Pub Date : 2024-09-15DOI: 10.1088/2051-672x/ad71e3
Xuewen Zhang, Hongrui Jing, Ying Yang, Zexin Zhong, Xiang Li and Yu Liu
Ti alloy has become an indispensable material in harsh working environments due to its excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance and impact resistance. These environments place stringent requirements on the fatigue life, friction and wear, and surface strength of materials. Therefore, this study aims to deeply explore the surface mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy after machine hammer peening (MHP) treatment. By conducting experiments on TC4 alloys treated with different hammering energies, the changes in surface hardness, morphology, roughness, tensile properties, and friction properties were analyzed, and the strengthening mechanism of MHP was discussed. Experimental results show that MHP treatment can effectively improve the surface properties of TC4. With the increase of hammer energy, due to the double-sided hammering of the plate, the microhardness first increases, then decreases, and then rises again. The tensile strength and yield strength of the sample increase slightly, but the elongation at break decreases. The surface roughness of the sample increases first and then decreases. Similarly, after MHP treatment, the wear resistance of the samples increased, the friction coefficient decreased, and the wear amount and surface height difference showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The wear mechanism mainly included adhesive wear, abrasive wear and fatigue wear.
{"title":"The microhardness, morphology and tribological property of TC4 subjected to machine hammer peening","authors":"Xuewen Zhang, Hongrui Jing, Ying Yang, Zexin Zhong, Xiang Li and Yu Liu","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad71e3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad71e3","url":null,"abstract":"Ti alloy has become an indispensable material in harsh working environments due to its excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance and impact resistance. These environments place stringent requirements on the fatigue life, friction and wear, and surface strength of materials. Therefore, this study aims to deeply explore the surface mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy after machine hammer peening (MHP) treatment. By conducting experiments on TC4 alloys treated with different hammering energies, the changes in surface hardness, morphology, roughness, tensile properties, and friction properties were analyzed, and the strengthening mechanism of MHP was discussed. Experimental results show that MHP treatment can effectively improve the surface properties of TC4. With the increase of hammer energy, due to the double-sided hammering of the plate, the microhardness first increases, then decreases, and then rises again. The tensile strength and yield strength of the sample increase slightly, but the elongation at break decreases. The surface roughness of the sample increases first and then decreases. Similarly, after MHP treatment, the wear resistance of the samples increased, the friction coefficient decreased, and the wear amount and surface height difference showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The wear mechanism mainly included adhesive wear, abrasive wear and fatigue wear.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In mixed lubrication, the interplay of lubricant flows, solid asperity contact, and material wear between tooth surfaces creates complex and unpredictable contact states on tooth surface. To comprehensively understand the interaction between the lubrication and wear characteristics of the rough tooth surfaces of helical gears, this study established a mixed lubrication sliding wear calculation model for helical gears based on the mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model and Archard’s model. Specifically, the study aimed to examine the effects of surface topography features on average film thickness, contact area ratio, and accumulated wear at the meshing point. The findings demonstrated that the texture and power spectral density distributions of a non-Gaussian reconstructed surface closely resembled those of the actual ground surface. Furthermore, for non-Gaussian rough surfaces, a larger wavelength ratio enhanced microwedge motion, which increased film thickness and reduced wear. Additionally, a negatively skewed surface demonstrated better lubrication performance compared to both positively skewed and Gaussian surfaces. This improved performance is evident in the smaller contact area ratio and lower accumulated wear value of the negatively skewed surface.
