Nonlinear optical effects in fibers such as optical solitons are closely related to the optical Kerr effect[1]. Calculations are presented here of propagation constants, field distributions and spot sizes, in step index and graded index optical fibers with Kerr- and saturation-type nonlinearities.
{"title":"Accurate Finite Element Analysis of Nonlinear Optical Fibers","authors":"B. Rahman, Yueai Liu, P. A. Buah, K. Grattan","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.we11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.we11","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear optical effects in fibers such as optical solitons are closely related to the optical Kerr effect[1]. Calculations are presented here of propagation constants, field distributions and spot sizes, in step index and graded index optical fibers with Kerr- and saturation-type nonlinearities.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116290584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sol-gel process was used to fabricate optically nonlinear thin films. Organic nonlinear chromophores were incorporated directly into the crosslinked silica network by polymerization of a chromophore containing organosilane, N-[3-(Triethoxysilyl)propyl]-2,4-Dinitrophenylamine. The films were cast by spin coating and the chromophores were oriented by corona-onset poling at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Second harmonic generation coefficients were measured using quartz as a reference and orientational order was studied by spectroscopic absorption measurements. The glass transition temperature of the polymer was controlled by copolymerization of the trifunctional organosilane with the tetrafunctional monomers tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) or tetramethoxy silane (TMOS).
{"title":"Optically Nonlinear Materials via Sol-Gel Processing","authors":"Jongsung Kim, J. Plawsky","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.md30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.md30","url":null,"abstract":"The sol-gel process was used to fabricate optically nonlinear thin films. Organic nonlinear chromophores were incorporated directly into the crosslinked silica network by polymerization of a chromophore containing organosilane, N-[3-(Triethoxysilyl)propyl]-2,4-Dinitrophenylamine. The films were cast by spin coating and the chromophores were oriented by corona-onset poling at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Second harmonic generation coefficients were measured using quartz as a reference and orientational order was studied by spectroscopic absorption measurements. The glass transition temperature of the polymer was controlled by copolymerization of the trifunctional organosilane with the tetrafunctional monomers tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) or tetramethoxy silane (TMOS).","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125605649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. R. Youngdale, J. Meyer, C. Hoffman, F. J. Bartoli, W. I. Wang
We report here the first experimental and theoretical investigation of free carrier nonlinear optical processes in Type-II superlattices with narrow energy gaps. A general analysis of the effects of semiconductor band structure on nonlinear response at long wavelengths shows that the most favorable nonlinearities may be achievable in heterostructures with an indirect band alignment, where the indirectness may be in either real or momentum space.1 One of the most relevant figures of merit for devices is An/a, where An is the nonlinear modulation of the index of refraction and a is the absorption coefficient. However, An is limited in narrow-gap materials such as Hgo.78Cdo.22Te because the large third-order nonlinear susceptibilities (y(3)) observed at CO2 wavelengths tend to severely saturate at high intensities due to the dynamic Burstein shift.2
{"title":"Nonlinear Optical Properties of Narrow-Gap Type-II Superlattices","authors":"E. R. Youngdale, J. Meyer, C. Hoffman, F. J. Bartoli, W. I. Wang","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.wd2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.wd2","url":null,"abstract":"We report here the first experimental and theoretical investigation of free carrier nonlinear optical processes in Type-II superlattices with narrow energy gaps. A general analysis of the effects of semiconductor band structure on nonlinear response at long wavelengths shows that the most favorable nonlinearities may be achievable in heterostructures with an indirect band alignment, where the indirectness may be in either real or momentum space.1 One of the most relevant figures of merit for devices is An/a, where An is the nonlinear modulation of the index of refraction and a is the absorption coefficient. However, An is limited in narrow-gap materials such as Hgo.78Cdo.22Te because the large third-order nonlinear susceptibilities (y(3)) observed at CO2 wavelengths tend to severely saturate at high intensities due to the dynamic Burstein shift.2","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115836803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical parametric oscillators (OPO) and amplifiers (OPA) are powerful solid state sources of broadly tunable coherent radiation capable of covering the entire spectral range from the near uv to the mid ir and can operate down to the femtosecond time domain with broad applications in research and industry. Although the principles of optical parametric processes have been well-known since the early days of quantum electronics, the development of practical optical parametric devices has been hampered by the lack of suitable nonlinear optical materials. As a result of recent advances in nonlinear optical materials research, there has been a resurgence of interest, and rapid progress, in the development and applications of optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers. The basic physics of the optical parametric process and recent results on the development and applications of practical optical parametric devices are reviewed in this talk.
