Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2025.102302
Giulia Brufani , Alessandro Maselli , Francesco Mauriello , Luigi Vaccaro
The wide range of pharmaceutical and biological applications makes the development of efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies for the preparation of benzofuran derivatives an active area of research. Each year, numerous methodologies are reported with the aim of improving the accessibility, selectivity, and atom economy of benzofuran synthesis. In parallel, C–H functionalisation is a powerful tool that enables the direct transformation of straightforward, easily accessible starting materials into complex benzofuran frameworks, minimising the overall input material and the number of synthetic steps required. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advances over the past five years in the synthesis of benzofurans via transition-metal-catalysed C–H functionalisation. Special attention is given to comparing the performance, reactivity, and sustainability of catalysts based on 3d transition metals with those of noble-metal and bimetallic systems.
{"title":"Accessing benzofuran moieties: A methodological overview of transition-metal-catalysed C–H functionalisation","authors":"Giulia Brufani , Alessandro Maselli , Francesco Mauriello , Luigi Vaccaro","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The wide range of pharmaceutical and biological applications makes the development of efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies for the preparation of benzofuran derivatives an active area of research. Each year, numerous methodologies are reported with the aim of improving the accessibility, selectivity, and atom economy of benzofuran synthesis. In parallel, C–H functionalisation is a powerful tool that enables the direct transformation of straightforward, easily accessible starting materials into complex benzofuran frameworks, minimising the overall input material and the number of synthetic steps required. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advances over the past five years in the synthesis of benzofurans <em>via</em> transition-metal-catalysed C–H functionalisation. Special attention is given to comparing the performance, reactivity, and sustainability of catalysts based on 3d transition metals with those of noble-metal and bimetallic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102302"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2025.102305
Jie Xu , Zhuxue Duan , Chang Ge , Ge Zhao
Lignin is abundant in nature. Its high-value utilization is of great significance to promote green and sustainable development. Photocatalytic cleavage of lignin C–C bonds is an effective strategy to promote the value-added conversion of lignin. Unfortunately, due to the robustness of lignin C–C bonds and the complexity of its structure, the activity of photocatalysts for the cleavage of lignin C–C bonds still faces huge challenges. Herein, Bi4O5Br2@BiOBr heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by regulating the type of solvent. Moreover, the hydroxyl radical containing an oxygen atom and superoxide radical route were discovered to be effective in breaking lignin C–C bonds. A series of characterizations have demonstrated that the transfer of photogenerated carriers between Bi4O5Br2 and BiOBr follows the Z-Scheme heterojunction pathway. Bi4O5Br2@BiOBr also has excellent photogenerated carrier separation ability and a matching redox potential for lignin C–C bond cleavage. Under optimal conditions, the C–C bond cleavage selectivity in lignin models generally exceeds 90 %. H2O in solvents plays an important role in photocatalytic reactions. It provides the required O and H atoms for breaking lignin C–C bonds, thus improving the lignin C–C bond cleavage. The photocatalytic mechanism confirmed that the cleavage process of lignin C–C bonds follows the Cβ radical mechanism. This work provides a reference for the use of Bi-based photocatalysts to cleave the lignin C–C bonds.
{"title":"Water promoted lignin C–C bond cleavage in Bi4O5Br2@BiOBr heterojunction photocatalytic system","authors":"Jie Xu , Zhuxue Duan , Chang Ge , Ge Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignin is abundant in nature. Its high-value utilization is of great significance to promote green and sustainable development. Photocatalytic cleavage of lignin C–C bonds is an effective strategy to promote the value-added conversion of lignin. Unfortunately, due to the robustness of lignin C–C bonds and the complexity of its structure, the activity of photocatalysts for the cleavage of lignin C–C bonds still faces huge challenges. Herein, Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>@BiOBr heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by regulating the type of solvent. Moreover, the hydroxyl radical containing an oxygen atom and superoxide radical route were discovered to be effective in breaking lignin C–C bonds. A series of characterizations have demonstrated that the transfer of photogenerated carriers between Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> and BiOBr follows the Z-Scheme heterojunction pathway. Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>@BiOBr also has excellent photogenerated carrier separation ability and a matching redox potential for lignin C–C bond cleavage. Under optimal conditions, the C–C bond cleavage selectivity in lignin models generally exceeds 90 %. H<sub>2</sub>O in solvents plays an important role in photocatalytic reactions. It provides the required O and H atoms for breaking lignin C–C bonds, thus improving the lignin C–C bond cleavage. The photocatalytic mechanism confirmed that the cleavage process of lignin C–C bonds follows the C<sub>β</sub> radical mechanism. This work provides a reference for the use of Bi-based photocatalysts to cleave the lignin C–C bonds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102305"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2025.102301