{"title":"Evolution of tooth surface morphology and tribological properties of helical gears during mixed lubrication sliding wear","authors":"Jiang Zhao, Chenbo Ma, Zhengminqing Li, Xiaofeng Yu and Wei Sheng","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad76c3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad76c3","url":null,"abstract":"In mixed lubrication, the interplay of lubricant flows, solid asperity contact, and material wear between tooth surfaces creates complex and unpredictable contact states on tooth surface. To comprehensively understand the interaction between the lubrication and wear characteristics of the rough tooth surfaces of helical gears, this study established a mixed lubrication sliding wear calculation model for helical gears based on the mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model and Archard’s model. Specifically, the study aimed to examine the effects of surface topography features on average film thickness, contact area ratio, and accumulated wear at the meshing point. The findings demonstrated that the texture and power spectral density distributions of a non-Gaussian reconstructed surface closely resembled those of the actual ground surface. Furthermore, for non-Gaussian rough surfaces, a larger wavelength ratio enhanced microwedge motion, which increased film thickness and reduced wear. Additionally, a negatively skewed surface demonstrated better lubrication performance compared to both positively skewed and Gaussian surfaces. This improved performance is evident in the smaller contact area ratio and lower accumulated wear value of the negatively skewed surface.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1088/2051-672x/ad76c2
M Saravana Kumar, N Jeyaprakash and Che-Hua Yang
Copper alloy bearings, gears, and fasteners have a significant impact on industrial sectors. However, due to the defect formation and void generation during the manufacturing of copper alloy parts using (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) LPBF technique, the wear resistance of the copper alloy was significantly affected. Hence, the prime novelty of the current research is enhancing wear resistance by analyzing the interaction of combined LPBF parameters. In order to decrease cavity forms and reduce the wear rate of the printed Cu alloy components, the important LPBF process parameters such as Scan Velocity (SV) of 550, 750, and 950 mm s−1, Laser Power (LP) of 460, 540, and 620 W, and Re-melting Range (RR) of 5, 25, and 45% were selected and studied. The results of the experimental investigation were supported by the use of Grey Relation Analysis (GRA). A comparative study was conducted with five distinct parameter combinations to investigate the relative influence of each parameter on the relative density, wear rate and elastic modulus. The research findings verify that the application of optimal SV of 750 mm s−1 and RR of 45% with maximum LP of 460 W resulted in the maximum relative density of 99.91%, minimal wear rate of 0.52 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, and maximum elastic modulus of 140.22 GPa.
{"title":"Analysis of co-relation on LPBF process parameter on wear characteristics of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy","authors":"M Saravana Kumar, N Jeyaprakash and Che-Hua Yang","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad76c2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad76c2","url":null,"abstract":"Copper alloy bearings, gears, and fasteners have a significant impact on industrial sectors. However, due to the defect formation and void generation during the manufacturing of copper alloy parts using (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) LPBF technique, the wear resistance of the copper alloy was significantly affected. Hence, the prime novelty of the current research is enhancing wear resistance by analyzing the interaction of combined LPBF parameters. In order to decrease cavity forms and reduce the wear rate of the printed Cu alloy components, the important LPBF process parameters such as Scan Velocity (SV) of 550, 750, and 950 mm s−1, Laser Power (LP) of 460, 540, and 620 W, and Re-melting Range (RR) of 5, 25, and 45% were selected and studied. The results of the experimental investigation were supported by the use of Grey Relation Analysis (GRA). A comparative study was conducted with five distinct parameter combinations to investigate the relative influence of each parameter on the relative density, wear rate and elastic modulus. The research findings verify that the application of optimal SV of 750 mm s−1 and RR of 45% with maximum LP of 460 W resulted in the maximum relative density of 99.91%, minimal wear rate of 0.52 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, and maximum elastic modulus of 140.22 GPa.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1088/2051-672x/ad7523
Ke Ding, Chunlin Wu, Miao Luo, Zhilong Su, Hu Ding, Yimin Ye and Dongsheng Zhang
Fringe projection profilometry is a powerful tool that is widely applied to shape measurement of objects in engineering. Limited by the light intensity of the projection unit, this technique is difficult to be applied to surface inspection of large structures, especially in outdoor applications. In this study, a line laser source is selected as the light projection unit. The line laser beam is controlled to scan the surface with the predefined angular speed while a stationary imaging unit captures images. An image fusion strategy has been proposed to construct grating images with a constant phase shift, which facilitates full-field phase shifting in determination of the structural profile. The accuracy of the measurement method is discussed and compared with a commercial 3D laser scanner. The proposed technique has also been applied to the surface topography of the wind turbine blades. The experimental results show that the bulging defects on the surface of the wind turbine blade model are detectable, which shows the feasibility of the proposed method in characterization of surface profile on large structures.