{"title":"Renaissance of Optical Parametric Oscillators and Amplifiers","authors":"C. L. Tang, W. Pelouch, P. Powers, S. Kawasaki","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.tha2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.tha2","url":null,"abstract":"Optical parametric oscillators (OPO) and amplifiers (OPA) are powerful solid state sources of broadly tunable coherent radiation capable of covering the entire spectral range from the near uv to the mid ir and can operate down to the femtosecond time domain with broad applications in research and industry. Although the principles of optical parametric processes have been well-known since the early days of quantum electronics, the development of practical optical parametric devices has been hampered by the lack of suitable nonlinear optical materials. As a result of recent advances in nonlinear optical materials research, there has been a resurgence of interest, and rapid progress, in the development and applications of optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers. The basic physics of the optical parametric process and recent results on the development and applications of practical optical parametric devices are reviewed in this talk.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130158751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Normandin, H. Dai, S. Janz, A. Delâge, J. Brown, F. Chatenoud
When used with conventional communication optical fibers, with a typical core diameter of 8µm, conventional channel waveguides geometries need to present similar thicknesses for good mode overlaps between the two. This has been a difficult goal to achieve with semiconductor waveguides due to their high index of refraction. The waveguides were typically much thinner than the fiber core and, consequently, input efficiencies were quite low. This problem was addressed some time ago with the demonstration of the antiresonant reflecting waveguide (ARROW) geometry(1). Although these are intrinsically leaky waveguides quite acceptable losses were feasible in silicon(2) and GaAs(3) geometries. On the other hand when dealing with nonlinear interactions in semiconductor waveguides, it was realised quickly that in other to maintain acceptable overall efficiencies the waveguide thickness had to be kept unreasonably small (4). This obviously led to input coupling difficulties. In our previous work, presented two years ago at this topical meeting (5), we demonstrated a new multilayer AIGaAs waveguide geometry with surface harmonic emission efficiencies well above what was possible in uniform films. This led to the development of several devices (6,7) such as correlators, spectrometers and intracavity diode laser second harmonic generators(8). However, little attention has been given to the problem of fiber input coupling to the nonlinear waveguide. We present the first results, to our knowledge, of multi-layer core ARROW waveguides and their use in nonlinear harmonic generation. There has been little mention of the ARROW geometry in a nonlinear context, with the recent exception of inter-guide coupling(9), since they tend to be thick guiding structures.
{"title":"Multilayer, Nonlinear Arrow Waveguides for Surface Emitted Sum-Frequency Mixing","authors":"R. Normandin, H. Dai, S. Janz, A. Delâge, J. Brown, F. Chatenoud","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.pd12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.pd12","url":null,"abstract":"When used with conventional communication optical fibers, with a typical core diameter of 8µm, conventional channel waveguides geometries need to present similar thicknesses for good mode overlaps between the two. This has been a difficult goal to achieve with semiconductor waveguides due to their high index of refraction. The waveguides were typically much thinner than the fiber core and, consequently, input efficiencies were quite low. This problem was addressed some time ago with the demonstration of the antiresonant reflecting waveguide (ARROW) geometry(1). Although these are intrinsically leaky waveguides quite acceptable losses were feasible in silicon(2) and GaAs(3) geometries. On the other hand when dealing with nonlinear interactions in semiconductor waveguides, it was realised quickly that in other to maintain acceptable overall efficiencies the waveguide thickness had to be kept unreasonably small (4). This obviously led to input coupling difficulties. In our previous work, presented two years ago at this topical meeting (5), we demonstrated a new multilayer AIGaAs waveguide geometry with surface harmonic emission efficiencies well above what was possible in uniform films. This led to the development of several devices (6,7) such as correlators, spectrometers and intracavity diode laser second harmonic generators(8). However, little attention has been given to the problem of fiber input coupling to the nonlinear waveguide. We present the first results, to our knowledge, of multi-layer core ARROW waveguides and their use in nonlinear harmonic generation. There has been little mention of the ARROW geometry in a nonlinear context, with the recent exception of inter-guide coupling(9), since they tend to be thick guiding structures.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128928576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photo-induced light scattering in photorefractive materials has been extensively studied due to the wide variety of applications that utilize this effect, such as optical limiters, self-pumped phase conjugate mirrors, unidirectional ring oscillators and bistable optical devices [1-4].