Haixia Zhang , Yun Gao , Hepeng Zhang , Peilin Lei , Tong Li , Sisi Chen , Xiaoqi Sun
Recovering samarium (Sm)/cobalt (Co) from waste samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets is of significance for both resource recycling and environmental concerns. In this study, we developed a greener and efficient strategy for Sm3+/Co2+ separation by employing a synergistic extraction system composed of Cyanex272 and N1923. When Cyanex272 and N1923 were mixed in an equimolar ratio, the synergistic extraction system had excellent extraction and separation performance, achieving a synergistic coefficient of 229.56 and a Sm3+/Co2+ separation factor of up to 6740.12. The effects of initial pH value, NaCl concentration, equilibrium time and temperature on Sm3+/Co2+ recovery were systematically investigated. The investigation using slope analysis method, FT-IR spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated that the mechanism of Sm3+ extraction by [N1923][Cyanex272] was ion association. Compared with conventional saponification with ammonia or NaOH, this article proposes for the first time an ionic liquid saponification strategy based on synergistic extraction between primary amine and acidic extractant. On the one hand, it can avoid a large amount of saponification wastewater. On the other hand, it does not require chemicals or energy consumption in the synthesis process of ionic liquid. [N1923][Cyanex272] demonstrates excellent reusability, phase stability and extraction efficiency over multiple cycles. These advantages fulfill key green chemistry principles and support a simplified, efficient, and greener approach for rare earth separation.
{"title":"Development of ionic liquid saponification strategy based on synergistic extraction using N1923 and Cyanex272 for Sm/Co separation","authors":"Haixia Zhang , Yun Gao , Hepeng Zhang , Peilin Lei , Tong Li , Sisi Chen , Xiaoqi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recovering samarium (Sm)/cobalt (Co) from waste samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets is of significance for both resource recycling and environmental concerns. In this study, we developed a greener and efficient strategy for Sm<sup>3+</sup>/Co<sup>2+</sup> separation by employing a synergistic extraction system composed of Cyanex272 and N1923. When Cyanex272 and N1923 were mixed in an equimolar ratio, the synergistic extraction system had excellent extraction and separation performance, achieving a synergistic coefficient of 229.56 and a Sm<sup>3+</sup>/Co<sup>2+</sup> separation factor of up to 6740.12. The effects of initial pH value, NaCl concentration, equilibrium time and temperature on Sm<sup>3+</sup>/Co<sup>2+</sup> recovery were systematically investigated. The investigation using slope analysis method, FT-IR spectroscopy and <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy indicated that the mechanism of Sm<sup>3+</sup> extraction by [N1923][Cyanex272] was ion association. Compared with conventional saponification with ammonia or NaOH, this article proposes for the first time an ionic liquid saponification strategy based on synergistic extraction between primary amine and acidic extractant. On the one hand, it can avoid a large amount of saponification wastewater. On the other hand, it does not require chemicals or energy consumption in the synthesis process of ionic liquid. [N1923][Cyanex272] demonstrates excellent reusability, phase stability and extraction efficiency over multiple cycles. These advantages fulfill key green chemistry principles and support a simplified, efficient, and greener approach for rare earth separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102301"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2025.102304
Rubin Han , Hongxiu Leng , Hui Luo , Wenbo Wu , Bukai Song , Yunrui Zhao , Bao-Jie He , Zhong-ling Zong
Soil salinization and the accumulation of industrial solid wastes are prominent environmental problems. To this end, artificial lightweight aggregates based on coastal chloride saline soil (CSS-LWA) was firstly fabricated by cold bonding method in this study, using Lianyungang coastal chloride saline soil (CSS), red mud (RM), and granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as the primary raw materials, with lime serving as the alkaline regulator and sodium silicate acting as the activator. To comprehensively examine the impact of process parameters on physical characteristics, microstructure, freeze-thaw resistance, heavy metal safety, and salinization improvement efficiency of CSS-LWA. Meanwhile, carbon emission accounting and cost calculation were carried out. The findings demonstrated that the optimal performance of CSS-LWA was achieved with a mixed composition of 47.5 % CSS, 12.5 % lime, 30 % RM, and 10 % GGBS, followed by steam curing at 70 °C for 24 h. Its cylinder compressive strength reached 8.53 MPa, with 1-h water absorption of 13.96 %, and bulk density of 824.30 kg/m3. Freeze-thaw (F-T) cycle test was carried out in accordance with GB/T 17431.2-2010, the optimal sample (X3-70 °C) was completely damaged after 19 cycles. All of heavy metal leaching concentrations were below the GB 5085.3–2007 limit values. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to quantify only carbon emissions within the system boundary encompassing raw material acquisition, transportation, and production phases. The determined carbon emission per unit product of CSS-LWA was 208.8516 kg CO2/t. This study provides technical references for the development of environmentally friendly construction aggregates in the context of circular economy.