{"title":"Surface profile inspection for large structures with laser scanning","authors":"Ke Ding, Chunlin Wu, Miao Luo, Zhilong Su, Hu Ding, Yimin Ye and Dongsheng Zhang","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad7523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad7523","url":null,"abstract":"Fringe projection profilometry is a powerful tool that is widely applied to shape measurement of objects in engineering. Limited by the light intensity of the projection unit, this technique is difficult to be applied to surface inspection of large structures, especially in outdoor applications. In this study, a line laser source is selected as the light projection unit. The line laser beam is controlled to scan the surface with the predefined angular speed while a stationary imaging unit captures images. An image fusion strategy has been proposed to construct grating images with a constant phase shift, which facilitates full-field phase shifting in determination of the structural profile. The accuracy of the measurement method is discussed and compared with a commercial 3D laser scanner. The proposed technique has also been applied to the surface topography of the wind turbine blades. The experimental results show that the bulging defects on the surface of the wind turbine blade model are detectable, which shows the feasibility of the proposed method in characterization of surface profile on large structures.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1088/2051-672x/ad6f2e
François Blateyron and Stéphane Breton
Editors of surface texture analysis software need to validate their parameter calculations, ideally in an implementation-independent way. Today, there is no universal reference method for validating parameter compliance and more specifically with regard to material ratio parameters, Rk parameters, and volume parameters that are based on the Abbott curve. Several years ago, at Digital Surf, we developed parameter validation methods that are based on mathematics. A mathematical softgauge, defined by an equation, is injected through the mathematical parameter definition, to obtain a mathematical true value of the parameter value. In a parallel path, a discrete softgauge, derived from the mathematical softgauge, is injected through an algorithm and the resulting value is compared to the approximated true value. This method makes it possible to check the accuracy of an algorithm for calculating a particular parameter. For this study, two families of mathematical softgauges were specifically designed to test material ratio parameters. More precisely, the two main goals of this study are, (1) to advocate an algorithm validation approach that is independent from any software implementation, and (2) to obtain true values for all parameters based on the Abbott curve.
表面纹理分析软件的编辑需要验证其参数计算，最好是以独立于实施的方式进行验证。目前，还没有通用的参考方法来验证参数是否符合要求，特别是基于阿伯特曲线的材料比参数、Rk 参数和体积参数。几年前，在 Digital Surf，我们开发了基于数学的参数验证方法。通过数学参数定义注入一个由方程式定义的数学软测量仪，以获得参数值的数学真值。在平行路径中，通过算法注入从数学软测量导出的离散软测量，并将得到的值与近似真值进行比较。通过这种方法，可以检查算法计算特定参数的准确性。本研究专门设计了两个数学软测量仪系列来测试材料配比参数。更确切地说，本研究的两个主要目标是：(1) 提倡一种独立于任何软件实施的算法验证方法；(2) 根据阿博特曲线获得所有参数的真实值。
{"title":"Mathematical softgauges for material ratio parameters","authors":"François Blateyron and Stéphane Breton","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad6f2e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad6f2e","url":null,"abstract":"Editors of surface texture analysis software need to validate their parameter calculations, ideally in an implementation-independent way. Today, there is no universal reference method for validating parameter compliance and more specifically with regard to material ratio parameters, Rk parameters, and volume parameters that are based on the Abbott curve. Several years ago, at Digital Surf, we developed parameter validation methods that are based on mathematics. A mathematical softgauge, defined by an equation, is injected through the mathematical parameter definition, to obtain a mathematical true value of the parameter value. In a parallel path, a discrete softgauge, derived from the mathematical softgauge, is injected through an algorithm and the resulting value is compared to the approximated true value. This method makes it possible to check the accuracy of an algorithm for calculating a particular parameter. For this study, two families of mathematical softgauges were specifically designed to test material ratio parameters. More precisely, the two main goals of this study are, (1) to advocate an algorithm validation approach that is independent from any software implementation, and (2) to obtain true values for all parameters based on the Abbott curve.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Microarc Oxidation (MAO) layer on titanium alloy was mainly composed of TiO2, and there were some defects, such as holes and cracks, which made the performance of the MAO layer not ideal. To enhance the properties of the MAO layer, titanium carbide (TiC) particles were added to the electrolyte of a phosphate–silicate system as an additive. Consequently, the MAO layers containing the TiC phase on Ti6Al4V alloy were produced. The MAO process, composition, microstructure, and hardness of the MAO layer were comprehensively analyzed. Their frictional performance was assessed under reciprocating friction conditions without lubrication. The findings suggested that added TiC particles in the electrolyte played a significant role in creating the MAO layer, enhancing its thickness. The electrolyte without TiC particles produced an MAO layer primarily composed of TiO2 in two different mineral forms (rutile and anatase). Adding TiC particles resulted in the presence of TiC within the MAO layer, thereby facilitating the formation of a reinforced oxide layer. This addition also led to an improvement in the densification of the layer and a reduction in porosity. Notably, corrosion resistance testing indicated that incorporating 6 g l−1 TiC into the electrolyte resulted in superior performance compared with that obtained from the base electrolyte alone by achieving 1.4 times higher corrosion resistance. Moreover, a hardness value of 690 HV for the MAO layer was attained at a content level of 9 g l−1 TiC, demonstrating a significant 65% enhancement compared to the base oxide layer. This finding also demonstrated significantly enhanced friction property with a wear-volume reduction to 0.81 mm3. The findings on the relationship between the preparation of the MAO layer and its structure and properties can provide valuable guidance for designing and preparing the MAO layer.
