Pub Date : 2009-04-02DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.024334
N. Prasad, K. Pathak, Manish Kumar, A. Matkar, T. Prasad, A. Saxena
The total estimated quantity of uranium in oceans is around four and a half billion tonnes. Harvesting uranium from seawater is much less taxing to the environment. Thus, when uranium is harvested from seawater with near-zero environmental burdens, it will become a totally green fuel in the hands of humankind, as uranium generates primary calories without giving CO2 emissions and leaves no mill tailings at the recovery site while recovering it for use in reactors. To extract uranium from seawater, a contactor assembly that contains radiation-grafted polyacrylamid oxime (PAO) is used to trap the loosely bonded uranyl ion. Some of the design constraints for contractor assembly are the maximisation of the grafted sheet area and strength to withstand extreme marine conditions. The material should be compatible with the hot processing chemicals and be extremely cost effective, as well as lightweight. Design also has to take into account the ease of loading/unloading of grafted sheet modules, ease of replacement of grafted sheets, fixing of cage modules in seabed and load equilibrium even in high and low tide. This paper will cover the various challenges involved in designing a contactor assembly.
{"title":"Challenges in the design of a prototype contactor assembly for the recovery of uranium from seawater","authors":"N. Prasad, K. Pathak, Manish Kumar, A. Matkar, T. Prasad, A. Saxena","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.024334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.024334","url":null,"abstract":"The total estimated quantity of uranium in oceans is around four and a half billion tonnes. Harvesting uranium from seawater is much less taxing to the environment. Thus, when uranium is harvested from seawater with near-zero environmental burdens, it will become a totally green fuel in the hands of humankind, as uranium generates primary calories without giving CO2 emissions and leaves no mill tailings at the recovery site while recovering it for use in reactors. To extract uranium from seawater, a contactor assembly that contains radiation-grafted polyacrylamid oxime (PAO) is used to trap the loosely bonded uranyl ion. Some of the design constraints for contractor assembly are the maximisation of the grafted sheet area and strength to withstand extreme marine conditions. The material should be compatible with the hot processing chemicals and be extremely cost effective, as well as lightweight. Design also has to take into account the ease of loading/unloading of grafted sheet modules, ease of replacement of grafted sheets, fixing of cage modules in seabed and load equilibrium even in high and low tide. This paper will cover the various challenges involved in designing a contactor assembly.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121960722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-10DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020219
S. Prabhakar
Provision of safe drinking water is one of the key drivers in our technological pursuits. A number of habitations are suffering from a variety of water quality problems such as excess salinity, iron, arsenic, fluoride, nitrate and microbial contamination. Simplicity of operation, less dependence on external sources of power supply, minimisation of wastewater, etc., are some of the ground rules to ensure reliability and sustainability of water purification technologies/devices. The experience over the last two decades has indicated that the objective of providing safe drinking water in totality can be achieved only with the technologies in tune with the village environment and the total participation of the user group. Domestic water purifier based on ultrafiltration can be used as a point-of-use device in almost all households to provide microbiologically safe drinking water. With suitable modifications, these devices can be used for removal of contaminants such as iron, and marginal contamination of fluorides and arsenic. The use of reverse osmosis can tackle salinity and other contaminants. Safe quality water is costlier due to the use of the device and hence its use should be only to the extent required. It is necessary therefore to promote quality linked usage of water to ensure sustainability and reliability.
{"title":"Technological approaches to providing safe drinking water for rural and remote areas","authors":"S. Prabhakar","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020219","url":null,"abstract":"Provision of safe drinking water is one of the key drivers in our technological pursuits. A number of habitations are suffering from a variety of water quality problems such as excess salinity, iron, arsenic, fluoride, nitrate and microbial contamination. Simplicity of operation, less dependence on external sources of power supply, minimisation of wastewater, etc., are some of the ground rules to ensure reliability and sustainability of water purification technologies/devices. The experience over the last two decades has indicated that the objective of providing safe drinking water in totality can be achieved only with the technologies in tune with the village environment and the total participation of the user group. Domestic water purifier based on ultrafiltration can be used as a point-of-use device in almost all households to provide microbiologically safe drinking water. With suitable modifications, these devices can be used for removal of contaminants such as iron, and marginal contamination of fluorides and arsenic. The use of reverse osmosis can tackle salinity and other contaminants. Safe quality water is costlier due to the use of the device and hence its use should be only to the extent required. It is necessary therefore to promote quality linked usage of water to ensure sustainability and reliability.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121632749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-10DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020223
Ayan Hore, S. Dutta, S. Datta, C. Bhattacharjee
Water bodies have become more and more polluted owing to discharge of industrial waste. Therefore, it has been the chief concern of scientists, engineers and ecologists to decrease the water pollution level around the globe to maintain living viability and ecological balance. In this paper, the seasonal and positional variation of wastewater parameters in a natural flowing stream has been observed and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is proposed to predict the water quality. Tolly's Canal was chosen as the purview of this case study. Wastewater and sediment samples were collected from Tolly's Canal and the River Ganges at different points and different seasons both at high and low tide conditions on a particular day. All the important water quality parameters were evaluated. To summarise and report river-water quality, a new term, 'Water Quality Index' (WQI), has been introduced. The WQI value is a dimensionless number ranging from 0 to 100 (best quality). In this study, the WQI is predicted by a simulative model using an ANN. This model has been developed for the assessment of the WQI and compared with the conventionally determined values of WQI. A Multilayer-Perceptron (MLP) network with a single hidden layer was used along with back-propagation algorithm. The results were found to be quite impressive. Thus, the ANN proved to be an efficient tool to assess the WQI of any sample.
