Pub Date : 2010-09-13DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.035168
I. Khamis
Currently, several IAEA Member States have shown interest in using nuclear energy for seawater desalination, not only because recent studies have demonstrated that nuclear desalination is feasible, but also because it is economical and has already been demonstrated in several countries. Therefore, this paper will provide a highlight on seawater desalination using nuclear energy as a potential for a sustainable development around the world, and an overview of the IAEA activities related to nuclear desalination. Special emphasis is placed on past, present and future nuclear desalination experience in various IAEA Member States. The IAEA activities on nuclear desalinations aim at facilitating cutting-edge developments in the area of seawater desalination using nuclear energy, and establishing a framework for facilitating activities in Member States through information exchange and provision of technical assistance.
{"title":"Prospects of nuclear desalination and highlights of related IAEA activities","authors":"I. Khamis","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.035168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.035168","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, several IAEA Member States have shown interest in using nuclear energy for seawater desalination, not only because recent studies have demonstrated that nuclear desalination is feasible, but also because it is economical and has already been demonstrated in several countries. Therefore, this paper will provide a highlight on seawater desalination using nuclear energy as a potential for a sustainable development around the world, and an overview of the IAEA activities related to nuclear desalination. Special emphasis is placed on past, present and future nuclear desalination experience in various IAEA Member States. The IAEA activities on nuclear desalinations aim at facilitating cutting-edge developments in the area of seawater desalination using nuclear energy, and establishing a framework for facilitating activities in Member States through information exchange and provision of technical assistance.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115950663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-13DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.035177
Sangita Pal, S. Prabhakar, K. L. Thalor, P. K. Tewari
Research and technological developments are being pursued vigorously all over the world to reduce the cost of desalinated water. Thermal and membrane-based desalination processes are very well known and plants are being operated to augment the demand of fresh water essential for drinking in water-scarce countries and to sustain the industrial processes. Any further improvement in energy reduction can only be marginal considering the complexity of the desalination system. The alternative approach is to add value by recovering edible salt, rare and valuable metals, such as caesium, titanium, uranium and vanadium, from the reject brine streams. In this regard, a novel polymeric chelating resin was designed and developed in Desalination Division, BARC laboratory with significant potential for this achievement. In this paper, the characteristics and potential of the resin have been described for the recovery of valuable elements based on experimental findings.
{"title":"Strategy of deriving 'wealth from waste' from concentrated brine of desalination plant","authors":"Sangita Pal, S. Prabhakar, K. L. Thalor, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.035177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.035177","url":null,"abstract":"Research and technological developments are being pursued vigorously all over the world to reduce the cost of desalinated water. Thermal and membrane-based desalination processes are very well known and plants are being operated to augment the demand of fresh water essential for drinking in water-scarce countries and to sustain the industrial processes. Any further improvement in energy reduction can only be marginal considering the complexity of the desalination system. The alternative approach is to add value by recovering edible salt, rare and valuable metals, such as caesium, titanium, uranium and vanadium, from the reject brine streams. In this regard, a novel polymeric chelating resin was designed and developed in Desalination Division, BARC laboratory with significant potential for this achievement. In this paper, the characteristics and potential of the resin have been described for the recovery of valuable elements based on experimental findings.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121111566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-13DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.035175
V. Pandey, R. Nagaraj, A. Y. Dangore, K. L. Thalor, S. Prabhakar, V. Shrivastava, P. K. Tewari
Process control is an essential part of the desalination industry that requires to be operated under optimum conditions to increase the lifetime of the plant and reduce the unit product cost. Improved process control is a cost-effective approach to energy conservation and increased process profitability. The Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) plant involves many complicated operations related to steam, chemicals and seawater. These include variable capacity, slow dynamics, deadtime characteristics due to certain load changes, significant effects of small deviations from design conditions on plant operation, effects of power plant output conditions on the desalination plant, instability due to disturbances in steam supply and water temperature variations. Keeping in view the above criticalities, the selection of an effective control system becomes inevitable. This paper aims at identifying various types of control loop available in an MSF plant, selection of control elements, type of control strategy needed for it and integrating the whole system for supervisory control.
