究发现，糖蜜挤压改变了菜籽油饼粕和甜羽扇豆碎的瘤胃降解参数，但也降低了瘤胃有效降解率，尤其是在更快的流出速率下。瘤胃不可降解蛋白含量提高了85.4%。本研究表明，COM和CSL在6%糖蜜的挤压下可以显著提高RUP。
{"title":"Effect of extrusion with molasses on the rumen undegradable protein fraction of canola oilcake meal and sweet lupins","authors":"T. S. Brand, L. Jordaan, O. Dreyer","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i6.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i6.05","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the extrusion of canola oilcake meal (COM) and crushed sweet lupins (CSL) with molasses on the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability was determined in situ. Locally sourced (SOILL Moorreesburg, South Africa) COM and CSL, with the addition of 6% molasses, were extruded at a maximum temperature of 116 °C. A total of six Dohne Merino wethers (± 80 kg), fitted with rumen cannula, were used in this trial. Samples in polyester bags (5 g) were incubated in the rumen of the sheep at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. The DM and CP disappearances from the rumen were determined and degradability parameters were estimated. Extrusion increased the potentially degradable CP fraction by 43.5%. At each outflow rate, the average CP effective degradability of COM (68.2%) was lower than that of CSL (78.0%). Extrusion substantially lowered the CP effective degradability for both protein sources at every outflow rate tested. The biggest effect was seen at 0.08/h, where effective degradation was lowered by 25.6%. Extrusion with molasses was found to modify ruminal degradation parameters of both canola oilcake meal and crushed sweet lupins, while also decreasing the effective rumen degradation, especially at faster outflow rates. Thereby, the rumen undegradable protein fraction was increased by 85.4%. This study shows that COM and CSL extruded with 6% molasses can substantially increase RUP. ","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77287941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of feeding diets containing sunflower and wheat middlings pre-treated with fibredegrading enzymes were investigated. Based on hatch body weight (BW), 288 Ross-708 male broiler chicks were placed in cages (six birds/cage). Diets were: 1) positive control (PC), a maize–soybean positive control; 2) negative control (NC), PC plus untreated sunflower meal (USM) and wheat middlings (UWM); and 3) four test diets in which USM and UWM were replaced with pre-treated sunflower (TSM) and wheat middlings (TWM) at 25% (NC25), 50% (NC50), 75% (NC75) and 100% (NC100). The pretreated feedstuffs were mixed with 1% of FDE in a ratio of 1:2 w/w for feedstuff:water and incubated for 24 hours at 40 °C, and oven-dried before feed preparation. Diets were formulated for two phases (starter, 0–21 d) and finisher (22–42 d). Diets were allocated in a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet) and birds had free access to feed and water. Bodyweight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were monitored by phase, and one bird per cage was sacrificed on days 21 and 42 for samples. The BW and BW gain (BWG) of NC up to NC50 were not different relative to PC, but NC75 and NC100 were lower than PC throughout the study. On day 21, liver weight had increased linearly and on day 42, tibia length and diameter linearly decreased with the inclusion of TSM and TWM. In conclusion, TSM and TWM at low levels did not affect performance while high inclusion levels reduced the performance of the broilers.