{"title":"Application of an artificial neural network in wastewater quality monitoring: prediction of water quality index","authors":"Ayan Hore, S. Dutta, S. Datta, C. Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020223","url":null,"abstract":"Water bodies have become more and more polluted owing to discharge of industrial waste. Therefore, it has been the chief concern of scientists, engineers and ecologists to decrease the water pollution level around the globe to maintain living viability and ecological balance. In this paper, the seasonal and positional variation of wastewater parameters in a natural flowing stream has been observed and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is proposed to predict the water quality. Tolly's Canal was chosen as the purview of this case study. Wastewater and sediment samples were collected from Tolly's Canal and the River Ganges at different points and different seasons both at high and low tide conditions on a particular day. All the important water quality parameters were evaluated. To summarise and report river-water quality, a new term, 'Water Quality Index' (WQI), has been introduced. The WQI value is a dimensionless number ranging from 0 to 100 (best quality). In this study, the WQI is predicted by a simulative model using an ANN. This model has been developed for the assessment of the WQI and compared with the conventionally determined values of WQI. A Multilayer-Perceptron (MLP) network with a single hidden layer was used along with back-propagation algorithm. The results were found to be quite impressive. Thus, the ANN proved to be an efficient tool to assess the WQI of any sample.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"248 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116519748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-10DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020225
M. Saadawy, A. Karameldin, E. Negeed
The current study presents the concept of a novel seawater desalination system that is configured by a humidification?dehumidification unit based on the vapour-compression process (HDDTVC). The coupled refrigeration unit employs the thermal compression of vapour by a jet-ejector. The new technical idea of proposed desalination system depends mainly upon the creation of a super-cooled temperature under the ambient condition (near 0°C) for the dehumidification process, instead of using the heat sink in the cooling process. Subsequently, the significant development in the unit performance is achieved by increasing its availability owing to the condensation and collection of the dew from the atmospheric vapour as an additional source of water production, in addition to the product from the main source of seawater. A computer program based on a simulation mathematical model is constructed and a comprehensive analysis is discussed for the new system. The alternate novel process is characterised with the ability to recuperate the retrogressive water production in traditional process, where the productivity of freshwater may increase up to eight times compared with the conventional humidification?dehumidification process applied for the countries with hot and tropical climatological conditions. The amount of extracted and retrieved water from dew in most humid regions can reach around 51% and 37% of the new unit production. In this investigation, enhancement of the unit performance is the main objective. The influence of changing the characteristics of the jet-ejector (the cornerstone of the thermal refrigeration vapour-compression unit) on the system performance is discussed and analysed so as to clarify the controlling parameters. Also, the applicability of different working fluids is tested for the vapour compression process. Based on the current work, the new HDDTVC is suggested as a promising unit of medium-scale commercial production to provide arid and isolated communities with their requirements for potable water.