{"title":"Process control in multi-stage flash desalination industry","authors":"V. Pandey, R. Nagaraj, A. Y. Dangore, K. L. Thalor, S. Prabhakar, V. Shrivastava, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.035175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.035175","url":null,"abstract":"Process control is an essential part of the desalination industry that requires to be operated under optimum conditions to increase the lifetime of the plant and reduce the unit product cost. Improved process control is a cost-effective approach to energy conservation and increased process profitability. The Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) plant involves many complicated operations related to steam, chemicals and seawater. These include variable capacity, slow dynamics, deadtime characteristics due to certain load changes, significant effects of small deviations from design conditions on plant operation, effects of power plant output conditions on the desalination plant, instability due to disturbances in steam supply and water temperature variations. Keeping in view the above criticalities, the selection of an effective control system becomes inevitable. This paper aims at identifying various types of control loop available in an MSF plant, selection of control elements, type of control strategy needed for it and integrating the whole system for supervisory control.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115729823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-13DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.035176
H. Raval, J. Gohil
With advances in nanotechnology, different types of nanomaterial are emerging for applications in water purification and water treatment devices owing to their effectiveness against both chemical and biological contaminants. This paper discusses the application of nanoscale materials that are being evaluated or developed as functional materials for water treatment, e.g. nanomembranes (nanocomposite RO and NF and carbon nanotubes), metal nanoparticles, nanoadsorbents, magnetic nanoparticles, bioactive nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials, zeolites, dendrimers and nanofibres. Nanomaterials are intrinsically better in terms of performance than other substances used in water treatment because of their high surface area (surface/volume ratio). Owing to these characteristics, these may be used in future at large scale for water purification.
{"title":"Nanotechnology in water treatment: an emerging trend","authors":"H. Raval, J. Gohil","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.035176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.035176","url":null,"abstract":"With advances in nanotechnology, different types of nanomaterial are emerging for applications in water purification and water treatment devices owing to their effectiveness against both chemical and biological contaminants. This paper discusses the application of nanoscale materials that are being evaluated or developed as functional materials for water treatment, e.g. nanomembranes (nanocomposite RO and NF and carbon nanotubes), metal nanoparticles, nanoadsorbents, magnetic nanoparticles, bioactive nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials, zeolites, dendrimers and nanofibres. Nanomaterials are intrinsically better in terms of performance than other substances used in water treatment because of their high surface area (surface/volume ratio). Owing to these characteristics, these may be used in future at large scale for water purification.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125302893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-13DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.035174
R. Nagaraj, V. Murugan, A. Y. Dangore, K. L. Thalor, S. Prabakar, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari
The cost of product water is a key factor in determination of acceptability of any desalination system and plant. In case of Sea Water Reverse Osmosis plants, most of the energy consumed is in the form of electricity. The High Pressure Pump (HPP) is the single major energy consuming equipment with a share of above 75%. Hence reduction in energy consumed by HPP will have a substantial effect on the overall energy consumption. The high starting torque requirement of high pressure pump results in increased acceleration time of the motor which subsequently increases the strain on the upstream electrical system from motor feeder to transformer. Provision of a Variable Frequency Drive can be a solution for both the above problems. This paper studies the techno-economic feasibility of providing variable frequency drive for HPP motor at NDDP, Kalpakkam.