{"title":"Responses of broiler chickens fed diets containing sunflower meal and wheat middlings pre-treated with enzymes","authors":"F. Muchiri, C. Gachuiri, E. Kiarie","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i6.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i6.09","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of feeding diets containing sunflower and wheat middlings pre-treated with fibredegrading enzymes were investigated. Based on hatch body weight (BW), 288 Ross-708 male broiler chicks were placed in cages (six birds/cage). Diets were: 1) positive control (PC), a maize–soybean positive control; 2) negative control (NC), PC plus untreated sunflower meal (USM) and wheat middlings (UWM); and 3) four test diets in which USM and UWM were replaced with pre-treated sunflower (TSM) and wheat middlings (TWM) at 25% (NC25), 50% (NC50), 75% (NC75) and 100% (NC100). The pretreated feedstuffs were mixed with 1% of FDE in a ratio of 1:2 w/w for feedstuff:water and incubated for 24 hours at 40 °C, and oven-dried before feed preparation. Diets were formulated for two phases (starter, 0–21 d) and finisher (22–42 d). Diets were allocated in a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet) and birds had free access to feed and water. Bodyweight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were monitored by phase, and one bird per cage was sacrificed on days 21 and 42 for samples. The BW and BW gain (BWG) of NC up to NC50 were not different relative to PC, but NC75 and NC100 were lower than PC throughout the study. On day 21, liver weight had increased linearly and on day 42, tibia length and diameter linearly decreased with the inclusion of TSM and TWM. In conclusion, TSM and TWM at low levels did not affect performance while high inclusion levels reduced the performance of the broilers.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74654971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. B. Santos, J. Genova, A. S. Lima, A. Oliveira, L. B. Azevedo, P. Rupolo, R. Nunes, N. Oliveira, S. T. Carvalho, P. L. O. Carvalho
This study was performed to evaluate the effects of a functional oil blend (castor oil plus cashew nutshell oil) on complete blood count, health parameters, and intestinal structure in nursery pigs. A total of 128 crossbreed piglets (6.79 ± 1.76 kg of body weight) were allocated in a randomized complete block design with two dietary treatments: a functional oil-free diet or a diet based on added functional oil (1500 mg functional oil blend/kg of diet). Both diets had 400–500 mg colistin sulphate/kg. Pigs fed functional oil had higher erythrocytes and monocytes on days 11 and 23, respectively. Lymphocyte concentration was reduced, and ileum pH was increased in pigs fed functional oil on day 23. On day 37, lower jejunal pH was observed. However, no treatment effect on diarrhoea occurrence was observed. The lactic acid bacteria count was greater in jejunum and ileum of pigs fed functional oil on day 23. Pigs fed functional oil had more jejunal lesions on day 37. Based on the criteria of this study, dietary supplementation to piglets with functional oil blend changed the concentration of erythrocytes and monocytes as an important role in the defence of the organism; however, it showed a reduced capacity to modify the pH in small intestinal contents, which was reflected in an absence in the incidence of diarrhoea. In addition, piglets fed the functional oil blend had improvements in lactic acid bacterial counts, without the ability to attenuate lesions in the jejunum.
{"title":"Effect of functional oil in piglet feeding and its effects on total blood count, health parameters, and gastrointestinal tract structure","authors":"G. B. Santos, J. Genova, A. S. Lima, A. Oliveira, L. B. Azevedo, P. Rupolo, R. Nunes, N. Oliveira, S. T. Carvalho, P. L. O. Carvalho","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i5.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i5.05","url":null,"abstract":"This study was performed to evaluate the effects of a functional oil blend (castor oil plus cashew nutshell oil) on complete blood count, health parameters, and intestinal structure in nursery pigs. A total of 128 crossbreed piglets (6.79 ± 1.76 kg of body weight) were allocated in a randomized complete block design with two dietary treatments: a functional oil-free diet or a diet based on added functional oil (1500 mg functional oil blend/kg of diet). Both diets had 400–500 mg colistin sulphate/kg. Pigs fed functional oil had higher erythrocytes and monocytes on days 11 and 23, respectively. Lymphocyte concentration was reduced, and ileum pH was increased in pigs fed functional oil on day 23. On day 37, lower jejunal pH was observed. However, no treatment effect on diarrhoea occurrence was observed. The lactic acid bacteria count was greater in jejunum and ileum of pigs fed functional oil on day 23. Pigs fed functional oil had more jejunal lesions on day 37. Based on the criteria of this study, dietary supplementation to piglets with functional oil blend changed the concentration of erythrocytes and monocytes as an important role in the defence of the organism; however, it showed a reduced capacity to modify the pH in small intestinal contents, which was reflected in an absence in the incidence of diarrhoea. In addition, piglets fed the functional oil blend had improvements in lactic acid bacterial counts, without the ability to attenuate lesions in the jejunum.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74977266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Ayvazoğlu, Ş. Kızıltpe, Ü. Yaşar, Z. G. Yasar, P. Demir, A. Tunc
