Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.033766
F. Valli, Karishma Tijoriwala, A. Mahapatra
This paper provides an overview of the different water treatment devices that incorporate nanotechnology. New sensor technology combined with micro and nanofabrication technology is expected to lead to small, portable and highly accurate sensors to detect chemical and biochemical parameters in water. Potential opportunities and risks associated with this technology are also highlighted.
{"title":"Nanotechnology for water purification","authors":"F. Valli, Karishma Tijoriwala, A. Mahapatra","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.033766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.033766","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of the different water treatment devices that incorporate nanotechnology. New sensor technology combined with micro and nanofabrication technology is expected to lead to small, portable and highly accurate sensors to detect chemical and biochemical parameters in water. Potential opportunities and risks associated with this technology are also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128005219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.033764
Sangita Pal, S. Satpati, K. N. Hareendran, Sanjukta A. Kumar, K. L. Thalor, S. Roy, P. K. Tewari
The act of enrichment or improving the quality of product concentration, i.e. 'pre-concentration', has been studied with respect to uranium plant effluent, which contains uranium in 10?30 ppm level intermingled with a huge number of interfering ions, such as magnesium, in percent level. The effects of different operating conditions, such as concentration of uranium in the effluent, pH, the time required for uptake of uranium and the effect of the presence of other elements in the effluent, in batch experiments have been investigated. Using this in-house novel resin for preferential uranium uptake, the sorbed matrix has been eluted with different eluant concentration for further enrichment of radionuclides in the elute. High uptake values for uranium ions prove its selectivity, and fractional elution ensures further reuse of sorbent and significant improvement in uranium enrichment.
{"title":"Recovery and pre-concentration of uranium from secondary effluent using novel resin","authors":"Sangita Pal, S. Satpati, K. N. Hareendran, Sanjukta A. Kumar, K. L. Thalor, S. Roy, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.033764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.033764","url":null,"abstract":"The act of enrichment or improving the quality of product concentration, i.e. 'pre-concentration', has been studied with respect to uranium plant effluent, which contains uranium in 10?30 ppm level intermingled with a huge number of interfering ions, such as magnesium, in percent level. The effects of different operating conditions, such as concentration of uranium in the effluent, pH, the time required for uptake of uranium and the effect of the presence of other elements in the effluent, in batch experiments have been investigated. Using this in-house novel resin for preferential uranium uptake, the sorbed matrix has been eluted with different eluant concentration for further enrichment of radionuclides in the elute. High uptake values for uranium ions prove its selectivity, and fractional elution ensures further reuse of sorbent and significant improvement in uranium enrichment.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114224644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.033763
S. Raj, S. Rajesh, K. Lakshmi, K. Shobana, D. Mohan
Polysulfone membranes possess excellent mechanical, biological and chemical stability but they suffer from fouling which leads to flux decline. Fouling can be minimised by functionalisation. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, the polysulfone was both sulphonated and carboxylated. The presence of sulphonic and carboxylic groups was confirmed through IR and NMR studies. Incorporation of sulphonic and carboxylic groups in the polymeric chain increases the hydrophilic nature of the membrane as well as the thermal stability, chemical tolerance, mechanical strength, etc. It was observed that the Pure Water Flux (PWF) value of CPSf was greater than that of SPSf and PSf. The actual angle of inclination of the two rings depends on the nature and number of substituent groups. In CPSf the angle of inclination of the two rings is higher than in SPSf. This results in the chains moving apart from each other in the case of CPSf, which could explain its higher flux.
{"title":"Effect of functionalisation on polysulfone-based ultrafiltration membranes","authors":"S. Raj, S. Rajesh, K. Lakshmi, K. Shobana, D. Mohan","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.033763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.033763","url":null,"abstract":"Polysulfone membranes possess excellent mechanical, biological and chemical stability but they suffer from fouling which leads to flux decline. Fouling can be minimised by functionalisation. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, the polysulfone was both sulphonated and carboxylated. The presence of sulphonic and carboxylic groups was confirmed through IR and NMR studies. Incorporation of sulphonic and carboxylic groups in the polymeric chain increases the hydrophilic nature of the membrane as well as the thermal stability, chemical tolerance, mechanical strength, etc. It was observed that the Pure Water Flux (PWF) value of CPSf was greater than that of SPSf and PSf. The actual angle of inclination of the two rings depends on the nature and number of substituent groups. In CPSf the angle of inclination of the two rings is higher than in SPSf. This results in the chains moving apart from each other in the case of CPSf, which could explain its higher flux.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116915830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.033765
B. Misra
This paper deals with some aspects concerning the dual objectives of cost-effectiveness and favourable environmental impact of desalination plants, resulting in a sustainable alternative source of fresh water for future needs. These include some case studies on the use of waste heat for the thermal desalination plants, replacement of conventional pre-treatments in membrane plants with cleaner processes, deployment of hybrid desalination systems and use of non-fossil fuel sources for both types of desalination plant. In particular, the role of nuclear and renewable energy sources (wind and solar) has been examined. The environmental impact of the desalination processes has been discussed and benefits from suggested technologies under CDM have been outlined. With the current environmental concerns, it is desirable to consider use of alternate energy sources for desalination, even though at present these appear not that economical. They may become so once credit for clean energy is available. A real breakthrough in development of near ideal membranes will of course go a long way in desalination economics. Efforts need to be continued in this area.