{"title":"Analysis of Transient Beam Fanning in Photorefractive Media","authors":"P. Banerjee, Jaw-Jueh Liu","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.md15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.md15","url":null,"abstract":"Photo-induced light scattering in photorefractive materials has been extensively studied due to the wide variety of applications that utilize this effect, such as optical limiters, self-pumped phase conjugate mirrors, unidirectional ring oscillators and bistable optical devices [1-4].","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130690347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dispersive optical bistability in a Fabry-Perot, a distributed feedback (DFB), or a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), semiconductor laser amplifier has recently attracted much attention, because of its potential in the operation of highly functional optical devices. While the steady-state operation of bistable diode laser amplifiers are well understood, studies of the dynamic properties have been limited to switching time, critical slowing down and output spiking measurements[1-3]. Little attention has been paid to the dynamic frequency chirp which is associated with the turn-on spike at the onset of light injection. Such frequency chirp exists because in dispersive bistability the Fabry-Perot resonance (or the DBR/DFB transmission peak) sweeps through the injected wavelength as a result of alight induced refractive index change. In this paper, we report on a theoretical analysis and the first experimental observation of this dynamic chirp in a Fabry-Perot type nonlinear semiconductor laser amplifier. It is found that the magnitude of the chirp depends on the input power, which in turn is related to critical slowing down.
{"title":"Observation of Dynamic Frequency Chirp in Bistable Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers","authors":"Z. Pan, M. Dagenais","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.we6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.we6","url":null,"abstract":"Dispersive optical bistability in a Fabry-Perot, a distributed feedback (DFB), or a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), semiconductor laser amplifier has recently attracted much attention, because of its potential in the operation of highly functional optical devices. While the steady-state operation of bistable diode laser amplifiers are well understood, studies of the dynamic properties have been limited to switching time, critical slowing down and output spiking measurements[1-3]. Little attention has been paid to the dynamic frequency chirp which is associated with the turn-on spike at the onset of light injection. Such frequency chirp exists because in dispersive bistability the Fabry-Perot resonance (or the DBR/DFB transmission peak) sweeps through the injected wavelength as a result of alight induced refractive index change. In this paper, we report on a theoretical analysis and the first experimental observation of this dynamic chirp in a Fabry-Perot type nonlinear semiconductor laser amplifier. It is found that the magnitude of the chirp depends on the input power, which in turn is related to critical slowing down.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132427114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. McCallum, A. N. Cartwright, T. Boggess, A. Smirl, T. Moise, L. Guido, R. Barker
Extremely large optical nonlinearities have been predicted1 in strained quantum wells and superlattices composed of zincblende materials grown on substrates oriented in directions other than (100). In such materials, the strain produces a piezo-electric field along the growth direction, which Stark shifts the excitonic resonances to lower energies. The nonlinearity then arises from a blue shift of the exciton as this strain-induced field is screened by the redistribution of photogenerated charge within the quantum wells. Recently, the existence and screening of these fields has been demonstrated2,3 and the first measurements of the optical nonlinearity reported4. Specifically, in the latter studies4, optical nonlinearities were measured in In0.15Ga0.85As/GaAs multiple quantum wells oriented in the (211) direction that were approximately one order of magnitude larger than those of a similar structure grown in the (100) direction and roughly an order of magnitude larger than those previously reported in multiple quantum well structures.