{"title":"A novel super-cooled humidification?dehumidification system driven by thermal vapour compression unit for seawater desalination","authors":"M. Saadawy, A. Karameldin, E. Negeed","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020225","url":null,"abstract":"The current study presents the concept of a novel seawater desalination system that is configured by a humidification?dehumidification unit based on the vapour-compression process (HDDTVC). The coupled refrigeration unit employs the thermal compression of vapour by a jet-ejector. The new technical idea of proposed desalination system depends mainly upon the creation of a super-cooled temperature under the ambient condition (near 0°C) for the dehumidification process, instead of using the heat sink in the cooling process. Subsequently, the significant development in the unit performance is achieved by increasing its availability owing to the condensation and collection of the dew from the atmospheric vapour as an additional source of water production, in addition to the product from the main source of seawater. A computer program based on a simulation mathematical model is constructed and a comprehensive analysis is discussed for the new system. The alternate novel process is characterised with the ability to recuperate the retrogressive water production in traditional process, where the productivity of freshwater may increase up to eight times compared with the conventional humidification?dehumidification process applied for the countries with hot and tropical climatological conditions. The amount of extracted and retrieved water from dew in most humid regions can reach around 51% and 37% of the new unit production. In this investigation, enhancement of the unit performance is the main objective. The influence of changing the characteristics of the jet-ejector (the cornerstone of the thermal refrigeration vapour-compression unit) on the system performance is discussed and analysed so as to clarify the controlling parameters. Also, the applicability of different working fluids is tested for the vapour compression process. Based on the current work, the new HDDTVC is suggested as a promising unit of medium-scale commercial production to provide arid and isolated communities with their requirements for potable water.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124761995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-10DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020227
H. Jia, Yajun Zhang
A feasibility study on nuclear seawater desalination plant in which a 200 MW nuclear heating reactor (NHR-200) is coupled with MED processes has been completed, and the Chinese government has agreed to build a nuclear seawater desalination plant of this type in the Shandong Peninsula of China. Two different kinds of MED processes, high temperature stacked VTE-MED and low-temperature horizontal tube MED-TVC, have been investigated and compared, and their capacities for freshwater production are 160,000 m³/d and 120,000 m³/d, respectively. Based on the results of the feasibility study, the VTE-MED plant is more economical than the MED-TVC, but not on the technology maturity for a very large nuclear desalination plant. The two kinds of different nuclear desalination schemes and their primary economic results are presented in this paper.
{"title":"Nuclear seawater desalination plant coupled with 200 MW heating reactor","authors":"H. Jia, Yajun Zhang","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020227","url":null,"abstract":"A feasibility study on nuclear seawater desalination plant in which a 200 MW nuclear heating reactor (NHR-200) is coupled with MED processes has been completed, and the Chinese government has agreed to build a nuclear seawater desalination plant of this type in the Shandong Peninsula of China. Two different kinds of MED processes, high temperature stacked VTE-MED and low-temperature horizontal tube MED-TVC, have been investigated and compared, and their capacities for freshwater production are 160,000 m³/d and 120,000 m³/d, respectively. Based on the results of the feasibility study, the VTE-MED plant is more economical than the MED-TVC, but not on the technology maturity for a very large nuclear desalination plant. The two kinds of different nuclear desalination schemes and their primary economic results are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124767571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-10DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020222
R. Bharadwaj, Deepika Singh, A. Mahapatra
The distribution of the total water available in various places on the earth is delineated in this paper. This paper discusses various desalination technologies like membrane technology and thermal technology. Membrane technology includes Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration, Electrodialysis and Electrodialysis Reversal, whereas thermal technology includes Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Distillation, Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) Vapour Compression Distillation (VCD). The advantages and disadvantages of all these processes are tabulated. The distribution of various desalination plants worldwide, with their capacities, is given in this paper. The various characteristics, like quality of raw water used, the quality of product water, the capital costs per installed gallon per day and the cost of water produced by using these methods, are also tabulated in this paper. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has installed a large number of desalination plants of various capacities at different places in India using both thermal and membrane technologies.
{"title":"Seawater desalination technologies","authors":"R. Bharadwaj, Deepika Singh, A. Mahapatra","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020222","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution of the total water available in various places on the earth is delineated in this paper. This paper discusses various desalination technologies like membrane technology and thermal technology. Membrane technology includes Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration, Electrodialysis and Electrodialysis Reversal, whereas thermal technology includes Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Distillation, Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) Vapour Compression Distillation (VCD). The advantages and disadvantages of all these processes are tabulated. The distribution of various desalination plants worldwide, with their capacities, is given in this paper. The various characteristics, like quality of raw water used, the quality of product water, the capital costs per installed gallon per day and the cost of water produced by using these methods, are also tabulated in this paper. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has installed a large number of desalination plants of various capacities at different places in India using both thermal and membrane technologies.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123598763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-10DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020220
R. Thangappan, S. T. Sampathkumaran
Desalination plants require huge volumes of seawater for the generation of fresh water. Seawater contains large amounts of microbiological fluids which, when passed through the piping system, form biofouling in the inner surface of the pipeline, which results in the reduction of the flow rate of water without proper chemical treatment. Chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant for water treatment applications for the prevention of biofouling. The chlorine is available in many conventional forms, but due to various limitations of the conventional methods, the electrochlorinators that work on the principle of electrolysis are preferred across the globe for seawater inlet system treatment. The electrochlorinator is a simple machine, which produces onsite sodium hypochlorite solution by using only seawater as the raw material. The hypochlorite generated by this unique technology is very safe, environmentally friendly and economical. The equipment is user friendly and operates automatically depending on the need. The process involved in the generation of sodium hypochlorite is a simple electrolysis of seawater. The seawater is made to pass through the electrolysers, which are fitted with dimensionally stable electrodes. When DC power is passed through the electrolysers, the exothermic chemical reaction takes place and sodium chloride in the seawater gets converted into sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl).
