An overview of how traceability to the International System (SI) units is established in time and frequency metrology. This tutorial discusses the definition of traceability, and briefly examines calibration methods, uncertainty analysis, and legal and technical measurement requirements. It describes how broadcast reference signals from satellite and ground-based signals can be used to satisfy traceability requirements, and discusses the remote time and frequency calibration services offered by NIST. David A. Howe is leader of the Time and Frequency Metrology Group of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Physics Laboratory's Time and Frequency Division. His expertise includes spectral estimation using digital processing techniques, spectral purity and noise analysis, digital servo design, automated accuracy evaluation of primary cesium standards, atomic beam analysis, reduction of oscillator acceleration sensitivity for special applications, statistical theory, and clock-ensemble algorithms. Mr. Howe has physics and math B.A. degrees from the University of Colorado, is a member of Sigma Pi Sigma and Phi Beta Kappa academic societies, and is an IEEE Senior Member. From 1970-1973, he was with the NIST (then NBS) Dissemination Research Section where he coordinated the first TV time experiments, from which evolved closed captioning, as well as lunar-ranging and spacecraft time-synchronization experiments. He joined the Atomic Standards Section from 1973-1984 doing advanced research on cesium and hydrogen maser standards and ruggedized, compact rubidium and ammonia standards. He returned to the Dissemination Research Section in 1984 to lead and implement several global high-accuracy satellite-based time-synchronization experiments with other national laboratories. For this contribution, he was awarded the Commerce Department's highest commendation, the Gold Medal, in 1990 for advancements in time calibrations among standards laboratories who participate in the maintenance of UTC. From 1994-1999, he worked as a statistical analyst for the Time Scale Section which maintains UTC(NIST) from an ensemble of laboratory atomic frequency standards. Mr. Howe is the developer of the Total and TheoH variances used in high-accuracy estimation of long-term frequency stability. He has over 100 publications and two patents in subjects related to precise frequency standards, timing, and synchronization. 1 J. Kitching, S. Knappe, and L. Hollberg, "Performance of small-scale frequency references," Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, New Orleans, LA, 2002. 2 Collected preprints at: http://www.symmttm.com/info_center_white_papers.asp#acd SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE ID-TAGS AND WIRELESS PASSIVE RESONANT SENSORS L. M. Reindl, Institute of Microsystems Technology (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany In the recent years unwired SAW sensors and identification tags have come under notice with a growing number of publications an
概述如何追溯国际系统(SI)单位是建立在时间和频率计量。本教程讨论了可追溯性的定义，并简要介绍了校准方法、不确定度分析以及法律和技术测量要求。它描述了如何使用来自卫星和地面信号的广播参考信号来满足可追溯性要求，并讨论了NIST提供的远程时间和频率校准服务。David A. Howe是美国国家标准与技术研究院时间与频率计量组和物理实验室时间与频率部的负责人。他的专长包括使用数字处理技术的光谱估计、光谱纯度和噪声分析、数字伺服设计、初级铯标准的自动精度评估、原子束分析、特殊应用的振荡器加速度灵敏度降低、统计理论和时钟集成算法。他拥有科罗拉多大学的物理和数学学士学位，是Sigma Pi Sigma和Phi Beta Kappa学术协会的成员，也是IEEE高级会员。从1970年到1973年，他在NIST(当时的国家统计局)传播研究部工作，在那里他协调了第一个电视时间实验，从这个实验演变为封闭字幕，以及月球测距和航天器时间同步实验。他于1973年至1984年加入原子标准组，从事铯和氢微波激射标准以及坚固紧凑的铷和氨标准的高级研究。1984年，他回到传播研究科，与其他国家实验室一起领导和实施了若干全球高精度卫星时间同步实验。由于这一贡献，他于1990年被授予商务部的最高荣誉——金质奖章，以表彰参与UTC维护的标准实验室在时间校准方面的进步。从1994年到1999年，他在时间尺度部门担任统计分析师，该部门负责维护UTC(NIST)实验室原子频率标准的集合。他是Total和TheoH方差的开发者，这些方差用于长期频率稳定性的高精度估计。他在精确频率标准、定时和同步方面发表了100多篇论文，并获得了两项专利。1 J. Kitching, S. Knappe和L. Hollberg，“小尺度频率参考的性能”，IEEE国际频率控制研讨会论文集，新奥尔良，洛杉矶，2002。L. M. Reindl, Freiburg大学微系统技术研究所(IMTEK)，德国近年来，随着越来越多的出版物和应用，非有线SAW传感器和识别标签受到了人们的关注。在本演示中，展示了无线无源，主要基于声表面波的识别标记和传感器的工作原理。整个基于无线电的传感器系统由一个读出单元(类似于雷达设备)和一个被动应答器(由连接到天线的表面声波(SAW)设备组成)组成。表面声波将读出的信号存储一段预定义的时间，以抑制所有环境回波干扰。物理或化学效应可能影响表面声波的传播特性。两个基本装置允许存储和调制表面声波:谐振器和均匀或啁啾延迟线。在本演示中，详细讨论了使用反射延迟线，谐振器或阻抗传感器的应答器设置，以及使用脉冲或FMCW雷达的读出单元的设置。特别强调的是可实现的精度和灵敏度范围。这种传感器系统的几种应用及其最先进的性能，包括识别标记和温度、压力、扭矩、加速度、轮胎-道路摩擦、磁场和土壤含水量的无线测量。最后，我们将讨论其他可用于无源应答器系统的谐振结构。Leonhard Reindl于1985年获得德国慕尼黑工业大学(Technical University of Munich)物理学文凭，并获得理学博士学位。1997年从奥地利维也纳科技大学毕业。1985年4月，Reindl博士加入德国慕尼黑西门子公司技术部的表面声波组。在西门子，Reindl博士为SAW卷积器、色散、抽头和反射延迟线的开发做出了贡献。他的主要兴趣是SAW id标签和无线无源SAW传感器系统的开发和应用。1999年4月。