{"title":"Magnitude and Evolution of Piezo-electric Nonlinearities in (111)-Oriented Strained Multiple Quantum Wells","authors":"D. McCallum, A. N. Cartwright, T. Boggess, A. Smirl, T. Moise, L. Guido, R. Barker","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.wd3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.wd3","url":null,"abstract":"Extremely large optical nonlinearities have been predicted1 in strained quantum wells and superlattices composed of zincblende materials grown on substrates oriented in directions other than (100). In such materials, the strain produces a piezo-electric field along the growth direction, which Stark shifts the excitonic resonances to lower energies. The nonlinearity then arises from a blue shift of the exciton as this strain-induced field is screened by the redistribution of photogenerated charge within the quantum wells. Recently, the existence and screening of these fields has been demonstrated2,3 and the first measurements of the optical nonlinearity reported4. Specifically, in the latter studies4, optical nonlinearities were measured in In0.15Ga0.85As/GaAs multiple quantum wells oriented in the (211) direction that were approximately one order of magnitude larger than those of a similar structure grown in the (100) direction and roughly an order of magnitude larger than those previously reported in multiple quantum well structures.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115724768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The characteristics of nonlinear thin film etalons and interference filters are being studied because of their potential use as optical logical elements1. Low-power optical bistability in thin film nonlinear interference filters has been demonstrated at room temperature using zinc sulphide (ZnS) and zinc selenide2 (ZnSe). These bistable devices rely on electronic nonlinearities to operate. A switching power of 5 mW and switching speeds of 1 ms - 10 μs are typical for these devices.
{"title":"A Critical Phenomenon-Based Optical Bistability in Vanadium Dioxide","authors":"R. S. Rana, D. Nolte, F. A. Chudnovskiǐ","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.md5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.md5","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of nonlinear thin film etalons and interference filters are being studied because of their potential use as optical logical elements1. Low-power optical bistability in thin film nonlinear interference filters has been demonstrated at room temperature using zinc sulphide (ZnS) and zinc selenide2 (ZnSe). These bistable devices rely on electronic nonlinearities to operate. A switching power of 5 mW and switching speeds of 1 ms - 10 μs are typical for these devices.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124326457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The generation of an optically phase conjugated signal in four-wave-mixing (FWM) is usually interpreted1–2 as a coherent addition of diffracted waves from the grating structures formed in the nonlinear optical medium by the pump beams. In this paper, optical phase conjugation (OPC) is analyzed from a different point of view, namely, that of potential scattering. The optical medium acts as a "potential” which scatters the incoming probe wave nonlinearly into the conjugate signal, the potential being generated by the counterpropagating pump waves. It is shown that in this picture, transient OPC is described by the Zakharov-Shabat eigenvalue problem3 (ZSP) which is the linear scattering problem for a class of evolution equations such as the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The methodology of the inverse scattering transform3-4 (1ST) can thus be used to analyze the problem. Many of the well established results of OPC are rederived in this paper using this approach along with some new ones. Moreover, an inverse scattering problem is posed regarding the time evolution of the potential which directly reflects the molecular dynamics involved.
{"title":"Optical Phase Conjugation As Zakharov-Shabat Problem","authors":"D. G. Ghosh Roy, D. V. Rao","doi":"10.1364/nlo.1992.tud28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.tud28","url":null,"abstract":"The generation of an optically phase conjugated signal in four-wave-mixing (FWM) is usually interpreted1–2 as a coherent addition of diffracted waves from the grating structures formed in the nonlinear optical medium by the pump beams. In this paper, optical phase conjugation (OPC) is analyzed from a different point of view, namely, that of potential scattering. The optical medium acts as a \"potential” which scatters the incoming probe wave nonlinearly into the conjugate signal, the potential being generated by the counterpropagating pump waves. It is shown that in this picture, transient OPC is described by the Zakharov-Shabat eigenvalue problem3 (ZSP) which is the linear scattering problem for a class of evolution equations such as the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The methodology of the inverse scattering transform3-4 (1ST) can thus be used to analyze the problem. Many of the well established results of OPC are rederived in this paper using this approach along with some new ones. Moreover, an inverse scattering problem is posed regarding the time evolution of the potential which directly reflects the molecular dynamics involved.","PeriodicalId":219832,"journal":{"name":"Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114800029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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