The aim of this study was to compare the changes in the content of cTnI, cTnT and some biochemical parameters (CK–MB, LDH, AST, ALT) in Arabian racehorses before and after training. Diagnosis of myocardial disease in horses is very difficult due to the lack of specific cardiac signs. Cardiac diseases are seen as a cause of sudden death or decreased performance in horses. It has also been reported that excessive exercise may cause transient myocardial damage. In our study, 20 healthy stallion Arabian racehorses aged 4–10 y (6.00 ± 0.52 y) were used. Five millilitres of blood was collected from the V. jugularis of clinically healthy horses into serum tubes before and after training. Training time was determined as 30 min for each horse. Pre-training cTnI, cTnT, CK–MB, LDH, AST, and ALT contents were determined to be 0.130 ± 0.01 ng/mL, 0.007 ± 0.00 ng/mL, 231.15 ± 8.96 U/L, 692.45 ± 34.12 U/L, 309.92 ± 18.48 U/L, and 11.83 ± 0.92 U/L, respectively. After training, cTnI, cTnT, CK–MB, LDH, AST, and ALT contents were determined to be 0.169 ± 0.01 ng/mL, 0.008 ± 0.00 ng/mL, 289.80 ± 10.96 U/L, 704.25 ± 22.03 U/L, 328.47 ± 19.58 U/L, and 15.24 ± 1.03 U/L, respectively. As a result, it was determined that exercise triggered myocardial damage to some extent in Arabian horses. Exercise stimulates troponin release and the differences that may occur in troponin tests in horses after exercise should be taken into consideration.
{"title":"Changes in cardiac troponin I (cTnI), T (cTnT), and some biochemical parameters in Arabian racehorses after training","authors":"C. Ayvazoğlu, Ş. Kızıltpe, Ü. Yaşar, Z. G. Yasar, P. Demir, A. Tunc","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v53i1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v53i1.01","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to compare the changes in the content of cTnI, cTnT and some biochemical parameters (CK–MB, LDH, AST, ALT) in Arabian racehorses before and after training. Diagnosis of myocardial disease in horses is very difficult due to the lack of specific cardiac signs. Cardiac diseases are seen as a cause of sudden death or decreased performance in horses. It has also been reported that excessive exercise may cause transient myocardial damage. In our study, 20 healthy stallion Arabian racehorses aged 4–10 y (6.00 ± 0.52 y) were used. Five millilitres of blood was collected from the V. jugularis of clinically healthy horses into serum tubes before and after training. Training time was determined as 30 min for each horse. Pre-training cTnI, cTnT, CK–MB, LDH, AST, and ALT contents were determined to be 0.130 ± 0.01 ng/mL, 0.007 ± 0.00 ng/mL, 231.15 ± 8.96 U/L, 692.45 ± 34.12 U/L, 309.92 ± 18.48 U/L, and 11.83 ± 0.92 U/L, respectively. After training, cTnI, cTnT, CK–MB, LDH, AST, and ALT contents were determined to be 0.169 ± 0.01 ng/mL, 0.008 ± 0.00 ng/mL, 289.80 ± 10.96 U/L, 704.25 ± 22.03 U/L, 328.47 ± 19.58 U/L, and 15.24 ± 1.03 U/L, respectively. As a result, it was determined that exercise triggered myocardial damage to some extent in Arabian horses. Exercise stimulates troponin release and the differences that may occur in troponin tests in horses after exercise should be taken into consideration.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78222330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research was carried out to determine the effects of different additions (urea and molasses) used with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) silage on fermentation, in vitro gas production, microbiological properties, in vitro digestibility parameters, and relative fodder quality (RFQ) in silages made under laboratory conditions. The Italian grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) used in the study was chopped to an approximate size of 2–3.0 cm. Amounts of 0, 2, and 4% molasses and 0, 0.5, and 1% urea were added to the fresh material as a percentage of dry matter. Because of the urea, crude protein (CP) of Italian ryegrass silage increased, but the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) decreased. While the addition of urea decreased the acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations of the silage, it increased the pH, lactic acid, and ammonia (NH3) content. Molasses addition increased in vitro gas production and organic matter digestibility (OMD); urea increased metabolic energy (ME) and the net energy lactation (NEL) values of silages. Urea and molasses both increased in vitro digestibility parameters, microbial protein production and synthesis, and relative fodder quality of the silage. As a result of the research, it was determined that urea and molasses could be used at contents of 1.5% and 4%, respectively, in Italian ryegrass silage.