{"title":"Tutorial session","authors":"F. Josse, J. Levine","doi":"10.1109/icetet.2008.272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icetet.2008.272","url":null,"abstract":"An overview of how traceability to the International System (SI) units is established in time and frequency metrology. This tutorial discusses the definition of traceability, and briefly examines calibration methods, uncertainty analysis, and legal and technical measurement requirements. It describes how broadcast reference signals from satellite and ground-based signals can be used to satisfy traceability requirements, and discusses the remote time and frequency calibration services offered by NIST. David A. Howe is leader of the Time and Frequency Metrology Group of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Physics Laboratory's Time and Frequency Division. His expertise includes spectral estimation using digital processing techniques, spectral purity and noise analysis, digital servo design, automated accuracy evaluation of primary cesium standards, atomic beam analysis, reduction of oscillator acceleration sensitivity for special applications, statistical theory, and clock-ensemble algorithms. Mr. Howe has physics and math B.A. degrees from the University of Colorado, is a member of Sigma Pi Sigma and Phi Beta Kappa academic societies, and is an IEEE Senior Member. From 1970-1973, he was with the NIST (then NBS) Dissemination Research Section where he coordinated the first TV time experiments, from which evolved closed captioning, as well as lunar-ranging and spacecraft time-synchronization experiments. He joined the Atomic Standards Section from 1973-1984 doing advanced research on cesium and hydrogen maser standards and ruggedized, compact rubidium and ammonia standards. He returned to the Dissemination Research Section in 1984 to lead and implement several global high-accuracy satellite-based time-synchronization experiments with other national laboratories. For this contribution, he was awarded the Commerce Department's highest commendation, the Gold Medal, in 1990 for advancements in time calibrations among standards laboratories who participate in the maintenance of UTC. From 1994-1999, he worked as a statistical analyst for the Time Scale Section which maintains UTC(NIST) from an ensemble of laboratory atomic frequency standards. Mr. Howe is the developer of the Total and TheoH variances used in high-accuracy estimation of long-term frequency stability. He has over 100 publications and two patents in subjects related to precise frequency standards, timing, and synchronization. 1 J. Kitching, S. Knappe, and L. Hollberg, \"Performance of small-scale frequency references,\" Proceedings of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, New Orleans, LA, 2002. 2 Collected preprints at: http://www.symmttm.com/info_center_white_papers.asp#acd SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE ID-TAGS AND WIRELESS PASSIVE RESONANT SENSORS L. M. Reindl, Institute of Microsystems Technology (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany In the recent years unwired SAW sensors and identification tags have come under notice with a growing number of publications an","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124060737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623064
P. Sotiriadis
The design, implementation and measurements of a forward two-PLL diophantine frequency synthesizer are presented. This case study illustrates how the diophantine frequency synthesis (DFS) methodology, introduced at the IEEE frequency control symposium of 2006, is used to design a two-PLL synthesizer with frequency resolution 500 times finer than that of the two constituent PLLs while maintaining the PLLspsila phase-comparator frequencies, loop-bandwidths, frequency ranges and spectral purity. The Diophantine frequency synthesizer is driven by a 30 MHz input reference and provides an output frequency range of 0 - 30 MHz with 60 Hz resolution when the output-frequency resolutions of the two constituent PLLs are 29 kHz and 31 kHz.
