M. Jaeschke, S. Audibert, P. Caneghem, A. Humphreys, R. Rosmalen, Q. Pellei, J. Schouten, J. Michels
{"title":"Simplified GERG Virial Equation for Field Use (include associated paper 23568 )","authors":"M. Jaeschke, S. Audibert, P. Caneghem, A. Humphreys, R. Rosmalen, Q. Pellei, J. Schouten, J. Michels","doi":"10.2118/17767-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/17767-PA","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"42 1","pages":"350-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85468234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on the engineering properties of foamed-cement slurries that were studied in detail with an original methodology based on new equipment. With this laboratory equipment, foamed cement can be mixed and characterized at pressures and temperatures representative of field conditions and at densities as low as 400 kg/m{sup 3}. The pressure and shear field under which a foam is generated are found to have a strong effect on bubble-size distribution (BSD), permeability, and to a lesser extent, compressive strength. Data on thickening time, fluid loss, and the effect of temperature on foam properties are also presented. A better understanding of foamed-cement properties allows optimization of job design so that prescribed pressure and density profiles in the column are achieved both during circulation and after placement. Critical design parameters are identified and their relative influence is shown through a case study.
{"title":"Foamed-Cement Characterization Under Downhole Conditions and Its Impact on Job Design","authors":"J. Rozières, R. Ferriere","doi":"10.2118/19935-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19935-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the engineering properties of foamed-cement slurries that were studied in detail with an original methodology based on new equipment. With this laboratory equipment, foamed cement can be mixed and characterized at pressures and temperatures representative of field conditions and at densities as low as 400 kg/m{sup 3}. The pressure and shear field under which a foam is generated are found to have a strong effect on bubble-size distribution (BSD), permeability, and to a lesser extent, compressive strength. Data on thickening time, fluid loss, and the effect of temperature on foam properties are also presented. A better understanding of foamed-cement properties allows optimization of job design so that prescribed pressure and density profiles in the column are achieved both during circulation and after placement. Critical design parameters are identified and their relative influence is shown through a case study.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"429 1","pages":"297-304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72588063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Downhole Casing Corrosion Monitoring and Interpretation Techniques To Evaluate Corrosion in Multiple Casing Strings","authors":"M. Watfa","doi":"10.2118/17931-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/17931-PA","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"72 1","pages":"283-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81748066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the ever-growing demand for more efficient dehydration and desalting of crude oil, classic demulsifiers no longer perform satisfactorily in most cases, and new chemical systems are required. This paper describes emulsion breakers, generally polyester amines, and gives detailed laboratory studies of their advantages over classic demulsifiers: more complete migration to the interface, improved emulsion breaking and coalescence, improved effluent water quality, and partial corrosion inhibition. These new demulsifiers combined with classic emulsion breakers have been successfully tested.
{"title":"Improved Demulsifier Chemistry: A Novel Approach in the Dehydration of Crude Oil","authors":"F. Staiss, R. Böhm, R. Kupfer","doi":"10.2118/18481-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/18481-PA","url":null,"abstract":"With the ever-growing demand for more efficient dehydration and desalting of crude oil, classic demulsifiers no longer perform satisfactorily in most cases, and new chemical systems are required. This paper describes emulsion breakers, generally polyester amines, and gives detailed laboratory studies of their advantages over classic demulsifiers: more complete migration to the interface, improved emulsion breaking and coalescence, improved effluent water quality, and partial corrosion inhibition. These new demulsifiers combined with classic emulsion breakers have been successfully tested.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"14 1","pages":"334-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90770612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large-scale testing of the settling behavior of propants in fracturing fluids was conducted with a slot configuration to model realistically the conditions observed in a hydraulic fracture. The test apparatus consists of a 1/2{times}8-in. (1.3{times}20.3-cm) rectangular slot 141/2 ft (4.4m) high, faced with Plexiglas and equipped with pressure taps at 1-ft (1.3m) intervals. This configuration allows both qualitive visual observations and quantitative density measurements for calculation of proppant concentrations and settling velocities. In this paper, the authors examine uncrosslinked hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) fluids, as well as crosslinked guar, HPG, and carboxymethyl HPG (CMHPG) systems. Sand loadings of 2 to 15 lbm/gal (240 to 1797 kg/m{sup 3}) (3 to 40 vol% of solids) were tested. Experimental results were compared with the predictions of existing particle-settling models for a 40-lbm/1,000-gal (4.8-kg/m{sub 3}) HPG fluid system.
{"title":"Static Proppant-Settling Characteristics of Non-Newtonian Fracturing Fluids in a Large-Scale Test Model","authors":"D. McMechan, Subhash N. Shah","doi":"10.2118/19735-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19735-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale testing of the settling behavior of propants in fracturing fluids was conducted with a slot configuration to model realistically the conditions observed in a hydraulic fracture. The test apparatus consists of a 1/2{times}8-in. (1.3{times}20.3-cm) rectangular slot 141/2 ft (4.4m) high, faced with Plexiglas and equipped with pressure taps at 1-ft (1.3m) intervals. This configuration allows both qualitive visual observations and quantitative density measurements for calculation of proppant concentrations and settling velocities. In this paper, the authors examine uncrosslinked hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) fluids, as well as crosslinked guar, HPG, and carboxymethyl HPG (CMHPG) systems. Sand loadings of 2 to 15 lbm/gal (240 to 1797 kg/m{sup 3}) (3 to 40 vol% of solids) were tested. Experimental results were compared with the predictions of existing particle-settling models for a 40-lbm/1,000-gal (4.8-kg/m{sub 3}) HPG fluid system.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"305-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77042674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Downhole gauges installed in Block 16/21 in the North Sea have given invaluable real-time data during extended well testing. These data have improved our understanding of Balmoral and Glamis well and reservoir behavior in the early stages of production. The long-term reliability of these systems has been disappointing. The authors of this paper hope that experience gained with these systems will help others considering their use or contemplating further development of downhole pressure systems.