{"title":"Effects of different additions to Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on silage quality","authors":"E. Gürsoy, K. Adem, G. Sezmiş, K. Ali","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i6.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i6.03","url":null,"abstract":"This research was carried out to determine the effects of different additions (urea and molasses) used with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) silage on fermentation, in vitro gas production, microbiological properties, in vitro digestibility parameters, and relative fodder quality (RFQ) in silages made under laboratory conditions. The Italian grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) used in the study was chopped to an approximate size of 2–3.0 cm. Amounts of 0, 2, and 4% molasses and 0, 0.5, and 1% urea were added to the fresh material as a percentage of dry matter. Because of the urea, crude protein (CP) of Italian ryegrass silage increased, but the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) decreased. While the addition of urea decreased the acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations of the silage, it increased the pH, lactic acid, and ammonia (NH3) content. Molasses addition increased in vitro gas production and organic matter digestibility (OMD); urea increased metabolic energy (ME) and the net energy lactation (NEL) values of silages. Urea and molasses both increased in vitro digestibility parameters, microbial protein production and synthesis, and relative fodder quality of the silage. As a result of the research, it was determined that urea and molasses could be used at contents of 1.5% and 4%, respectively, in Italian ryegrass silage.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80880801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Raza, M. Yousaf, M. Rashid, A. Maqsood, B. Azam, R. Mustafa, S. Ahmad, A. Khalid, M. Naseem, H. Rehman
The effects of yeast cell wall (YCW) supplementation on growth performance, cell-mediated immune response, blood metabolites, and health scores in early-weaned male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves were evaluated. Forty Nili Ravi buffalo calves were randomly divided into four groups and supplemented with four dietary treatments, namely control (animals without prebiotics), YCW-2 (yeast cell wall fed at 2 g/calf/day), YCW-4 (yeast cell wall fed at 4 g/calf/day), and cMOS-4 (commercial mannan-oligosaccharide fed at 4 g/calf/day). Milk intake, dry matter intake (DMI), and health scores were recorded daily, whereas body weight (body weight) and structural developments (hip height, wither height, heart girth, and body length) were recorded weekly. Feed efficiency and average daily gain (ADG) were calculated at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were collected fortnightly to determine glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid (βHBA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), catalase, malondialdehyde, creatinine, hepatic enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, and total serum protein profile. The cell-mediated immune response was determined by the application of dinitrochlorobenzene directly to the skin. The results of the study revealed that supplementation of YCW and cMOS increased DMI, body weight, feed efficiency, ADG, and structural growth in buffalo calves, whereas faecal scores were significantly improved in supplemented groups compared to the control. Glucose, BUN, and βHBA improved in supplemented animals more than in the control group, indicating bioactivity that contributed to the improvement of gut health. Supplementation with YCW improved the growth performance, physiological responses, and gut health of early-weaned male buffalo calves.