{"title":"Design and implementation of a forward two-PLL Diophantine Frequency Synthesizer with 500× resolution improvement","authors":"P. Sotiriadis","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623064","url":null,"abstract":"The design, implementation and measurements of a forward two-PLL diophantine frequency synthesizer are presented. This case study illustrates how the diophantine frequency synthesis (DFS) methodology, introduced at the IEEE frequency control symposium of 2006, is used to design a two-PLL synthesizer with frequency resolution 500 times finer than that of the two constituent PLLs while maintaining the PLLspsila phase-comparator frequencies, loop-bandwidths, frequency ranges and spectral purity. The Diophantine frequency synthesizer is driven by a 30 MHz input reference and provides an output frequency range of 0 - 30 MHz with 60 Hz resolution when the output-frequency resolutions of the two constituent PLLs are 29 kHz and 31 kHz.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114646943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622994
Y. Watanabe, N. Imaeda, K. Tachibana, S. Goka, T. Sato, H. Sekimoto
Mode shape measurement is pivotal to the success of any piezoelectric and non-piezoelectric resonator design. This paper describes an improved laser-speckle mode shape visualization system for measuring speckle images simultaneously generated on device surfaces using a red and a violet semiconductor lasers.
{"title":"An improved mode shape measurement system with two lasers of different wavelengths","authors":"Y. Watanabe, N. Imaeda, K. Tachibana, S. Goka, T. Sato, H. Sekimoto","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622994","url":null,"abstract":"Mode shape measurement is pivotal to the success of any piezoelectric and non-piezoelectric resonator design. This paper describes an improved laser-speckle mode shape visualization system for measuring speckle images simultaneously generated on device surfaces using a red and a violet semiconductor lasers.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116791454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623095
M. Tobar, E. Ivanov, P. Stanwix, J. Le Floch, J. Hartnett
We present results from an odd parity test of Lorentz invariance in electrodynamics, based on a rotating microwave interferometer with permeable material in one arm. The experiment has been operating continuously since September 2007. Results set a limit on the standard model extension (SME) scalar Lorentz violating parameter, kappatr, of -0.8plusmn3.6times10-7.
{"title":"Continuous operation of an odd parity Lorentz Invariance test in electrodynamics using a microwave interferometer","authors":"M. Tobar, E. Ivanov, P. Stanwix, J. Le Floch, J. Hartnett","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623095","url":null,"abstract":"We present results from an odd parity test of Lorentz invariance in electrodynamics, based on a rotating microwave interferometer with permeable material in one arm. The experiment has been operating continuously since September 2007. Results set a limit on the standard model extension (SME) scalar Lorentz violating parameter, kappatr, of -0.8plusmn3.6times10-7.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124891590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623053
K. Yamada, S. Kaneko, T. Nagasawa
Proximity sensing through the air-film damping effect caused by a length-extensional-mode vibrator is studied. Lateral flow of viscous fluid sandwiched between a test object and a vibrating (sensing) plate is subjected to resistive force. Therefore, it acts as a damper for the motion of vibration. Because the sensing plate is vibrated in its normal direction by a longitudinal-mode piezoelectric vibrator, electric properties of the vibrator vary depending on the vibrator-to-object distance. It is shown that the Q-value of the vibrator decreases from 8,000 to 1,000 in the range where the plate-to-objective distance is less than 0.5 mm.
