Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622995
T. Adachi, D. Akamatsu, K. Hirama, Y. Nakagawa, T. Yanagisawa
In this paper, we have proposed a dual-T quartz crystal resonator circuit of which its resonance frequency can be changed a several thousand ppm exceeding the limit of the piezoelectric coupling factor of a crystal resonator. We have made the measurement of the frequency characteristics of the proposed dual-T circuit composed of 9.995 MHz and 10.005 MHz crystal resonators having the same quality factors. The dual-T circuit showed a single resonant not filter characteristics. And the resonance frequency could be changed about 1000 ppm between the resonance frequencies of the two crystal resonators. We have made an oscillator using the dual-T circuit and measured its performance, too. The variable range about 1000 ppm of the oscillation frequency was observed.
{"title":"A dual-T quartz crystal resonator circuit and its application to 10MHz oscillator","authors":"T. Adachi, D. Akamatsu, K. Hirama, Y. Nakagawa, T. Yanagisawa","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622995","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we have proposed a dual-T quartz crystal resonator circuit of which its resonance frequency can be changed a several thousand ppm exceeding the limit of the piezoelectric coupling factor of a crystal resonator. We have made the measurement of the frequency characteristics of the proposed dual-T circuit composed of 9.995 MHz and 10.005 MHz crystal resonators having the same quality factors. The dual-T circuit showed a single resonant not filter characteristics. And the resonance frequency could be changed about 1000 ppm between the resonance frequencies of the two crystal resonators. We have made an oscillator using the dual-T circuit and measured its performance, too. The variable range about 1000 ppm of the oscillation frequency was observed.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129369294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622981
A. de Souza, J. Nallatamby, M. Prigent, J. Obregon
This paper presents an experimental method that can be used to determine the cyclostationary properties of the low-frequency noise of bipolar transistors and diodes. The noise is measured while the device works in nonlinear regime, pumped by a low-noise signal source. To measure the noise around carrier (as close as 1 Hz offset from the carrier), bridge circuits are used to balance the pump out. By applying the proposed method to evaluate the low-frequency noise of a SiGe transistor in open collector configuration, it is shown that the 1/f like noise of the device is entirely attributed to fluctuations of its conductance.
{"title":"A new experimental method to characterize cyclostationary noise models of bipolar devices","authors":"A. de Souza, J. Nallatamby, M. Prigent, J. Obregon","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622981","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an experimental method that can be used to determine the cyclostationary properties of the low-frequency noise of bipolar transistors and diodes. The noise is measured while the device works in nonlinear regime, pumped by a low-noise signal source. To measure the noise around carrier (as close as 1 Hz offset from the carrier), bridge circuits are used to balance the pump out. By applying the proposed method to evaluate the low-frequency noise of a SiGe transistor in open collector configuration, it is shown that the 1/f like noise of the device is entirely attributed to fluctuations of its conductance.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126997207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623024
F. Esnault, S. Perrin, D. Holleville, S. Guérandel, N. Dimarcq, J. Delporte
HORACE is a compact cold cesium atom clock which is being developed in LNE-SYRTE for space applications and onboard systems. The operation of this clock is different from fountains since the laser cooling, the microwave interrogation and the detection are sequentially performed inside the spherical microwave cavity. The entire simplified operation sequence is described. A short term relative frequency stability of 2.2 10-13 tau-1/2 is achieved. Preliminary results on mid term show that a level of 4 10-15 is reached after 5 103s of integration. Limitations are investigated.
{"title":"Reaching a few 10−13 τ−1/2 stability level with the compact cold atom clock HORACE","authors":"F. Esnault, S. Perrin, D. Holleville, S. Guérandel, N. Dimarcq, J. Delporte","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623024","url":null,"abstract":"HORACE is a compact cold cesium atom clock which is being developed in LNE-SYRTE for space applications and onboard systems. The operation of this clock is different from fountains since the laser cooling, the microwave interrogation and the detection are sequentially performed inside the spherical microwave cavity. The entire simplified operation sequence is described. A short term relative frequency stability of 2.2 10-13 tau-1/2 is achieved. Preliminary results on mid term show that a level of 4 10-15 is reached after 5 103s of integration. Limitations are investigated.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127004938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622954
D. Johannsmann
For small droplets deposited on the surface of an acoustic thickness shear resonator, the shear motion of the substrate induces vortex flow close the three-phase line. There is a rather strong peak of stress right at the line of contact and a more extended region (comparable in size to the penetration depth) where the surface stress is lower than average. Altogether, the vortices lower the integral tangential force, thereby lowering the shifts of frequency and bandwidth. When the droplet size is comparable to the decay depth of the shear wave, the influence of the surface mode onto the frequency shift is sizeable. This results applies to all heterogeneous liquid samples with a lateral scale of heterogeneity comparable to the penetration depth.