{"title":"Yeast cell wall supplementation modulates pre-weaning stress in male Nili Ravi buffalo calves","authors":"M. Raza, M. Yousaf, M. Rashid, A. Maqsood, B. Azam, R. Mustafa, S. Ahmad, A. Khalid, M. Naseem, H. Rehman","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i4.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i4.06","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of yeast cell wall (YCW) supplementation on growth performance, cell-mediated immune response, blood metabolites, and health scores in early-weaned male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves were evaluated. Forty Nili Ravi buffalo calves were randomly divided into four groups and supplemented with four dietary treatments, namely control (animals without prebiotics), YCW-2 (yeast cell wall fed at 2 g/calf/day), YCW-4 (yeast cell wall fed at 4 g/calf/day), and cMOS-4 (commercial mannan-oligosaccharide fed at 4 g/calf/day). Milk intake, dry matter intake (DMI), and health scores were recorded daily, whereas body weight (body weight) and structural developments (hip height, wither height, heart girth, and body length) were recorded weekly. Feed efficiency and average daily gain (ADG) were calculated at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were collected fortnightly to determine glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid (βHBA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), catalase, malondialdehyde, creatinine, hepatic enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, and total serum protein profile. The cell-mediated immune response was determined by the application of dinitrochlorobenzene directly to the skin. The results of the study revealed that supplementation of YCW and cMOS increased DMI, body weight, feed efficiency, ADG, and structural growth in buffalo calves, whereas faecal scores were significantly improved in supplemented groups compared to the control. Glucose, BUN, and βHBA improved in supplemented animals more than in the control group, indicating bioactivity that contributed to the improvement of gut health. Supplementation with YCW improved the growth performance, physiological responses, and gut health of early-weaned male buffalo calves.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83946146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Wang, Y. Wang, X. An, X. Ji, J. Du, Y. Hu, T. Guo, J. Zhang, A. Gao, J. Qi
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two biomacromolecules, fermented wheat bran polysaccharides (FWBPs) and sodium humate (SH), on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, and immunity of broilers. A total of 144 male, one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into three dietary groups: control (CON), 0.4% FWBPs, and 0.1% SH, with six replicates of eight birds. The FWBPs and SH groups had a greater body weight (BW) at 21 and 42 d, average daily weight gain (ADG) in the starter period, average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the overall period, and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) in the grower period. However, the ADFI was decreased by FWBPs supplementation and increased by SH supplementation in the grower period. The dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility were higher in the SH group at 21 d. At 21 d, the FWBPs group had an increased duodenal trypsin and serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration, and a decreased liver malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. The SH group had increased duodenal lipase activity, serum IgM, and interleukin-2 concentrations but decreased liver MDA concentrations. At 42 d, FWBPs and SH supplementation decreased duodenal trypsin and chymotrypsin and serum superoxide dismutase activity. Jejunum chymotrypsin activity and liver MDA content were decreased in the SH group. In conclusion, dietary FWBPs or SH supplementation during the starter period can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility and enhance antioxidant capacity and immunity of broilers.
{"title":"Effects of biomacromolecules on growth, digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidation, and immunity in broilers","authors":"R. Wang, Y. Wang, X. An, X. Ji, J. Du, Y. Hu, T. Guo, J. Zhang, A. Gao, J. Qi","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i4.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i4.14","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two biomacromolecules, fermented wheat bran polysaccharides (FWBPs) and sodium humate (SH), on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, and immunity of broilers. A total of 144 male, one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into three dietary groups: control (CON), 0.4% FWBPs, and 0.1% SH, with six replicates of eight birds. The FWBPs and SH groups had a greater body weight (BW) at 21 and 42 d, average daily weight gain (ADG) in the starter period, average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the overall period, and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) in the grower period. However, the ADFI was decreased by FWBPs supplementation and increased by SH supplementation in the grower period. The dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility were higher in the SH group at 21 d. At 21 d, the FWBPs group had an increased duodenal trypsin and serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration, and a decreased liver malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. The SH group had increased duodenal lipase activity, serum IgM, and interleukin-2 concentrations but decreased liver MDA concentrations. At 42 d, FWBPs and SH supplementation decreased duodenal trypsin and chymotrypsin and serum superoxide dismutase activity. Jejunum chymotrypsin activity and liver MDA content were decreased in the SH group. In conclusion, dietary FWBPs or SH supplementation during the starter period can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility and enhance antioxidant capacity and immunity of broilers.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74263062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Shah, N. Chand, R. Khan, M. Saeed, M. Ragni, S. Tarricone, V. Laudadio, C. Losacco, V. Tufarelli
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary onion (Allium cepa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on growth, carcass quality, antioxidant status, and immune response in broilers under heat stress. A total of 700 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were weighed and assigned to five treatments and five replicates. Broilers were maintained in a thermoneutral (TN) environment or were exposed to heat stress (HS). For 35 days, HS birds were fed a control diet and three levels of onion and ginger powder as: 5 g/kg ginger + 1.5 g/kg onion (T1), 10 g/kg ginger + 2.5 g/kg onion (T2), and 15 g/kg ginger + 3.5 g/kg onion (T3). Body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), dressing percentage, and the weight of immune-related organs improved in T2 compared to the control. Blood concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) were substantially higher in T2 than the control. Similarly, in the same dietary group, the antibody titre against Newcastle disease (ND) and total leucocyte count (TLC) were greater than the control diet. The findings of this research indicate that 10 g of ginger combined with 2.5 g of onion in the diet enhance broiler growth performance, carcass quality, antioxidant status, and immunological response under heat stress conditions.
