Pub Date : 2009-10-12DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.028860
A. Saxena
Research and technological developments are being pursued vigorously all over the globe to reduce the cost of desalinated water. One approach can be to retrofit 'value addition' by the recovery of uranium and vanadium from reject brine streams. Bench-scale field trials that have been carried out are presented in this paper. Coupling 'uranium recovery' with desalination plants for partly mitigating brine-related environmental issues is an added advantage. The paper describes developmental works since their inception in July 1999, including results from the 100 gpy plant commissioned at Trombay in May 2006.
{"title":"Recovery of uranium and vanadium from brine streams and oceans","authors":"A. Saxena","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.028860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.028860","url":null,"abstract":"Research and technological developments are being pursued vigorously all over the globe to reduce the cost of desalinated water. One approach can be to retrofit 'value addition' by the recovery of uranium and vanadium from reject brine streams. Bench-scale field trials that have been carried out are presented in this paper. Coupling 'uranium recovery' with desalination plants for partly mitigating brine-related environmental issues is an added advantage. The paper describes developmental works since their inception in July 1999, including results from the 100 gpy plant commissioned at Trombay in May 2006.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"2021 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129930320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-12DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.028865
P. Singare, R. Lokhande, S. Parab, A. Patil
The ion exchange resins Duolite A-116, Indion 830 Type-1 and Indion N-IP Type-2 in iodide form were equilibrated separately with labelled radioactive iodide ion solutions of different concentrations varying from 0.005 M to 0.020 M in the temperature range of 25.0°C to 40.0°C. The Kd values of iodide ions for Duolite A-116 and Indion N-IP Type-2 were higher than that for Indion 830 Type-1 under identical experimental conditions. The difference in the Kd values of iodide ions for the three resins was mainly because of the swelling pressure, which depends on their water-holding capacities.
{"title":"A study on the distribution coefficient of iodide ions from aqueous solution on some strongly basic anion exchange resins","authors":"P. Singare, R. Lokhande, S. Parab, A. Patil","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.028865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.028865","url":null,"abstract":"The ion exchange resins Duolite A-116, Indion 830 Type-1 and Indion N-IP Type-2 in iodide form were equilibrated separately with labelled radioactive iodide ion solutions of different concentrations varying from 0.005 M to 0.020 M in the temperature range of 25.0°C to 40.0°C. The Kd values of iodide ions for Duolite A-116 and Indion N-IP Type-2 were higher than that for Indion 830 Type-1 under identical experimental conditions. The difference in the Kd values of iodide ions for the three resins was mainly because of the swelling pressure, which depends on their water-holding capacities.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122241237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-12DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.028859
I. Khamis
Nuclear desalination is considered one of the viable sources of producing the fresh water needed in arid areas. Nowadays, several countries have shown interest in the use of nuclear energy for seawater desalination, because recent studies have demonstrated that nuclear desalination is not only feasible but also economical, and this has already been demonstrated in several countries. Although the future requires the effective integration of energy resources to produce power and desalinated water economically with proper consideration for the environment, the significant increase in fuel energy cost and material cost has resulted in a dramatic impact on the capital and operational costs of desalination and power plants. The impact of any increase in the price of fossil fuels (as in the case before mid-2008) and the high demand for raw materials (e.g., steel, copper, nickel) will increase the pressure to develop novel solutions to minimise fossil energy consumption and reduce the capital expenditure of desalination plants. This, in turn, is causing a renewed global interest in nuclear energy. However, nuclear desalination may face some challenges, among which are public perception, financing, the transfer of nuclear technology and considerations for the safety of the coupling options selected.