钛合金上的微弧氧化（MAO）层主要由二氧化钛（TiO2）组成，存在一些缺陷，如孔洞和裂纹，这使得 MAO 层的性能并不理想。为了提高 MAO 层的性能，在磷酸盐-硅酸盐体系的电解液中加入了碳化钛（TiC）颗粒作为添加剂。因此，在 Ti6Al4V 合金上产生了含有 TiC 相的 MAO 层。对 MAO 层的 MAO 过程、成分、微观结构和硬度进行了全面分析。在无润滑的往复摩擦条件下，对其摩擦性能进行了评估。研究结果表明，电解液中添加的 TiC 粒子在生成 MAO 层、增加其厚度方面发挥了重要作用。不含 TiC 粒子的电解液产生的 MAO 层主要由两种不同矿物形态（金红石型和锐钛矿型）的 TiO2 组成。加入 TiC 粒子后，MAO 层中出现了 TiC，从而促进了强化氧化物层的形成。这种添加还改善了氧化层的致密性并降低了孔隙率。值得注意的是，耐腐蚀性测试表明，在电解液中添加 6 g l-1 TiC 比单独使用基础电解液的性能更优，耐腐蚀性提高了 1.4 倍。此外，在 9 g l-1 TiC 的含量水平下，MAO 层的硬度值达到了 690 HV，与基底氧化层相比显著提高了 65%。这一研究结果还表明，摩擦性能显著增强，磨损体积减少到 0.81 立方毫米。有关制备 MAO 层与其结构和性能之间关系的研究结果可为设计和制备 MAO 层提供有价值的指导。
{"title":"Influence of titanium carbide particles on the characteristics of microarc oxidation layer on Ti6Al4V alloy","authors":"Leyu Wei, Yufei Shao, Wenqiang Li, Zaiqiang Feng, Zhenwei Yan, Feng Wang, Ningning Li, Gang Li, Mingqi Tang","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad73ec","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad73ec","url":null,"abstract":"The Microarc Oxidation (MAO) layer on titanium alloy was mainly composed of TiO<sub>2</sub>, and there were some defects, such as holes and cracks, which made the performance of the MAO layer not ideal. To enhance the properties of the MAO layer, titanium carbide (TiC) particles were added to the electrolyte of a phosphate–silicate system as an additive. Consequently, the MAO layers containing the TiC phase on Ti6Al4V alloy were produced. The MAO process, composition, microstructure, and hardness of the MAO layer were comprehensively analyzed. Their frictional performance was assessed under reciprocating friction conditions without lubrication. The findings suggested that added TiC particles in the electrolyte played a significant role in creating the MAO layer, enhancing its thickness. The electrolyte without TiC particles produced an MAO layer primarily composed of TiO<sub>2</sub> in two different mineral forms (rutile and anatase). Adding TiC particles resulted in the presence of TiC within the MAO layer, thereby facilitating the formation of a reinforced oxide layer. This addition also led to an improvement in the densification of the layer and a reduction in porosity. Notably, corrosion resistance testing indicated that incorporating 6 g l<sup>−1</sup> TiC into the electrolyte resulted in superior performance compared with that obtained from the base electrolyte alone by achieving 1.4 times higher corrosion resistance. Moreover, a hardness value of 690 HV for the MAO layer was attained at a content level of 9 g l<sup>−1</sup> TiC, demonstrating a significant 65% enhancement compared to the base oxide layer. This finding also demonstrated significantly enhanced friction property with a wear-volume reduction to 0.81 mm<sup>3</sup>. The findings on the relationship between the preparation of the MAO layer and its structure and properties can provide valuable guidance for designing and preparing the MAO layer.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1088/2051-672x/ad6bab
Samuel A N Silva, Francisco J Profito, Henara L Costa
This study investigates the mixed lubrication performance of various surface texture configurations in the piston ring/cylinder liner conjunction of a two-stroke internal combustion engine using a deterministic mixed lubrication model. The numerical model simultaneously solves the Reynolds equation with mass-conserving cavitation to calculate inter-asperity hydrodynamic pressures and an elastic, perfectly plastic, rough contact model to determine contact pressures at each asperity interaction. Gaussian Mixture Model clustering was employed to enhance surface characterization. The deterministic simulation approach considers the full-scale representation of the cylinder liner topography to accurately capture the influence of surface features on the hydrodynamic support and friction under mixed lubrication conditions. The investigated cylinder liners were initially hard-chrome-coated and honed, resulting in a stochastic arrangement of surface pores, and then deterministic patterns of surface pockets were created by micro electrodischarge machining (EDM). Surface measurements were performed using laser interferometry, providing input for the mixed lubrication simulations. The study also explored the virtual removal of ridges formed around the pockets by the EDM technique. Key findings indicate that the stochastic texture outperformed the hybrid texture (stochastic + deterministic) in the boundary and mixed lubrication regimes, showing higher hydrodynamic support at low separations but increased hydrodynamic shear stresses at higher speeds. Conversely, deterministic textures exhibited a significant decrease in average hydrodynamic shear stress at high velocities. These results highlight the critical role of surface texture in tribological behavior and suggest that localized textures on cylinder liners can potentially optimize engine performance. The study recommends further exploration of a broader range of texture geometries, densities, and distribution patterns to enhance engine design strategies.