{"title":"Mitigating heat stress in broiler chickens using dietary onion (Allium cepa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation","authors":"M. Shah, N. Chand, R. Khan, M. Saeed, M. Ragni, S. Tarricone, V. Laudadio, C. Losacco, V. Tufarelli","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v52i6.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i6.07","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary onion (Allium cepa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on growth, carcass quality, antioxidant status, and immune response in broilers under heat stress. A total of 700 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were weighed and assigned to five treatments and five replicates. Broilers were maintained in a thermoneutral (TN) environment or were exposed to heat stress (HS). For 35 days, HS birds were fed a control diet and three levels of onion and ginger powder as: 5 g/kg ginger + 1.5 g/kg onion (T1), 10 g/kg ginger + 2.5 g/kg onion (T2), and 15 g/kg ginger + 3.5 g/kg onion (T3). Body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), dressing percentage, and the weight of immune-related organs improved in T2 compared to the control. Blood concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) were substantially higher in T2 than the control. Similarly, in the same dietary group, the antibody titre against Newcastle disease (ND) and total leucocyte count (TLC) were greater than the control diet. The findings of this research indicate that 10 g of ginger combined with 2.5 g of onion in the diet enhance broiler growth performance, carcass quality, antioxidant status, and immunological response under heat stress conditions. ","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85967055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Habib Ullah, A. Nasir, M. Kashif, M. Sajid, A. Sikandar, M. Farooq, A. Rahman, F. Ullah
Bovine leukosis is an economically important disease of dairy cattle caused by the bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). The study aimed to determine the seroprevalence, haemato-biochemical effects, and risk factors pertinent to the prevalence of bovine leukosis in Holstein–Friesian purebred dairy cattle in the D.I. Khan region of Pakistan. A total of 192 sera were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, 31.3% (60/192) cattle were detected as seropositive. There was a marked increase in total leukocyte count (11.29 ± 0.48×103/μl), lymphocytes (5.73 ± 0.42%), monocytes (0.81 ± 0.06%), haemoglobin (11.09 ± 0.46 g/dl), red blood cells (7.23 ± 0.37 ×106/μl), and packed cell volume (31.75 ± 1.48%) in seropositive cattle. Serum biochemical parameters in seropositive cattle showed a marked increase in the liver enzymes, alanine transaminase (24.25 ± 1.03 U/l) and aspartate aminotransferase (49.33 ± 3.31 U/l), with a marked decrease in glutathione peroxidase (1365.63 ± 12.03 (U/l) and superoxide dismutase (2.14 ± 0.13 U/ml) activity. A significant association of age, pregnancy, breeding method, milk yield, and health status of seropositive animals with bovine leukosis was also recorded. The prevalence was higher in animals which were older, pregnant, artificially inseminated, low milk producers, and had a history of ailments. The current study found that bovine leukosis virus could cause changes in internal homeostasis, oxidative stress, and liver dysfunction, all of which should be considered during a control regimen. It was concluded that bovine leukosis was moderately prevalent in the D.I. Khan region in Pakistan.