{"title":"A global overview on nuclear desalination","authors":"I. Khamis","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.028859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.028859","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear desalination is considered one of the viable sources of producing the fresh water needed in arid areas. Nowadays, several countries have shown interest in the use of nuclear energy for seawater desalination, because recent studies have demonstrated that nuclear desalination is not only feasible but also economical, and this has already been demonstrated in several countries. Although the future requires the effective integration of energy resources to produce power and desalinated water economically with proper consideration for the environment, the significant increase in fuel energy cost and material cost has resulted in a dramatic impact on the capital and operational costs of desalination and power plants. The impact of any increase in the price of fossil fuels (as in the case before mid-2008) and the high demand for raw materials (e.g., steel, copper, nickel) will increase the pressure to develop novel solutions to minimise fossil energy consumption and reduce the capital expenditure of desalination plants. This, in turn, is causing a renewed global interest in nuclear energy. However, nuclear desalination may face some challenges, among which are public perception, financing, the transfer of nuclear technology and considerations for the safety of the coupling options selected.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131720853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-12DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.028863
H. Raval, J. Gohil
This is a review of carbon nanotube membranes with an emphasis on their water desalination applications. Particular attention is given to carbon nanotube preparation, types and properties. The concept of desalination in the context of carbon nanotubes is discussed. The different processes for the manufacture of carbon nanotube membranes are electric arc discharge, laser ablation and Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD). Out of these, the CVD method is widely used because of its certain characteristics. Different types of carbon nanotubes, such as aligned carbon nanotubes, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWNT)/active carbon combination electrodes, MWNT/polysulfone (PS) blend membranes, carbonised hot-pressed carbon nanotube electrodes, aligned carbon nanotubes, alumina-supported carbon nanotubes and ceria nanoparticles-supported carbon nanotubes, are discussed with their application and performance. While the research in this area is in its infancy, it is growing at a considerable pace. The challenges to this technology are the reduction in capital cost, understanding of the exact mechanism for water transport, and scale-up. This technology has a potential to replace state-of-the-art desalination technology based on polymeric membranes or thermal desalination.
{"title":"Carbon nanotube membrane for water desalination","authors":"H. Raval, J. Gohil","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.028863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.028863","url":null,"abstract":"This is a review of carbon nanotube membranes with an emphasis on their water desalination applications. Particular attention is given to carbon nanotube preparation, types and properties. The concept of desalination in the context of carbon nanotubes is discussed. The different processes for the manufacture of carbon nanotube membranes are electric arc discharge, laser ablation and Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD). Out of these, the CVD method is widely used because of its certain characteristics. Different types of carbon nanotubes, such as aligned carbon nanotubes, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWNT)/active carbon combination electrodes, MWNT/polysulfone (PS) blend membranes, carbonised hot-pressed carbon nanotube electrodes, aligned carbon nanotubes, alumina-supported carbon nanotubes and ceria nanoparticles-supported carbon nanotubes, are discussed with their application and performance. While the research in this area is in its infancy, it is growing at a considerable pace. The challenges to this technology are the reduction in capital cost, understanding of the exact mechanism for water transport, and scale-up. This technology has a potential to replace state-of-the-art desalination technology based on polymeric membranes or thermal desalination.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134311988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-12DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.028864
P. Singare, R. Lokhande, M. Dole
The iodide and bromide forms of the ion exchange resin Duolite A-113 were equilibrated separately with respectively labelled iodide and bromide ion solutions of different concentrations, varying from 0.005 M to 0.100 M in the temperature range of 26.0°C to 43.0°C. The distribution coefficient Kd values calculated for iodide and bromide ion exchanges increase with the ionic concentration of the external solution; however, with a rise in temperature, the Kd values calculated were found to decrease. Also, the Kd values were higher for iodide exchanges than for bromide exchanges.
在26.0℃~ 43.0℃的温度范围内，分别用不同浓度(0.005 M ~ 0.100 M)的碘化和溴化离子溶液对离子交换树脂Duolite A-113的碘化和溴化形态进行了平衡。碘化物和溴化物离子交换的分配系数Kd值随着外溶液离子浓度的增加而增加;然而，随着温度的升高，计算得到的Kd值减小。同时，碘离子交换的Kd值高于溴离子交换的Kd值。
{"title":"Behaviour of radioactive iodine and bromine from aqueous solutions on the ion-exchange resin Duolite A-113","authors":"P. Singare, R. Lokhande, M. Dole","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.028864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.028864","url":null,"abstract":"The iodide and bromide forms of the ion exchange resin Duolite A-113 were equilibrated separately with respectively labelled iodide and bromide ion solutions of different concentrations, varying from 0.005 M to 0.100 M in the temperature range of 26.0°C to 43.0°C. The distribution coefficient Kd values calculated for iodide and bromide ion exchanges increase with the ionic concentration of the external solution; however, with a rise in temperature, the Kd values calculated were found to decrease. Also, the Kd values were higher for iodide exchanges than for bromide exchanges.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127186831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-02DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.024335
E. Negeed
This paper describes the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate the performance of the ejector used in desalination applications that use air as the working fluid. A three-dimensional model for the CFD was used to investigate the effect of operating conditions and ejector geometry on ejector performance. The results show that ejector performance increases by increasing the primary nozzle throat diameter and the entrained flow reaches a maximum at a certain diameter; beyond this value, the entrained flow will decrease. Also, the entrainment ratio increases with an increasing suction pressure. Moreover, the results determine the optimum position with respect to the ejector's mixing chamber, which yields a maximum entrainment ratio. Also, the results determine the optimum constant area mixing length to diameter (L/D) ratio, which yields a maximum ejector performance. As this ratio increases, the entrainment ratio increases. Besides, the increase in entrainment becomes very small and can be neglected for an L/D ratio greater than 7.5. Also, for the high value of the primary pressure, constructing the constant area mixing section through multichannel tubes enhances ejector performance. A comparison between the present results and experimental results from other researchers gave a good agreement between them.