{"title":"Evaluation of surface texturing on chrome-coated cylinder liners via deterministic mixed lubrication simulation","authors":"Samuel A N Silva, Francisco J Profito, Henara L Costa","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad6bab","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad6bab","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the mixed lubrication performance of various surface texture configurations in the piston ring/cylinder liner conjunction of a two-stroke internal combustion engine using a deterministic mixed lubrication model. The numerical model simultaneously solves the Reynolds equation with mass-conserving cavitation to calculate inter-asperity hydrodynamic pressures and an elastic, perfectly plastic, rough contact model to determine contact pressures at each asperity interaction. Gaussian Mixture Model clustering was employed to enhance surface characterization. The deterministic simulation approach considers the full-scale representation of the cylinder liner topography to accurately capture the influence of surface features on the hydrodynamic support and friction under mixed lubrication conditions. The investigated cylinder liners were initially hard-chrome-coated and honed, resulting in a stochastic arrangement of surface pores, and then deterministic patterns of surface pockets were created by micro electrodischarge machining (EDM). Surface measurements were performed using laser interferometry, providing input for the mixed lubrication simulations. The study also explored the virtual removal of ridges formed around the pockets by the EDM technique. Key findings indicate that the stochastic texture outperformed the hybrid texture (stochastic + deterministic) in the boundary and mixed lubrication regimes, showing higher hydrodynamic support at low separations but increased hydrodynamic shear stresses at higher speeds. Conversely, deterministic textures exhibited a significant decrease in average hydrodynamic shear stress at high velocities. These results highlight the critical role of surface texture in tribological behavior and suggest that localized textures on cylinder liners can potentially optimize engine performance. The study recommends further exploration of a broader range of texture geometries, densities, and distribution patterns to enhance engine design strategies.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1088/2051-672x/ad71e4
Zhibo Zhu, Bingxu Wang, Jinlin Yang, Zhaoxia Zhang, Gary Barber
The majority of previous studies have been focused on the thermal properties of SnO2 nanofluids. In order to understand the lubricating performance of SnO2 nanoparticles as additives, the current study investigates the effects of the addition of SnO2 nanoparticles on the tribological properties of poly-alpha-olefin 6 base oil. The dual-step method is utilized to disperse the SnO2 nanoparticles in base oil with oleic acid as surfactant. The shape and size of SnO2 nanoparticles are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, and the dispersion stability of SnO2 nanoparticles is examined by dynamic light scattering tests. The lubricating properties of SnO2 nanofluids are explored on a universal mechanical tribometer with a ball-on-plate reciprocating sliding configuration. It is found that the SnO2 nanofluids show good stability and dispersibility. The addition of SnO2 nanoparticles decreases the friction and wear for steel-steel tribo-pairs. The positive effects on friction and wear reductions become more significant with increasing concentrations of SnO2 nanoparticles. In this work, nanofluids containing the 5wt% SnO2 nanoparticles and 5wt% oleic acid is considered as the optimum composition, which shows the best lubricating performance with the reductions of 13.8% in coefficient of friction and 41.4% in wear volume loss. After observing the wear tracks by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and a white-light interferometer, it is shown that the wear mechanisms are dominated by abrasive wear and adhesive wear. The enhancement in tribological properties of base oil is attributed to the formation of SnO2 tribo-film and oleic acid tribo-layer which reduces the shearing resistance, separates the mating areas and withstands the loads. The findings obtained in this study can be used as references in the development of high-performance nanofluids.