{"title":"Techno-economic feasibility study of providing variable frequency drive for high pressure pump, SWRO plant at NDDP, Kalpakkam","authors":"R. Nagaraj, V. Murugan, A. Y. Dangore, K. L. Thalor, S. Prabakar, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.035174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.035174","url":null,"abstract":"The cost of product water is a key factor in determination of acceptability of any desalination system and plant. In case of Sea Water Reverse Osmosis plants, most of the energy consumed is in the form of electricity. The High Pressure Pump (HPP) is the single major energy consuming equipment with a share of above 75%. Hence reduction in energy consumed by HPP will have a substantial effect on the overall energy consumption. The high starting torque requirement of high pressure pump results in increased acceleration time of the motor which subsequently increases the strain on the upstream electrical system from motor feeder to transformer. Provision of a Variable Frequency Drive can be a solution for both the above problems. This paper studies the techno-economic feasibility of providing variable frequency drive for HPP motor at NDDP, Kalpakkam.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116715853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-13DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.035169
S. Prabhakar
Provision of safe drinking water is a challenging problem requiring immediate attention. The skewed distribution of rainfall, inefficient use of water, presence of a variety of contaminants, such as fluoride, arsenic, iron and salinity, in most of the sources, and pollution by various economic activities have been the factors responsible for inadequate resources against the increasing demand due to growth in population, agriculture and industrial activities. The conflicting demand for a variety of uses of water, high volume requirements, problems in distribution and operating economics have compounded the problem. Being an essential requirement for the survival of living beings no effort can be spared in addressing the problem and implementing a viable and sustainable solution. A multi-pronged approach synergising the technology, financial aspects, public awareness and user participation is the need of the hour. This paper is an attempt to analyse the issues to evolve an implementable model.
{"title":"Challenges in the implementation of a national programme on drinking water","authors":"S. Prabhakar","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.035169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.035169","url":null,"abstract":"Provision of safe drinking water is a challenging problem requiring immediate attention. The skewed distribution of rainfall, inefficient use of water, presence of a variety of contaminants, such as fluoride, arsenic, iron and salinity, in most of the sources, and pollution by various economic activities have been the factors responsible for inadequate resources against the increasing demand due to growth in population, agriculture and industrial activities. The conflicting demand for a variety of uses of water, high volume requirements, problems in distribution and operating economics have compounded the problem. Being an essential requirement for the survival of living beings no effort can be spared in addressing the problem and implementing a viable and sustainable solution. A multi-pronged approach synergising the technology, financial aspects, public awareness and user participation is the need of the hour. This paper is an attempt to analyse the issues to evolve an implementable model.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127272625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-13DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.035170
A. Adak, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari
When a nuclear reactor is used to supply steam for a desalination plant, the method of coupling has a significant technical and economic impact. The exact method of coupling depends on the type of reactor and the type of desalination plant. As a part of Nuclear Desalination Demonstration Project (NDDP), BARC has successfully commissioned a 4500 m 3 /day multi-stage flash desalination plant coupled to Madras Atomic Power Station at Kalpakkam. A desalination plant coupled to nuclear reactor of pressurised heavy water reactor type is a good example of dual-purpose nuclear desalination plant. This paper presents the thermal coupling system analysis of this plant along with technical and safety aspects.
{"title":"Thermal coupling system analysis of a nuclear desalination plant","authors":"A. Adak, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.035170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.035170","url":null,"abstract":"When a nuclear reactor is used to supply steam for a desalination plant, the method of coupling has a significant technical and economic impact. The exact method of coupling depends on the type of reactor and the type of desalination plant. As a part of Nuclear Desalination Demonstration Project (NDDP), BARC has successfully commissioned a 4500 m 3 /day multi-stage flash desalination plant coupled to Madras Atomic Power Station at Kalpakkam. A desalination plant coupled to nuclear reactor of pressurised heavy water reactor type is a good example of dual-purpose nuclear desalination plant. This paper presents the thermal coupling system analysis of this plant along with technical and safety aspects.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115281850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-13DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.035172
Edgar Halling
To assure sustainable water production, the materials used in desalination plants need to perform for many decades without failures. During the last years, duplex - austenitic-ferritic - stainless steels have been selected for several desalination projects due to their unique combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Price stability of those grades, as a consequence of a rather low nickel content, has also encouraged the transition. However, material selection might appear even more complicated, when more grades are available. This paper addresses the subject of material selection and summarises experience of using stainless steels in MSF, MED and RO desalination plants. The families of duplex and austenitic grades are compared and a wide range of grades is discussed in terms of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Application areas are suggested for each grade, based on experience from existing installations, field and laboratory tests, and the overall property profile of the grade is described.