{"title":"Sustainable desalination technologies for future","authors":"B. Misra","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.033765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.033765","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with some aspects concerning the dual objectives of cost-effectiveness and favourable environmental impact of desalination plants, resulting in a sustainable alternative source of fresh water for future needs. These include some case studies on the use of waste heat for the thermal desalination plants, replacement of conventional pre-treatments in membrane plants with cleaner processes, deployment of hybrid desalination systems and use of non-fossil fuel sources for both types of desalination plant. In particular, the role of nuclear and renewable energy sources (wind and solar) has been examined. The environmental impact of the desalination processes has been discussed and benefits from suggested technologies under CDM have been outlined. With the current environmental concerns, it is desirable to consider use of alternate energy sources for desalination, even though at present these appear not that economical. They may become so once credit for clean energy is available. A real breakthrough in development of near ideal membranes will of course go a long way in desalination economics. Efforts need to be continued in this area.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125040208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.033770
E. Negeed
The objective of the present work is to study the performance of ejector vapour compression desalination plant with water spray on horizontal tube bundles. The effects of the operating conditions and the ejector geometry on the total distilled collected water are studied. The amount of evaporation rate due the flash evaporation is calculated by applying the mass and energy of the sprayed water governing equations. The evaporation rate of the falling liquid film around the horizontal tube bundles is evaluated by the non-dimensional mass, momentum and energy equations solved numerically using the finite difference method. The results presented the effect of the change in evaporation pressure, inlet liquid temperature, hot surface heat flux and inlet sprayed mass flow rate. Also, the results determine the effect of the ejector geometry, motive steam temperature, evaporator temperature and the compression ratio across the evaporator on the performance of the vapour compression plant.
{"title":"Enhancement of the performance of the vapour compression plant","authors":"E. Negeed","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.033770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.033770","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present work is to study the performance of ejector vapour compression desalination plant with water spray on horizontal tube bundles. The effects of the operating conditions and the ejector geometry on the total distilled collected water are studied. The amount of evaporation rate due the flash evaporation is calculated by applying the mass and energy of the sprayed water governing equations. The evaporation rate of the falling liquid film around the horizontal tube bundles is evaluated by the non-dimensional mass, momentum and energy equations solved numerically using the finite difference method. The results presented the effect of the change in evaporation pressure, inlet liquid temperature, hot surface heat flux and inlet sprayed mass flow rate. Also, the results determine the effect of the ejector geometry, motive steam temperature, evaporator temperature and the compression ratio across the evaporator on the performance of the vapour compression plant.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127737564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.033762
E. Negeed, M. M. Awad
The objective of the present research is to experimentally study the effect of the tube configuration and also the effect of the operating conditions on the evaporation rate of the horizontal tube bundle. An experimental test loop was installed and the water spray on a horizontal tube bundle with three nozzles of fan-jet flat nozzle type. The results show that evaporation rate and Nusselt number are increased by increasing the tube surface temperature, increasing the tube's outer diameter, decreasing the evaporation pressure and decreasing the inlet liquid sub-cooling. The falling distance has little influence on the evaporation rate. Constructing water collector around the bottom-heated tubes enhances the evaporation rate. Also, increasing the gap between the water collector and the outer tube surface, from 0.0 to 4.0 mm, results in increasing the evaporation rate. An empirical correlation has been deduced describing the relation between the average heat transfer coefficient and the affecting operating parameters.
{"title":"Experimental study of falling film evaporation on horizontal tube bundle for a desalination unit","authors":"E. Negeed, M. M. Awad","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.033762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.033762","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present research is to experimentally study the effect of the tube configuration and also the effect of the operating conditions on the evaporation rate of the horizontal tube bundle. An experimental test loop was installed and the water spray on a horizontal tube bundle with three nozzles of fan-jet flat nozzle type. The results show that evaporation rate and Nusselt number are increased by increasing the tube surface temperature, increasing the tube's outer diameter, decreasing the evaporation pressure and decreasing the inlet liquid sub-cooling. The falling distance has little influence on the evaporation rate. Constructing water collector around the bottom-heated tubes enhances the evaporation rate. Also, increasing the gap between the water collector and the outer tube surface, from 0.0 to 4.0 mm, results in increasing the evaporation rate. An empirical correlation has been deduced describing the relation between the average heat transfer coefficient and the affecting operating parameters.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126894688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-07-01DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2010.033767
K. Shobana, R. Ramya, D. Mohan
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique. The effects of polystyrene (PS) concentrations on the blend membrane performance were investigated. The membranes were characterised in terms of shrinkage ratio, pure water flux, and porosity. The hydrophobicity of the membrane was modified by poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) through adsorption and crosslinking. The performance of the modified membrane was investigated for its antifouling property with BSA solution. 70/30wt% blend PVDF/PS blend membrane showed better antifouling property than other membranes owing to its high hydrophilic property incorporated by adsorption crosslinking of PVA on to the membrane.