{"title":"Waste treatment with waste: Preparation of cold-bonded artificial lightweight aggregates by alkali activation synergized with coastal saline soil and multi-source solid wastes","authors":"Rubin Han , Hongxiu Leng , Hui Luo , Wenbo Wu , Bukai Song , Yunrui Zhao , Bao-Jie He , Zhong-ling Zong","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil salinization and the accumulation of industrial solid wastes are prominent environmental problems. To this end, artificial lightweight aggregates based on coastal chloride saline soil (CSS-LWA) was firstly fabricated by cold bonding method in this study, using Lianyungang coastal chloride saline soil (CSS), red mud (RM), and granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as the primary raw materials, with lime serving as the alkaline regulator and sodium silicate acting as the activator. To comprehensively examine the impact of process parameters on physical characteristics, microstructure, freeze-thaw resistance, heavy metal safety, and salinization improvement efficiency of CSS-LWA. Meanwhile, carbon emission accounting and cost calculation were carried out. The findings demonstrated that the optimal performance of CSS-LWA was achieved with a mixed composition of 47.5 % CSS, 12.5 % lime, 30 % RM, and 10 % GGBS, followed by steam curing at 70 °C for 24 h. Its cylinder compressive strength reached 8.53 MPa, with 1-h water absorption of 13.96 %, and bulk density of 824.30 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Freeze-thaw (F-T) cycle test was carried out in accordance with GB/T 17431.2-2010, the optimal sample (X3-70 °C) was completely damaged after 19 cycles. All of heavy metal leaching concentrations were below the GB 5085.3–2007 limit values. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to quantify only carbon emissions within the system boundary encompassing raw material acquisition, transportation, and production phases. The determined carbon emission per unit product of CSS-LWA was 208.8516 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/t. This study provides technical references for the development of environmentally friendly construction aggregates in the context of circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102304"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2025.102303
Zhendong Yang , Wenbin Gao , Yijin Zhong , Chen Li , Wenting Li , Zhengwu Jiang
Engineering muck (EM), a massive byproduct of underground excavation, poses severe environmental and geotechnical challenges. In this study, a low-carbon and resource-efficient strategy is proposed to transform EM into stabilized earth-based construction materials (SECM) through optimized cementitious compositions. Three binder systems—plain cement, binary (cement-slag/fly ash), and ternary (cement-fly ash-limestone)—were systematically evaluated to clarify their effects on the mechanical, microstructural, and environmental behaviors of SECM by X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and carbon footprint assessment. The results reveal that slag substitution not only enhances long-term strength by 110–150 % but also reduces the carbon footprint by over 25 % compared with plain cement systems. The incorporation of limestone powder significantly improves early-age reactivity via filler and nucleation effects, while maintaining a low environmental impact. Microstructural and thermogravimetric analyses confirm that the synergistic hydration of cementitious phases and the formation of dense C–(A)–S–H gels underpin the strength development. Life-cycle-based evaluation demonstrates that the cement–slag system achieves the most favorable balance between performance and sustainability, reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions per unit compressive strength to 0.067 MJ MPa−1 and 0.0074 kg CO2-eq·MPa−1, respectively. This work offers a novel pathway for the valorization of excavation waste and contributes to the design of next-generation low-carbon earth-based materials for sustainable urban development.