{"title":"Edge effects with liquid droplets deposited on acoustic resonators: Consequences of vortex flow","authors":"D. Johannsmann","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622954","url":null,"abstract":"For small droplets deposited on the surface of an acoustic thickness shear resonator, the shear motion of the substrate induces vortex flow close the three-phase line. There is a rather strong peak of stress right at the line of contact and a more extended region (comparable in size to the penetration depth) where the surface stress is lower than average. Altogether, the vortices lower the integral tangential force, thereby lowering the shifts of frequency and bandwidth. When the droplet size is comparable to the decay depth of the shear wave, the influence of the surface mode onto the frequency shift is sizeable. This results applies to all heterogeneous liquid samples with a lateral scale of heterogeneity comparable to the penetration depth.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129195769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623115
Xian-he Huang, Feng Tan, Peng Dai, Dongpei He, Wei Fu
This paper presented a new 121.4 MHz overtone TCXO with low phase noise. The compensation approach differs from conventional ones such as adding series inductances or frequency multiplication. It can provide a very high stability and a low phase noise level for an overtone oscillator. It makes the frequency of a 100 MHz 5 th overtone crystal oscillator mixed with that of a 21.4 MHz fundamental mode voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO). And then, the mixed frequency was filtered and amplified to produce a 121.4 MHz output. A microcontroller was used to control the compensating voltage of 21.4 MHz VCXO at given temperature to generate a frequency correction Deltaft=Deltaf100+Deltaf21.4 and implement the compensation. Experimental results show that the frequency-temperature stability of the prototype 121.4 MHz TCXO has achieved plusmn1.5times10-7 within the temperature range from -40 to 85degC. Besides, a phase noise level of -85 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz offset and-140 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset has been realized.
{"title":"Microcontroller compensated overtone TCXO with low phase noise characteristic","authors":"Xian-he Huang, Feng Tan, Peng Dai, Dongpei He, Wei Fu","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623115","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presented a new 121.4 MHz overtone TCXO with low phase noise. The compensation approach differs from conventional ones such as adding series inductances or frequency multiplication. It can provide a very high stability and a low phase noise level for an overtone oscillator. It makes the frequency of a 100 MHz 5 th overtone crystal oscillator mixed with that of a 21.4 MHz fundamental mode voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO). And then, the mixed frequency was filtered and amplified to produce a 121.4 MHz output. A microcontroller was used to control the compensating voltage of 21.4 MHz VCXO at given temperature to generate a frequency correction Deltaft=Deltaf100+Deltaf21.4 and implement the compensation. Experimental results show that the frequency-temperature stability of the prototype 121.4 MHz TCXO has achieved plusmn1.5times10-7 within the temperature range from -40 to 85degC. Besides, a phase noise level of -85 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz offset and-140 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset has been realized.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120947211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623014
G. Douchet, F. Sthal, E. Bigler, R. Bourquin
In this paper, new experiments have been carried out on LGS crystal to highlight the existence of temperature compensated cuts for flexure vibration. The micro-resonators are square cross section tuning forks whose arms are vibrating in flexure-mode with clamped-free boundary conditions. Frequency versus temperature behaviors have been measured for several cut angles. The results of our experiments show that there is a first order temperature-compensated cut for Langasite crystal resonators vibrating in flexion at room temperature.
{"title":"Study of LGS crystal micro-resonators using flexure mode: Temperature-compensated cuts","authors":"G. Douchet, F. Sthal, E. Bigler, R. Bourquin","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623014","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, new experiments have been carried out on LGS crystal to highlight the existence of temperature compensated cuts for flexure vibration. The micro-resonators are square cross section tuning forks whose arms are vibrating in flexure-mode with clamped-free boundary conditions. Frequency versus temperature behaviors have been measured for several cut angles. The results of our experiments show that there is a first order temperature-compensated cut for Langasite crystal resonators vibrating in flexion at room temperature.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114819248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622997
R. Haskell, J. E. Buchanan, B.B. Desai, D. Stevens, Yoonkee Kim
This paper reports on the fabrication and testing of a langasite quad relief mount (QRM) resonator. It reviews the mechanical construction and assembly process for the resonator and an experiment is defined to explore the dependence on azimuthal Psi angle. Crystal parameters and acceleration sensitivity results are reported and demonstrate low acceleration sensitivity with little variation with azimuthal Psi angle. Finally, a comparison of the results to AT-cut and SC-cut are discussed and show that the langasite QRM resonator has great potential for achieving even better performance for acceleration sensitivity.
{"title":"Acceleration sensitivity measurements of Quad Relief Mount langasite resonators","authors":"R. Haskell, J. E. Buchanan, B.B. Desai, D. Stevens, Yoonkee Kim","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622997","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the fabrication and testing of a langasite quad relief mount (QRM) resonator. It reviews the mechanical construction and assembly process for the resonator and an experiment is defined to explore the dependence on azimuthal Psi angle. Crystal parameters and acceleration sensitivity results are reported and demonstrate low acceleration sensitivity with little variation with azimuthal Psi angle. Finally, a comparison of the results to AT-cut and SC-cut are discussed and show that the langasite QRM resonator has great potential for achieving even better performance for acceleration sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127698377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623002
A. Stelzer, S. Scheiblhofer, Stefan Dipl.-Ing. Schuster, M. Brandl
In this paper hardware and software aspects for the precise wireless interrogation of SAW delay line sensors by means of frequency-modulated continuous-wave (CW) interrogators are summarized. The generation of the interrogation signal as well as concepts for the frontend are treated. Advanced concepts, namely switched variants of CW based interrogators are introduced. The signal model and the appropriate maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for the unknown parameters are derived, as well as achievable evaluation accuracies by means of the Cramer-Rao bounds stated. Finally, a multi-antenna reader system is used for SAW interrogation by means of digital beamforming (DBF). Beside the basic DBF principles, measurement results of the interrogation of spatially separated tags will be shown.