{"title":"Enhancement of ejector performance for a desalination system","authors":"E. Negeed","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.024335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.024335","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate the performance of the ejector used in desalination applications that use air as the working fluid. A three-dimensional model for the CFD was used to investigate the effect of operating conditions and ejector geometry on ejector performance. The results show that ejector performance increases by increasing the primary nozzle throat diameter and the entrained flow reaches a maximum at a certain diameter; beyond this value, the entrained flow will decrease. Also, the entrainment ratio increases with an increasing suction pressure. Moreover, the results determine the optimum position with respect to the ejector's mixing chamber, which yields a maximum entrainment ratio. Also, the results determine the optimum constant area mixing length to diameter (L/D) ratio, which yields a maximum ejector performance. As this ratio increases, the entrainment ratio increases. Besides, the increase in entrainment becomes very small and can be neglected for an L/D ratio greater than 7.5. Also, for the high value of the primary pressure, constructing the constant area mixing section through multichannel tubes enhances ejector performance. A comparison between the present results and experimental results from other researchers gave a good agreement between them.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129539845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-02DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.024339
Tee-Yuan Chen, Dau-Chung Wang
The goal of this research is to develop a new additive for Ni-Co-Mn ternary alloy electroforming. Under the new recipe, we can control the composition of Ni-Co-Mn, and prove that electroformed ternary Ni-Co-Mn alloy has better mechanical properties than electroformed Ni-Co alloy. This paper also discusses the effect of the Mn concentration on the resulting mechanical properties of electroformed Ni-Co-Mn alloy.
{"title":"An experimental study on the electroforming of ternary Ni-Co-Mn alloy","authors":"Tee-Yuan Chen, Dau-Chung Wang","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.024339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.024339","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this research is to develop a new additive for Ni-Co-Mn ternary alloy electroforming. Under the new recipe, we can control the composition of Ni-Co-Mn, and prove that electroformed ternary Ni-Co-Mn alloy has better mechanical properties than electroformed Ni-Co alloy. This paper also discusses the effect of the Mn concentration on the resulting mechanical properties of electroformed Ni-Co-Mn alloy.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126924433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-02DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.024337
M. Chandrasekhar, K. G. Shivale, M. D. Nair, S. Shivayyanamath, V. Srivastava
The 4500 M³/day Multistage Flash (MSF) plant fabrication is nearing completion in Kalpakkam, India. This includes in total the fabrication of brine heater, deaerator, vacuum system consisting of steam jet ejector and condensers, process tanks, pumps, piping system and ten rectangular vessels meant for heat recovery and heat rejection in the MSF desalination process. This paper describes the various stages of fabrication using many efficient, similar and dissimilar metal weld joints.
{"title":"Fabrication of 4500 cu.m/day MSF plant equipment","authors":"M. Chandrasekhar, K. G. Shivale, M. D. Nair, S. Shivayyanamath, V. Srivastava","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.024337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.024337","url":null,"abstract":"The 4500 M³/day Multistage Flash (MSF) plant fabrication is nearing completion in Kalpakkam, India. This includes in total the fabrication of brine heater, deaerator, vacuum system consisting of steam jet ejector and condensers, process tanks, pumps, piping system and ten rectangular vessels meant for heat recovery and heat rejection in the MSF desalination process. This paper describes the various stages of fabrication using many efficient, similar and dissimilar metal weld joints.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131239675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-02DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.024338
M. M. Awad, E. Negeed
The enhancement of the evaporation heat transfer coefficient is important for the design and operation of horizontal tube spray film evaporators. The water spray on a horizontal tube bundle is numerically studied in steady state conditions. The objective of the present work is to numerically study the effect of the tube configuration and the operating conditions on the evaporation heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the enhancement of the evaporation rate ratio by constructing a water collector around the bottom-heated tube is also numerically studied. In order to evaluate the evaporation rate ratio and the heat transfer coefficient of the falling liquid film on the horizontal tube bundle, the nondimensional governing equations of the mass, momentum and energy of the created liquid film around the hot tube surface are solved numerically using the finite difference method. The results show that the evaporation rate ratio is mainly increased by increasing both the surface temperature and the tube's outer diameter. The evaporation rate ratio enhances by decreasing the chamber pressure and inlet liquid subcooling. The falling distance has little influence on the evaporation rate ratio. Moreover, constructing a water collector around the bottom-heated tube enhances the evaporation rate ratio. The increase in the evaporation rate ratio increases by higher heat flux and also by larger the gap between the collector and the tube surface.