{"title":"Serological and haemato-biochemical insights into bovine leukosis in dairy cattle in D.I. Khan, Pakistan","authors":"Habib Ullah, A. Nasir, M. Kashif, M. Sajid, A. Sikandar, M. Farooq, A. Rahman, F. Ullah","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v53i1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v53i1.05","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine leukosis is an economically important disease of dairy cattle caused by the bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). The study aimed to determine the seroprevalence, haemato-biochemical effects, and risk factors pertinent to the prevalence of bovine leukosis in Holstein–Friesian purebred dairy cattle in the D.I. Khan region of Pakistan. A total of 192 sera were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, 31.3% (60/192) cattle were detected as seropositive. There was a marked increase in total leukocyte count (11.29 ± 0.48×103/μl), lymphocytes (5.73 ± 0.42%), monocytes (0.81 ± 0.06%), haemoglobin (11.09 ± 0.46 g/dl), red blood cells (7.23 ± 0.37 ×106/μl), and packed cell volume (31.75 ± 1.48%) in seropositive cattle. Serum biochemical parameters in seropositive cattle showed a marked increase in the liver enzymes, alanine transaminase (24.25 ± 1.03 U/l) and aspartate aminotransferase (49.33 ± 3.31 U/l), with a marked decrease in glutathione peroxidase (1365.63 ± 12.03 (U/l) and superoxide dismutase (2.14 ± 0.13 U/ml) activity. A significant association of age, pregnancy, breeding method, milk yield, and health status of seropositive animals with bovine leukosis was also recorded. The prevalence was higher in animals which were older, pregnant, artificially inseminated, low milk producers, and had a history of ailments. The current study found that bovine leukosis virus could cause changes in internal homeostasis, oxidative stress, and liver dysfunction, all of which should be considered during a control regimen. It was concluded that bovine leukosis was moderately prevalent in the D.I. Khan region in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78811351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this experiment, a ZnO-fibre complex was prepared using the hydrothermal methods of "water solubility," "coupling agent," and "high temperature and high pressure". Binding rate, antibacterial activity, microstructure, and the infrared spectrum were measured using biomimetic digestion, bacterial proliferation tests, and ultra-fine electron microscopes. At first, ZnO-fibre complexes were prepared with different ratios of material and water. They was divided into five groups with ratios of 1:0, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10, respectively. The ZnO-fibre complexes were prepared with different coupling agents on the basis of experiment 1. They were divided into four groups. The ratio for material and water in the control group was 1:0, and in the treatment group, was 1:4. Treatment groups 2 and 3 had 10% guar gum or 10% bamboo fibre polymer composites (BFP) added on the basis of group 1. A ZnO-fibre complex was successfully prepared by adding 10% BFP at a ratio of material:water of 1:4, at a high temperature of 120 °C and a high pressure of 0.3 MPa for 20 min. The ZnO-binding rate reached 99.05%. The zinc oxide may bind to the carbonyl group of bamboo powder and adhere to the surface of and gaps in the bamboo fibre. The growth inhibition rate of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus was double that of the common ZnO additive and Zn concentration. It is expected to be used as a slow-release ZnO additive.
{"title":"Synthesis and antibacterial activity of a ZnO-fibre complex","authors":"Fawn Dai, Tao Lin, Xia Huang, Mujia Shi, Feichuan Zhao, Yaojun Yang, Xiang Nong","doi":"10.4314/sajas.v53i1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v53i1.07","url":null,"abstract":"In this experiment, a ZnO-fibre complex was prepared using the hydrothermal methods of \"water solubility,\" \"coupling agent,\" and \"high temperature and high pressure\". Binding rate, antibacterial activity, microstructure, and the infrared spectrum were measured using biomimetic digestion, bacterial proliferation tests, and ultra-fine electron microscopes. At first, ZnO-fibre complexes were prepared with different ratios of material and water. They was divided into five groups with ratios of 1:0, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10, respectively. The ZnO-fibre complexes were prepared with different coupling agents on the basis of experiment 1. They were divided into four groups. The ratio for material and water in the control group was 1:0, and in the treatment group, was 1:4. Treatment groups 2 and 3 had 10% guar gum or 10% bamboo fibre polymer composites (BFP) added on the basis of group 1. A ZnO-fibre complex was successfully prepared by adding 10% BFP at a ratio of material:water of 1:4, at a high temperature of 120 °C and a high pressure of 0.3 MPa for 20 min. The ZnO-binding rate reached 99.05%. The zinc oxide may bind to the carbonyl group of bamboo powder and adhere to the surface of and gaps in the bamboo fibre. The growth inhibition rate of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus was double that of the common ZnO additive and Zn concentration. It is expected to be used as a slow-release ZnO additive.","PeriodicalId":21869,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Animal Science","volume":"76 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72450765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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