{"title":"Stainless steels within desalination for reliable water supply","authors":"Edgar Halling","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.035172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.035172","url":null,"abstract":"To assure sustainable water production, the materials used in desalination plants need to perform for many decades without failures. During the last years, duplex - austenitic-ferritic - stainless steels have been selected for several desalination projects due to their unique combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Price stability of those grades, as a consequence of a rather low nickel content, has also encouraged the transition. However, material selection might appear even more complicated, when more grades are available. This paper addresses the subject of material selection and summarises experience of using stainless steels in MSF, MED and RO desalination plants. The families of duplex and austenitic grades are compared and a wide range of grades is discussed in terms of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Application areas are suggested for each grade, based on experience from existing installations, field and laboratory tests, and the overall property profile of the grade is described.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127935020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.033769
Abderrahmane Belkaid, S. Amzert, F. Arbaoui, Y. Bouaichaoui
As the need for fresh water and electricity increases rapidly in Algeria, the authorities launched a study to assess the potentialities of using nuclear energy for electricity and potable water production. This study which started in 2007 is held under the framework of an IAEA Project and its objective is to provide a document which will be used to support the government's decision to introduce the nuclear desalination in Algeria. To that end, one site has been selected to host nuclear desalination plant. This site is located in North West region of the country. In this study, we present the results achieved under this project and which corresponds to the economical evaluation of coupling several nuclear reactors: GT-MHR, PBMR, AP1000 & PWR900, with two desalination processes MED and RO. The results are compared with those obtained with fossil energy sources: Natural Gas Turbine and Natural Gas Combined Cycle.
{"title":"Economic evaluation of nuclear seawater desalination in an Algerian site: La Macta","authors":"Abderrahmane Belkaid, S. Amzert, F. Arbaoui, Y. Bouaichaoui","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.033769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.033769","url":null,"abstract":"As the need for fresh water and electricity increases rapidly in Algeria, the authorities launched a study to assess the potentialities of using nuclear energy for electricity and potable water production. This study which started in 2007 is held under the framework of an IAEA Project and its objective is to provide a document which will be used to support the government's decision to introduce the nuclear desalination in Algeria. To that end, one site has been selected to host nuclear desalination plant. This site is located in North West region of the country. In this study, we present the results achieved under this project and which corresponds to the economical evaluation of coupling several nuclear reactors: GT-MHR, PBMR, AP1000 & PWR900, with two desalination processes MED and RO. The results are compared with those obtained with fossil energy sources: Natural Gas Turbine and Natural Gas Combined Cycle.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125715733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.033768
G. Crisp, E. Swinton, N. Palmer
Recent climate changes and population growth throughout Australia have highlighted the need for more diverse and climate-independent water sources. Australia is the world's driest inhabited continent and the unpredictable climate means that the Australian population generally requires up to five times the water storage than does an equivalent population in the UK. Although 85% of its people live within 50 km of the coast, the country has only begun to consider large-scale seawater desalination within the past five years (Crisp, 2009). The total potable and industrial water consumption in Australia is around 50,000 ML/d (Hoang, 2009). In 2008, the total volume of water desalinated for potable and industrial use was about 0.6% (300 ML/d) and this is expected to increase more than seven times to 4% by 2013. A brief review of current (2010) desalination capacity in Australia follows and includes major seawater plants, brackish water and wastewater reuse.
{"title":"A brief review of desalination in Australia in 2010","authors":"G. Crisp, E. Swinton, N. Palmer","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.033768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.033768","url":null,"abstract":"Recent climate changes and population growth throughout Australia have highlighted the need for more diverse and climate-independent water sources. Australia is the world's driest inhabited continent and the unpredictable climate means that the Australian population generally requires up to five times the water storage than does an equivalent population in the UK. Although 85% of its people live within 50 km of the coast, the country has only begun to consider large-scale seawater desalination within the past five years (Crisp, 2009). The total potable and industrial water consumption in Australia is around 50,000 ML/d (Hoang, 2009). In 2008, the total volume of water desalinated for potable and industrial use was about 0.6% (300 ML/d) and this is expected to increase more than seven times to 4% by 2013. A brief review of current (2010) desalination capacity in Australia follows and includes major seawater plants, brackish water and wastewater reuse.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117227540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：