{"title":"Heat transfer enhancement of falling film evaporation on a horizontal tube bundle","authors":"M. M. Awad, E. Negeed","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.024338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.024338","url":null,"abstract":"The enhancement of the evaporation heat transfer coefficient is important for the design and operation of horizontal tube spray film evaporators. The water spray on a horizontal tube bundle is numerically studied in steady state conditions. The objective of the present work is to numerically study the effect of the tube configuration and the operating conditions on the evaporation heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the enhancement of the evaporation rate ratio by constructing a water collector around the bottom-heated tube is also numerically studied. In order to evaluate the evaporation rate ratio and the heat transfer coefficient of the falling liquid film on the horizontal tube bundle, the nondimensional governing equations of the mass, momentum and energy of the created liquid film around the hot tube surface are solved numerically using the finite difference method. The results show that the evaporation rate ratio is mainly increased by increasing both the surface temperature and the tube's outer diameter. The evaporation rate ratio enhances by decreasing the chamber pressure and inlet liquid subcooling. The falling distance has little influence on the evaporation rate ratio. Moreover, constructing a water collector around the bottom-heated tube enhances the evaporation rate ratio. The increase in the evaporation rate ratio increases by higher heat flux and also by larger the gap between the collector and the tube surface.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114230702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-02DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.024336
V. Nagar, R. Shashidhar, Arun Sharma, J. Bandekar, R. C. Bindal, S. Prabhakar, P. K. Tewari
Indigenously developed polysulfone Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane-based domestic and industrial water purification units were evaluated for their ability to filter bacteria and viruses from water. Escherichia coli (105 cfu/ml) and P1 phage (106 pfu/ml) were filtered through a Domestic Water Purifier (DWP) (dead-end UF unit) and a large-scale spiral water purifier (cross-flow UF unit) and the filtrates were analysed for bacterial and phage counts. Both units were found to be efficient in the complete removal of E. coli and a 99.99% removal of the P1 phage was observed. Both the domestic and industrial water purifiers are highly efficient in the removal of bacteria and viruses. UF membranes were also characterised for Molecular Weight Cut-Off (MWCO) by the polyethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide methods, which showed that MWCO was 60–65 kDa. These MWCO results were further validated using the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) rejection behaviour of these membranes, which showed about 90% rejection. The technique involving the estimation of MWCO, coupled with the rejection characteristics of E. coli and P1 phage, provides an excellent tool to evaluate the efficiency of water purifiers based on UF membrane technology.
{"title":"Evaluation of the efficiency of polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane-based water purifiers for microbiological decontamination","authors":"V. Nagar, R. Shashidhar, Arun Sharma, J. Bandekar, R. C. Bindal, S. Prabhakar, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.024336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.024336","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenously developed polysulfone Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane-based domestic and industrial water purification units were evaluated for their ability to filter bacteria and viruses from water. Escherichia coli (105 cfu/ml) and P1 phage (106 pfu/ml) were filtered through a Domestic Water Purifier (DWP) (dead-end UF unit) and a large-scale spiral water purifier (cross-flow UF unit) and the filtrates were analysed for bacterial and phage counts. Both units were found to be efficient in the complete removal of E. coli and a 99.99% removal of the P1 phage was observed. Both the domestic and industrial water purifiers are highly efficient in the removal of bacteria and viruses. UF membranes were also characterised for Molecular Weight Cut-Off (MWCO) by the polyethylene glycol and polyethylene oxide methods, which showed that MWCO was 60–65 kDa. These MWCO results were further validated using the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) rejection behaviour of these membranes, which showed about 90% rejection. The technique involving the estimation of MWCO, coupled with the rejection characteristics of E. coli and P1 phage, provides an excellent tool to evaluate the efficiency of water purifiers based on UF membrane technology.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130901801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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