{"title":"Proximity sensing through air-film damping effect caused by length-extensional-mode piezoelectric vibrator","authors":"K. Yamada, S. Kaneko, T. Nagasawa","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623053","url":null,"abstract":"Proximity sensing through the air-film damping effect caused by a length-extensional-mode vibrator is studied. Lateral flow of viscous fluid sandwiched between a test object and a vibrating (sensing) plate is subjected to resistive force. Therefore, it acts as a damper for the motion of vibration. Because the sensing plate is vibrated in its normal direction by a longitudinal-mode piezoelectric vibrator, electric properties of the vibrator vary depending on the vibrator-to-object distance. It is shown that the Q-value of the vibrator decreases from 8,000 to 1,000 in the range where the plate-to-objective distance is less than 0.5 mm.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125741888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623111
D. Eliyahu, D. Seidel, L. Maleki
This paper describes two recent types of opto-electronic oscillators. The first is a long fiber opto-electronic oscillator, utilizing a high power laser with long delay, and consisting of low noise components. This oscillator generates a stable 10 GHz signal with phase noise of -163 dBc/Hz at 6 kHz offset from the carrier. The second is a low noise 10 GHz compact opto-electronic oscillator. This latter oscillator consists of coupled optical and microwave loops utilizing a short fiber. We also report on an automatic ultra-low noise floor measurement system, designed and built to measure the phase noise of the above (and other) oscillators. This delay line cross-correlation measurement system utilizes microwave-photonic links, eliminating the need for a second oscillator. This system provides quick and reliable measurement of the oscillator under test.
{"title":"Phase noise of a high performance OEO and an ultra low noise floor cross-correlation microwave photonic homodyne system","authors":"D. Eliyahu, D. Seidel, L. Maleki","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623111","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes two recent types of opto-electronic oscillators. The first is a long fiber opto-electronic oscillator, utilizing a high power laser with long delay, and consisting of low noise components. This oscillator generates a stable 10 GHz signal with phase noise of -163 dBc/Hz at 6 kHz offset from the carrier. The second is a low noise 10 GHz compact opto-electronic oscillator. This latter oscillator consists of coupled optical and microwave loops utilizing a short fiber. We also report on an automatic ultra-low noise floor measurement system, designed and built to measure the phase noise of the above (and other) oscillators. This delay line cross-correlation measurement system utilizes microwave-photonic links, eliminating the need for a second oscillator. This system provides quick and reliable measurement of the oscillator under test.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"65 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123446766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623062
K. Sakamoto, K. Kubo, K. Ono
This paper presents development of ultra low noise VHF oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) with excellent temperature stability. The OCXO had the low phase noise less than -170 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz Fourier frequency and the temperature stability within +/-20 ppb in the range of -20 to +70deg.C has been achieved.
{"title":"Development of ultra low noise VHF OCXO with excellent temperature stability","authors":"K. Sakamoto, K. Kubo, K. Ono","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623062","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents development of ultra low noise VHF oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) with excellent temperature stability. The OCXO had the low phase noise less than -170 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz Fourier frequency and the temperature stability within +/-20 ppb in the range of -20 to +70deg.C has been achieved.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126651929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623008
V. Ilchenko, J. Byrd, A. Savchenkov, A. Matsko, D. Seidel, L. Maleki
We discuss two approaches for producing spectrally pure high frequency microwave signals using miniature photonic devices. One way is based on the hyper parametric oscillations in a solid state optical resonator possessing a cubic optical nonlinearity; the other - on the microresonator based opto-electronic oscillator.We show that the optically pumped nonlinear resonator produces optical sidebands result in generation of high frequency spectrally pure microwaves when demodulated on a fast photodiode. We also show that an opto-electronic oscillator containing a narrowband whispering gallery mode electro-optical modulator possesses low phase noise even if the optical loop of the oscillator does not contain an optical fiber delay line. We demonstrate Ka band oscillator experimentally.