{"title":"Improving the lubricating performance of poly-alpha-olefin base oil using SnO2 nanosized-additives","authors":"Zhibo Zhu, Bingxu Wang, Jinlin Yang, Zhaoxia Zhang, Gary Barber","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad71e4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad71e4","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of previous studies have been focused on the thermal properties of SnO<sub>2</sub> nanofluids. In order to understand the lubricating performance of SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles as additives, the current study investigates the effects of the addition of SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles on the tribological properties of poly-alpha-olefin 6 base oil. The dual-step method is utilized to disperse the SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles in base oil with oleic acid as surfactant. The shape and size of SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, and the dispersion stability of SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles is examined by dynamic light scattering tests. The lubricating properties of SnO<sub>2</sub> nanofluids are explored on a universal mechanical tribometer with a ball-on-plate reciprocating sliding configuration. It is found that the SnO<sub>2</sub> nanofluids show good stability and dispersibility. The addition of SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles decreases the friction and wear for steel-steel tribo-pairs. The positive effects on friction and wear reductions become more significant with increasing concentrations of SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. In this work, nanofluids containing the 5wt% SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles and 5wt% oleic acid is considered as the optimum composition, which shows the best lubricating performance with the reductions of 13.8% in coefficient of friction and 41.4% in wear volume loss. After observing the wear tracks by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and a white-light interferometer, it is shown that the wear mechanisms are dominated by abrasive wear and adhesive wear. The enhancement in tribological properties of base oil is attributed to the formation of SnO<sub>2</sub> tribo-film and oleic acid tribo-layer which reduces the shearing resistance, separates the mating areas and withstands the loads. The findings obtained in this study can be used as references in the development of high-performance nanofluids.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"405 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1088/2051-672x/ad6f30
Pan Guo, Zhiwen Xiong, Zengwen Dong, Shaojian Zhang, Samanta Piano, Mingyu Liu
In surface metrology, the multi-parameterised characterisation of surface texture measurement is beneficial not only for surface quality evaluation but also for manufacturing process inspection. To bridge this gap for ultra-precision machined surfaces, a white light interferometer was firstly employed for measuring surface texture generated by orthogonal ultra-precision machining experiments. Next, surface texture was filtered by the zero-order Gaussian regression filter to the limited scale bandwidth. Then, twenty-one surface texture parameters were calculated based on seventy-five S-L surfaces according to the ISO 25178-2. Finally, the outlier effect of surface measurement was investigated by the 95%–99% rule and the Spearman correlation coefficient matrix was proposed to determine their statistical correlation. The results revealed that most of the height parameters (Sp, Sv, Sz, Ssk, and Sku), several function and related parameters (Vmp, Vvv, Spk, and Svk), and the spatial parameter (Str) and hybrid parameter (Sdr) presented a strong sensitivity to the outlier effect. The height parameters (Sa, Sq, Sp, Sv, and Sz), the function and related parameters (Vmp, Vmc, Vvv, Vvc, Spk, Svk, and Sk), and the spatial parameters (Sdq and Sdr) showed a strong correlation to each other, while the miscellaneous parameter Std had a weak correlation to the other parameters. This study provides a systematic multi-parameterised surface texture characterisation for ultra-precision machined surfaces to promote the advancement of nanotechnology and nanometrology.