{"title":"Electrochlorination system: a unique method of prevention of biofouling in seawater desalination","authors":"R. Thangappan, S. T. Sampathkumaran","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020220","url":null,"abstract":"Desalination plants require huge volumes of seawater for the generation of fresh water. Seawater contains large amounts of microbiological fluids which, when passed through the piping system, form biofouling in the inner surface of the pipeline, which results in the reduction of the flow rate of water without proper chemical treatment. Chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant for water treatment applications for the prevention of biofouling. The chlorine is available in many conventional forms, but due to various limitations of the conventional methods, the electrochlorinators that work on the principle of electrolysis are preferred across the globe for seawater inlet system treatment. The electrochlorinator is a simple machine, which produces onsite sodium hypochlorite solution by using only seawater as the raw material. The hypochlorite generated by this unique technology is very safe, environmentally friendly and economical. The equipment is user friendly and operates automatically depending on the need. The process involved in the generation of sodium hypochlorite is a simple electrolysis of seawater. The seawater is made to pass through the electrolysers, which are fitted with dimensionally stable electrodes. When DC power is passed through the electrolysers, the exothermic chemical reaction takes place and sodium chloride in the seawater gets converted into sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl).","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123359543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-10DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020226
M. Elkady, A. Karameldin, E. Negeed, Ramadan El-Bayoumy
This paper describes the experimental investigation of the performance of the ejector used in desalination applications, using air as the working fluid. The aim of this study is to investigate experimentally the effect of the operating conditions and ejector geometry on the ejector performance. The effect of the relative position of the primary nozzle exit within the mixing chamber on the performance of the ejector is also investigated. The results show that using a convergent?divergent nozzle enhances the performance of the ejector. Also, the ejector performance is improved by decreasing the primary nozzle throat diameter and also by increasing the suction pressure. Moreover, the performance of the ejector is affected by the nozzle position, and the optimum position, which yields a maximum entrainment ratio for all nozzles, is at the inlet of the mixing chamber section of the ejector. As the constant area-mixing length to diameter ratio L/D increases, the entrainment ratio increases. And the increase in the entrainment becomes very small and can be negligible for L/D greater than 7.5. The entrainment ratio increases with increasing primary pressure, and the entrained flow reaches a maximum at a certain primary pressure. Beyond this value, the entrained flow will decrease.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of the effect of ejector geometry on its performance","authors":"M. Elkady, A. Karameldin, E. Negeed, Ramadan El-Bayoumy","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020226","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the experimental investigation of the performance of the ejector used in desalination applications, using air as the working fluid. The aim of this study is to investigate experimentally the effect of the operating conditions and ejector geometry on the ejector performance. The effect of the relative position of the primary nozzle exit within the mixing chamber on the performance of the ejector is also investigated. The results show that using a convergent?divergent nozzle enhances the performance of the ejector. Also, the ejector performance is improved by decreasing the primary nozzle throat diameter and also by increasing the suction pressure. Moreover, the performance of the ejector is affected by the nozzle position, and the optimum position, which yields a maximum entrainment ratio for all nozzles, is at the inlet of the mixing chamber section of the ejector. As the constant area-mixing length to diameter ratio L/D increases, the entrainment ratio increases. And the increase in the entrainment becomes very small and can be negligible for L/D greater than 7.5. The entrainment ratio increases with increasing primary pressure, and the entrained flow reaches a maximum at a certain primary pressure. Beyond this value, the entrained flow will decrease.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134229139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-10DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020218
Rakesh Ranjan, Surinder Kumar, N. Ramesh, R. Sharma
CIRUS is a 40 MWth, heavy water-moderated, light water-cooled and natural uranium-fuelled research reactor located at Trombay, Mumbai. The reactor has been in operation since 1960 with an average availability factor of about 70% for about three decades. During the early 1990s, the reactor exhibited signs of ageing. It was refurbished and put back into operation at high power in 2003. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has been engaged in R&D activities related to desalination. Using low-temperature vacuum evaporation technology, the centre has been studying the possibility of using the waste heat of nuclear reactors for seawater desalination. Based on this know-how, a 30 cu m per day (30 tonnes/day) pilot plant has been designed. With the aim of demonstrating the utilisation of waste heat from research reactor, it was decided to integrate the unit to CIRUS during refurbishing outage of the reactor. The work involved the design, installation and commissioning of a set-up to transfer heat from the primary coolant of CIRUS to the desalination unit through an intermediate demineralised water circuit. The unit has been operated at its rated capacity and its performance has been satisfactory. The product water has been utilised to augment the demineralised water inventory of the primary coolant system. This paper highlights the experience gained during the installation, commissioning and operation of the desalination unit.