{"title":"Development of antifouling ultrafiltration membranes by surface modification","authors":"K. Shobana, R. Ramya, D. Mohan","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2010.033767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.033767","url":null,"abstract":"Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique. The effects of polystyrene (PS) concentrations on the blend membrane performance were investigated. The membranes were characterised in terms of shrinkage ratio, pure water flux, and porosity. The hydrophobicity of the membrane was modified by poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) through adsorption and crosslinking. The performance of the modified membrane was investigated for its antifouling property with BSA solution. 70/30wt% blend PVDF/PS blend membrane showed better antifouling property than other membranes owing to its high hydrophilic property incorporated by adsorption crosslinking of PVA on to the membrane.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131831241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-12DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.028862
C. Balasubramanian, P. Selvavinayagam, S. Singaravelan, R. Ramdoss, R. Sundar
The Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant (SWROP) of the Kudankulam nuclear power plant is located at Anuvijay township, Chettikulam, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. The objective is to produce 2400 M³ of potable water per day. The plant consists of four streams, each having a capacity of 25 M³/h. Each stream has nine pressure tubes in parallel and each pressure tube has six polyamide spiral-wound membranes in series.
{"title":"Experiences with the seawater reverse osmosis plant at the Kudankulam nuclear power plant","authors":"C. Balasubramanian, P. Selvavinayagam, S. Singaravelan, R. Ramdoss, R. Sundar","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.028862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.028862","url":null,"abstract":"The Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant (SWROP) of the Kudankulam nuclear power plant is located at Anuvijay township, Chettikulam, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. The objective is to produce 2400 M³ of potable water per day. The plant consists of four streams, each having a capacity of 25 M³/h. Each stream has nine pressure tubes in parallel and each pressure tube has six polyamide spiral-wound membranes in series.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116709735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-12DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.028867
A. Romenkov
The concept of the RUTA water-cooled, water-moderated pool-type nuclear reactor is presented. The basic findings of the RUTA-70 pilot district-heating plant in the science town of Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia, and its capabilities for nuclear technology research purposes, are shown. The basic technical data of the reactor facility are presented and its design is described in brief. The potential of using low-grade heat in the town's heating networks is shown. The technical aspects of using the reactor's thermal power in a thermal seawater desalination facility are considered. Issues related to the application of the nuclear reactor as a neutron source for implementing modern nuclear technologies are discussed.
{"title":"Practical Application of the RUTA Safe Pool-type Nuclear Reactor to Demonstrate the Advantages of Atomic Energy Use","authors":"A. Romenkov","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.028867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.028867","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of the RUTA water-cooled, water-moderated pool-type nuclear reactor is presented. The basic findings of the RUTA-70 pilot district-heating plant in the science town of Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia, and its capabilities for nuclear technology research purposes, are shown. The basic technical data of the reactor facility are presented and its design is described in brief. The potential of using low-grade heat in the town's heating networks is shown. The technical aspects of using the reactor's thermal power in a thermal seawater desalination facility are considered. Issues related to the application of the nuclear reactor as a neutron source for implementing modern nuclear technologies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114883883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-12DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2009.028861
A. Barak
Desalination needs energy and saline water as the process raw material. The desalination process where the needed energy is generated by nuclear sources and/or the saline water is supplied from a nuclear installation, such as cooling water from the power unit, is usually called nuclear desalination. Comparing nuclear desalination with alternative water sources in general and to nonnuclear desalination in particular is the main goal of this paper. There are, obviously, advantages and drawbacks for nuclear desalination compared with the alternatives. Projects where those advantages are prominent under site-specific conditions will of course favour nuclear desalination. The following presentation describes the details of the above-stated generality covering these advantages and drawbacks and referring to the potential cases that will justify using nuclear desalination.
{"title":"The role and importance of nuclear desalination","authors":"A. Barak","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2009.028861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2009.028861","url":null,"abstract":"Desalination needs energy and saline water as the process raw material. The desalination process where the needed energy is generated by nuclear sources and/or the saline water is supplied from a nuclear installation, such as cooling water from the power unit, is usually called nuclear desalination. Comparing nuclear desalination with alternative water sources in general and to nonnuclear desalination in particular is the main goal of this paper. There are, obviously, advantages and drawbacks for nuclear desalination compared with the alternatives. Projects where those advantages are prominent under site-specific conditions will of course favour nuclear desalination. The following presentation describes the details of the above-stated generality covering these advantages and drawbacks and referring to the potential cases that will justify using nuclear desalination.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"341 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133971109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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