{"title":"Multi-parameterised surface texture characterisation for ultra-precision machined surfaces","authors":"Pan Guo, Zhiwen Xiong, Zengwen Dong, Shaojian Zhang, Samanta Piano, Mingyu Liu","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad6f30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad6f30","url":null,"abstract":"In surface metrology, the multi-parameterised characterisation of surface texture measurement is beneficial not only for surface quality evaluation but also for manufacturing process inspection. To bridge this gap for ultra-precision machined surfaces, a white light interferometer was firstly employed for measuring surface texture generated by orthogonal ultra-precision machining experiments. Next, surface texture was filtered by the zero-order Gaussian regression filter to the limited scale bandwidth. Then, twenty-one surface texture parameters were calculated based on seventy-five S-L surfaces according to the ISO 25178-2. Finally, the outlier effect of surface measurement was investigated by the 95%–99% rule and the Spearman correlation coefficient matrix was proposed to determine their statistical correlation. The results revealed that most of the height parameters (<italic toggle=\"yes\">Sp</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Sv</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Sz</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Ssk</italic>, and <italic toggle=\"yes\">Sku</italic>), several function and related parameters (<italic toggle=\"yes\">Vmp</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Vvv</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Spk</italic>, and <italic toggle=\"yes\">Svk</italic>), and the spatial parameter (<italic toggle=\"yes\">Str</italic>) and hybrid parameter (<italic toggle=\"yes\">Sdr</italic>) presented a strong sensitivity to the outlier effect. The height parameters (<italic toggle=\"yes\">Sa</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Sq</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Sp</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Sv</italic>, and <italic toggle=\"yes\">Sz</italic>), the function and related parameters (<italic toggle=\"yes\">Vmp</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Vmc</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Vvv</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Vvc</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Spk</italic>, <italic toggle=\"yes\">Svk</italic>, and <italic toggle=\"yes\">Sk</italic>), and the spatial parameters (<italic toggle=\"yes\">Sdq</italic> and <italic toggle=\"yes\">Sdr</italic>) showed a strong correlation to each other, while the miscellaneous parameter <italic toggle=\"yes\">Std</italic> had a weak correlation to the other parameters. This study provides a systematic multi-parameterised surface texture characterisation for ultra-precision machined surfaces to promote the advancement of nanotechnology and nanometrology.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1088/2051-672x/ad6f2f
Christopher A Brown, François Blateyron, Johan Berglund, Adam J Murrison, Jack Jacob Jeswiet
To address the essential problem in surface metrology of establishing functional correlations spatial, frequencies in topographic measurements are progressively decomposed into a large number of narrow bands. Bandpass filters and commercially available software are used. These bands can be analyzed with conventional surface texture parameters, like average roughness, Sa, or other parameters, for detailed, multiscale topographic characterizations. Earlier kinds of multiscale characterization, like relative area, required specialized software performing multiple triangular tiling exercises. Multiscale regression analyses can test strengths of functional correlations over a range of scales. Here, friction coefficients are regressed against standard surface texture parameters over the range of scales available in a measurement. Correlation strengths trend with the scales of the bandpass filters. Using bandpass frequency, i.e., wavelength or scale, decompositions, the R2 at 25 μm, exceeds 0.9 for Sa compared with an R2 of only 0.2 using the broader band of conventional roughness filtering. These improved, scale-specific functional correlations can facilitate scientific understandings and specifications of topographies in product and process design and in designs of quality assurance systems.
{"title":"Spatial frequency decomposition with bandpass filters for multiscale analyses and functional correlations","authors":"Christopher A Brown, François Blateyron, Johan Berglund, Adam J Murrison, Jack Jacob Jeswiet","doi":"10.1088/2051-672x/ad6f2f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ad6f2f","url":null,"abstract":"To address the essential problem in surface metrology of establishing functional correlations spatial, frequencies in topographic measurements are progressively decomposed into a large number of narrow bands. Bandpass filters and commercially available software are used. These bands can be analyzed with conventional surface texture parameters, like average roughness, Sa, or other parameters, for detailed, multiscale topographic characterizations. Earlier kinds of multiscale characterization, like relative area, required specialized software performing multiple triangular tiling exercises. Multiscale regression analyses can test strengths of functional correlations over a range of scales. Here, friction coefficients are regressed against standard surface texture parameters over the range of scales available in a measurement. Correlation strengths trend with the scales of the bandpass filters. Using bandpass frequency, i.e., wavelength or scale, decompositions, the R<sup>2</sup> at 25 μm, exceeds 0.9 for Sa compared with an R<sup>2</sup> of only 0.2 using the broader band of conventional roughness filtering. These improved, scale-specific functional correlations can facilitate scientific understandings and specifications of topographies in product and process design and in designs of quality assurance systems.","PeriodicalId":22028,"journal":{"name":"Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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