{"title":"Multi reader/multi-tag SAW RFID systems combining tagging, sensing, and ranging for industrial applications","authors":"A. Stelzer, S. Scheiblhofer, Stefan Dipl.-Ing. Schuster, M. Brandl","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623002","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper hardware and software aspects for the precise wireless interrogation of SAW delay line sensors by means of frequency-modulated continuous-wave (CW) interrogators are summarized. The generation of the interrogation signal as well as concepts for the frontend are treated. Advanced concepts, namely switched variants of CW based interrogators are introduced. The signal model and the appropriate maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for the unknown parameters are derived, as well as achievable evaluation accuracies by means of the Cramer-Rao bounds stated. Finally, a multi-antenna reader system is used for SAW interrogation by means of digital beamforming (DBF). Beside the basic DBF principles, measurement results of the interrogation of spatially separated tags will be shown.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"29 14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125785620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623081
R. Dupuis, T. Lynch, J.R. Vaccaro
PerkinElmer provides the rubidium frequency standards (RFS) for the Boeing Block IIF GPS navigation satellites. The PerkinElmer RFS-IIF is the latest generation of its high performance rubidium clocks which have performed very successfully on board the block IIR GPS space vehicles for more than 10 years.The RFS-IIF output is the traditional 10.23 MHz rather than the =13.4 MHz "natural frequency" utilized for block IIR. This necessitated the addition of a secondary phase lock loop (PLL) synthesizer to convert the Rb natural frequency to 10.23 MHz. One main design challenge was to add this new section with a minimum impact on size, weight, power, performance, radiation hardness, reliability and design heritage. The second major change in the RFS-IIF was to make a significant improvement in the medium to long term stability by using Xenon lamp buffer gas and a thin-film spectral filter in the physics package to reduce shot noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). This has lowered the white FM noise level to below 1x10-12tau1/2. This paper describes the RFS-IIF design, the changes and improvements made, and the test results obtained. It also discusses the recent redesign activities to eliminate obsolete parts in the RFS-IIF as well as improvements and updates to the PerkinElmer test facility funded by the USAF GPS Wing (GPSW) under the Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard Modification (RAFSMOD) Program.
{"title":"Rubidium Frequency Standard for the GPS IIF program and modifications for the RAFSMOD Program","authors":"R. Dupuis, T. Lynch, J.R. Vaccaro","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623081","url":null,"abstract":"PerkinElmer provides the rubidium frequency standards (RFS) for the Boeing Block IIF GPS navigation satellites. The PerkinElmer RFS-IIF is the latest generation of its high performance rubidium clocks which have performed very successfully on board the block IIR GPS space vehicles for more than 10 years.The RFS-IIF output is the traditional 10.23 MHz rather than the =13.4 MHz \"natural frequency\" utilized for block IIR. This necessitated the addition of a secondary phase lock loop (PLL) synthesizer to convert the Rb natural frequency to 10.23 MHz. One main design challenge was to add this new section with a minimum impact on size, weight, power, performance, radiation hardness, reliability and design heritage. The second major change in the RFS-IIF was to make a significant improvement in the medium to long term stability by using Xenon lamp buffer gas and a thin-film spectral filter in the physics package to reduce shot noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). This has lowered the white FM noise level to below 1x10-12tau1/2. This paper describes the RFS-IIF design, the changes and improvements made, and the test results obtained. It also discusses the recent redesign activities to eliminate obsolete parts in the RFS-IIF as well as improvements and updates to the PerkinElmer test facility funded by the USAF GPS Wing (GPSW) under the Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard Modification (RAFSMOD) Program.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121614273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622990
Dejin Huang, Ji Wang, Jianke Du
In this paper, the thickness-extension vibration of a layered piezoelectric plate is investigated. The vibration deformation consists of symmetric and asymmetric deformation. Thicknesses of the adhered layers will influence the frequency of the plate and the amplitude ratio between the layers significantly.
{"title":"The analysis of high frequency vibrations of layered anisotropic plates for FBAR applications","authors":"Dejin Huang, Ji Wang, Jianke Du","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622990","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the thickness-extension vibration of a layered piezoelectric plate is investigated. The vibration deformation consists of symmetric and asymmetric deformation. Thicknesses of the adhered layers will influence the frequency of the plate and the amplitude ratio between the layers significantly.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131932157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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