{"title":"Use and application of permanent downhole pressure gauges in the Balmoral field and satellite structures","authors":"C. E. Shepherd, P. Neve, D. C. Wilson","doi":"10.2118/20831-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20831-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Downhole gauges installed in Block 16/21 in the North Sea have given invaluable real-time data during extended well testing. These data have improved our understanding of Balmoral and Glamis well and reservoir behavior in the early stages of production. The long-term reliability of these systems has been disappointing. The authors of this paper hope that experience gained with these systems will help others considering their use or contemplating further development of downhole pressure systems.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"271-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89085331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real-gas corrections in the expansibility factor are expressed by an equation of state (EOS). In this paper a virial EOS is introduced, with low-order virial coefficients calculated from a cubic EOS. The approach is composition-independent. EOS-dependent cancellations between real-gas effects are revealed. The current Intl. Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard is not always reliable for high-accuracy orifice measurements of gases with arbitrary composition.
{"title":"Real-gas effects in the expansibility factor for subsonic differential-pressure flowmeters at high pressure","authors":"J. Finjord","doi":"10.2118/17771-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/17771-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Real-gas corrections in the expansibility factor are expressed by an equation of state (EOS). In this paper a virial EOS is introduced, with low-order virial coefficients calculated from a cubic EOS. The approach is composition-independent. EOS-dependent cancellations between real-gas effects are revealed. The current Intl. Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard is not always reliable for high-accuracy orifice measurements of gases with arbitrary composition.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"73 1","pages":"339-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90574649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on conventional adsorption scale-inhibitor squeezes and newer equilibrium squeezes that have successfully prevented downhole scale at the Ninian field. A mathematical model matched or underpredicted the lifetime of the adsorption squeezes. Underprediction probably resulted from the exclusion of real phenomena, such as fluid crossflow and inhibitor precipitation. Both the model and the field data suggest that the most important design factor that determines squeeze life is the total amount of scale inhibitor injected. Equilibrium squeezes use a unique product that yields a longer treatment lifetime when designed properly. This process is more difficult to implement; it requires careful planning and quality control to be successful.
{"title":"Prevention of Downhole Scale Deposition in the Ninian Field","authors":"P. Shuler, W. H. Jenkins","doi":"10.2118/19263-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19263-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on conventional adsorption scale-inhibitor squeezes and newer equilibrium squeezes that have successfully prevented downhole scale at the Ninian field. A mathematical model matched or underpredicted the lifetime of the adsorption squeezes. Underprediction probably resulted from the exclusion of real phenomena, such as fluid crossflow and inhibitor precipitation. Both the model and the field data suggest that the most important design factor that determines squeeze life is the total amount of scale inhibitor injected. Equilibrium squeezes use a unique product that yields a longer treatment lifetime when designed properly. This process is more difficult to implement; it requires careful planning and quality control to be successful.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":"221-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80077945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the design criteria, performance characteristics, and calibration procedures relating to a turbine-meter flow-calibration facility used in the high-volume custody transfer of natural gas. The facility, located in Venice, LA, is owned and operated by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. and is used to meter sales volumes of up to 500 MMscf/D (14.16 {times} 10 std m{sup 3}/d) at a nominal operating pressure of 1,000 psig (6.9 MPa). The system includes three 12-in. (30.48 cm) turbine meters used for sales-volume measurement, a bank of sonic nozzles, and a master turbine meter connected in series with the sales meters. The sonic nozzles and master meter serve as flow-proving and -calibration devices. sonic nozzles are recommended by the turbine-meter standard for meter calibration. This paper examines the performance of on-site calibration of gas turbine meters. The Venice facility successfully demonstrated that on-site calibration of gas-metering devices can ensure accurate gas-flow measurement under field conditions.
{"title":"On-site flow calibration of turbine meters for natural gas custody transfer","authors":"V. C. Ting, L. L. Schexnayder, D. Conkling","doi":"10.2118/19076-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/19076-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design criteria, performance characteristics, and calibration procedures relating to a turbine-meter flow-calibration facility used in the high-volume custody transfer of natural gas. The facility, located in Venice, LA, is owned and operated by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. and is used to meter sales volumes of up to 500 MMscf/D (14.16 {times} 10 std m{sup 3}/d) at a nominal operating pressure of 1,000 psig (6.9 MPa). The system includes three 12-in. (30.48 cm) turbine meters used for sales-volume measurement, a bank of sonic nozzles, and a master turbine meter connected in series with the sales meters. The sonic nozzles and master meter serve as flow-proving and -calibration devices. sonic nozzles are recommended by the turbine-meter standard for meter calibration. This paper examines the performance of on-site calibration of gas turbine meters. The Venice facility successfully demonstrated that on-site calibration of gas-metering devices can ensure accurate gas-flow measurement under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"161-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84590018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on a variable-frequency drive (VFD) used to change the speed of beam-pump motors that was tested on seven wells to control the rate of oil pumping. Increased power consumption was observed, but on certain wells, increased production rates can result in overall benefits.
{"title":"Field Testing of Variable-Speed Beam-Pump Computer Control","authors":"C. G. Guffey, J. Rogers, L. Hester","doi":"10.2118/20123-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/20123-PA","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on a variable-frequency drive (VFD) used to change the speed of beam-pump motors that was tested on seven wells to control the rate of oil pumping. Increased power consumption was observed, but on certain wells, increased production rates can result in overall benefits.","PeriodicalId":22020,"journal":{"name":"Spe Production Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"155-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73253796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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