{"title":"Experience feedback on operation of low-temperature vacuum evaporation-based desalination plant integrated with CIRUS","authors":"Rakesh Ranjan, Surinder Kumar, N. Ramesh, R. Sharma","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020218","url":null,"abstract":"CIRUS is a 40 MWth, heavy water-moderated, light water-cooled and natural uranium-fuelled research reactor located at Trombay, Mumbai. The reactor has been in operation since 1960 with an average availability factor of about 70% for about three decades. During the early 1990s, the reactor exhibited signs of ageing. It was refurbished and put back into operation at high power in 2003. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has been engaged in R&D activities related to desalination. Using low-temperature vacuum evaporation technology, the centre has been studying the possibility of using the waste heat of nuclear reactors for seawater desalination. Based on this know-how, a 30 cu m per day (30 tonnes/day) pilot plant has been designed. With the aim of demonstrating the utilisation of waste heat from research reactor, it was decided to integrate the unit to CIRUS during refurbishing outage of the reactor. The work involved the design, installation and commissioning of a set-up to transfer heat from the primary coolant of CIRUS to the desalination unit through an intermediate demineralised water circuit. The unit has been operated at its rated capacity and its performance has been satisfactory. The product water has been utilised to augment the demineralised water inventory of the primary coolant system. This paper highlights the experience gained during the installation, commissioning and operation of the desalination unit.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128150825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-10DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020221
S. Kar, R. C. Bindal, S. Prabhakar, P. K. Tewari, K. Dasgupta, D. Sathiyamoorthy
The problems of water shortages and lack of access to safe drinking water have been and will continue to grow as major global problems. To alleviate these problems, water purification technologies are being updated. Recent years have witnessed impressive breakthroughs towards practical application of nanostructured materials such as Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in the field of water purification owing to their unique thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. These nanoscale structures need to be arranged into well-defined configurations in order to build integrated systems with high efficiency (the nanotubes being reusable, whereas the traditional membranes foul easily and require frequent replacements), high flux (owing to the hydrophobic super smooth inner surface of nanotubes), and with improvements in chemical selectivity (through suitable chemical functionalisation of the CNTs), so that the idea of using CNTs in separation technology can be made realistic and the potential benefits of practical application of these unique materials can be exploited. This paper assesses the CNTs as an emerging technology in water purification system, particularly with respect to its potential for the removal of arsenic, fluoride, heavy metals and toxic organic components.
{"title":"Potential of carbon nanotubes in water purification: an approach towards the development of an integrated membrane system","authors":"S. Kar, R. C. Bindal, S. Prabhakar, P. K. Tewari, K. Dasgupta, D. Sathiyamoorthy","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020221","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of water shortages and lack of access to safe drinking water have been and will continue to grow as major global problems. To alleviate these problems, water purification technologies are being updated. Recent years have witnessed impressive breakthroughs towards practical application of nanostructured materials such as Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in the field of water purification owing to their unique thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. These nanoscale structures need to be arranged into well-defined configurations in order to build integrated systems with high efficiency (the nanotubes being reusable, whereas the traditional membranes foul easily and require frequent replacements), high flux (owing to the hydrophobic super smooth inner surface of nanotubes), and with improvements in chemical selectivity (through suitable chemical functionalisation of the CNTs), so that the idea of using CNTs in separation technology can be made realistic and the potential benefits of practical application of these unique materials can be exploited. This paper assesses the CNTs as an emerging technology in water purification system, particularly with respect to its potential for the removal of arsenic, fluoride, heavy metals and toxic organic components.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130796632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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