{"title":"Miniature oscillators based on optical whispering gallery mode resonators","authors":"V. Ilchenko, J. Byrd, A. Savchenkov, A. Matsko, D. Seidel, L. Maleki","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623008","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss two approaches for producing spectrally pure high frequency microwave signals using miniature photonic devices. One way is based on the hyper parametric oscillations in a solid state optical resonator possessing a cubic optical nonlinearity; the other - on the microresonator based opto-electronic oscillator.We show that the optically pumped nonlinear resonator produces optical sidebands result in generation of high frequency spectrally pure microwaves when demodulated on a fast photodiode. We also show that an opto-electronic oscillator containing a narrowband whispering gallery mode electro-optical modulator possesses low phase noise even if the optical loop of the oscillator does not contain an optical fiber delay line. We demonstrate Ka band oscillator experimentally.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115532503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622980
M. F. Wacker, A. Villella
This paper demonstrates advances made in correcting the effects of ambient temperature and supply voltage on an oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) by means of a microprocessor. In one implementation, the controller is programmed to read ambient temperature and/ or operating supply voltage; and then calculate a correction voltage that is applied to a varactor diode in series with the resonator. In another method, the oven controller itself is steered as a function of ambient temperature or supply voltage to achieve desired compensation. A single-board OCXO housed within an industry standard CO-08 enclosure has been utilized for this investigation. The uncompensated design exhibits a typical thermal gain of 75 degC/degC and an inherent temperature coefficient (TempCo) averaging about 10 ppb.
{"title":"Improvements in OCXO performance by the use of an on-board microprocessor","authors":"M. F. Wacker, A. Villella","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2008.4622980","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates advances made in correcting the effects of ambient temperature and supply voltage on an oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) by means of a microprocessor. In one implementation, the controller is programmed to read ambient temperature and/ or operating supply voltage; and then calculate a correction voltage that is applied to a varactor diode in series with the resonator. In another method, the oven controller itself is steered as a function of ambient temperature or supply voltage to achieve desired compensation. A single-board OCXO housed within an industry standard CO-08 enclosure has been utilized for this investigation. The uncompensated design exhibits a typical thermal gain of 75 degC/degC and an inherent temperature coefficient (TempCo) averaging about 10 ppb.","PeriodicalId":220442,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115568101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-19DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2008.4623077
R. Olsson, C. Washburn, J. Stevens, M. Tuck, C. Nordquist
This paper reports the development of narrow-bandwidth, post-CMOS compatible aluminum nitride (AlN) MEMS filters operating in the very (VHF) and ultra (UHF) high frequency bands. Percent bandwidths less than 0.1% are achieved utilizing a mechanically coupled filter architecture, where a quarter wavelength beam attached in low velocity coupling locations is used to connect two AlN ring resonators. The filter bandwidth has been successfully varied from 0.09% to 0.2% by moving the attachment of the coupling beam on the ring to locations with different velocity at resonance. Insertion losses of 11 dB are obtained for filters centered at 99.5 MHz with low termination impedances of 200 Omega. Utilizing a passive temperature compensation technique, the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) for these filters has been reduced from -21 ppm/C to 2.5 ppm/C. The reduced TCF is critical for narrow bandwidth filters, requiring only 13% of the filter bandwidth to account for military range (-55 to 125 C) temperature variations compared to 100% for uncompensated filters. Filters operating at 557 MHz are realized using overtone operation of the ring resonators and coupling beam where higher insertion losses of 32 dB into 50 Omega are seen due to the finite resonator quality factor and narrow bandwidth design. Overtone operation allows for the implementation of fully differential and balun type filters where the stop-band rejection is as high as 38 dB despite the increased insertion loss.
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