工程渣土是地下开挖的大量副产品，对环境和岩土工程构成了严峻的挑战。本研究提出了一种低碳、资源高效的策略，通过优化胶凝成分，将EM转化为稳定的土基建筑材料（SECM）。通过x射线衍射分析、热重分析、扫描电镜和碳足迹评估，系统地评估了三种粘结剂体系——普通水泥、二元（水泥-矿渣/粉煤灰）和三元（水泥-粉煤灰-石灰石），以阐明它们对SECM的力学、微观结构和环境行为的影响。结果表明，与普通水泥体系相比，矿渣替代不仅可以提高长期强度110% ~ 150%，而且可以减少25%以上的碳足迹。石灰石粉的掺入通过填料和成核效应显著提高了早期反应性，同时保持了较低的环境影响。微观结构和热重分析证实，胶凝相的协同水化和致密的C - (A) - s - h凝胶的形成是强度发展的基础。基于全生命周期的评价表明，水泥-矿渣体系在性能和可持续性之间取得了最有利的平衡，单位抗压强度能耗和CO2排放量分别降低至0.067 MJ MPa−1和0.0074 kg CO2-eq·MPa−1。这项工作为挖掘废物的增值提供了一条新途径，并有助于为可持续城市发展设计下一代低碳土基材料。
{"title":"Circular valorization of engineering muck via low-carbon cementitious compositions: Synergistic hydration and life-cycle sustainability","authors":"Zhendong Yang , Wenbin Gao , Yijin Zhong , Chen Li , Wenting Li , Zhengwu Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineering muck (EM), a massive byproduct of underground excavation, poses severe environmental and geotechnical challenges. In this study, a low-carbon and resource-efficient strategy is proposed to transform EM into stabilized earth-based construction materials (SECM) through optimized cementitious compositions. Three binder systems—plain cement, binary (cement-slag/fly ash), and ternary (cement-fly ash-limestone)—were systematically evaluated to clarify their effects on the mechanical, microstructural, and environmental behaviors of SECM by X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and carbon footprint assessment. The results reveal that slag substitution not only enhances long-term strength by 110–150 % but also reduces the carbon footprint by over 25 % compared with plain cement systems. The incorporation of limestone powder significantly improves early-age reactivity via filler and nucleation effects, while maintaining a low environmental impact. Microstructural and thermogravimetric analyses confirm that the synergistic hydration of cementitious phases and the formation of dense C–(A)–S–H gels underpin the strength development. Life-cycle-based evaluation demonstrates that the cement–slag system achieves the most favorable balance between performance and sustainability, reducing energy consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per unit compressive strength to 0.067 MJ MPa<sup>−1</sup> and 0.0074 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq·MPa<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. This work offers a novel pathway for the valorization of excavation waste and contributes to the design of next-generation low-carbon earth-based materials for sustainable urban development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102303"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2025.102294
Fotouh R. Mansour , Marcello Locatelli , Alaa Bedair
Sustainability in chemical analysis requires holistic evaluation tools that extend beyond environmental impact to encompass economic feasibility, social responsibility, and practical applicability. Current greenness metrics, while valuable, remain largely confined to ecological dimensions and do not explicitly align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To bridge this gap, we introduce the Sustainability of Analytical Methods Index (SAMI), the first SDG-based framework (available at bit.ly/SAMI2026) for assessing analytical methods. SAMI employs a structured scoring system that quantifies positive and negative contributions across all 17 SDGs, supported by a color-coded visualization scheme for intuitive interpretation. Case studies demonstrate SAMI's ability to highlight strengths, limitations, and trade-offs of diverse analytical procedures, from conventional chromatographic methods to innovative low-cost, portable devices. Compared with existing greenness and practicality metrics, SAMI provides a more comprehensive, globally relevant perspective on the sustainability of analytical methods. By explicitly linking analytical practices to the SDGs, SAMI offers researchers, industry, and regulators a powerful tool to guide method selection, optimization, and innovation toward long-term sustainable development.
{"title":"Sustainability of Analytical Methods Index (SAMI) as an SDG-based tool for chemical analysis","authors":"Fotouh R. Mansour , Marcello Locatelli , Alaa Bedair","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainability in chemical analysis requires holistic evaluation tools that extend beyond environmental impact to encompass economic feasibility, social responsibility, and practical applicability. Current greenness metrics, while valuable, remain largely confined to ecological dimensions and do not explicitly align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To bridge this gap, we introduce the Sustainability of Analytical Methods Index (SAMI), the first SDG-based framework (available at bit.ly/SAMI2026) for assessing analytical methods. SAMI employs a structured scoring system that quantifies positive and negative contributions across all 17 SDGs, supported by a color-coded visualization scheme for intuitive interpretation. Case studies demonstrate SAMI's ability to highlight strengths, limitations, and trade-offs of diverse analytical procedures, from conventional chromatographic methods to innovative low-cost, portable devices. Compared with existing greenness and practicality metrics, SAMI provides a more comprehensive, globally relevant perspective on the sustainability of analytical methods. By explicitly linking analytical practices to the SDGs, SAMI offers researchers, industry, and regulators a powerful tool to guide method selection, optimization, and innovation toward long-term sustainable development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102294"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2025.102300
Floriatan Santos Costa , Luana Santos Moreira , Mateus Olivera Müller , Mario Henrique Gonzalez , Clarice D.B. Amaral
Waste printed circuit boards (WPCB), essential component of electronic devices, comprise a complex matrix of resins and metal alloys, and often contain toxic elements such as lead (Pb). The growing use and accumulation of WPCB has raised concerns due to their environmental impact. This study evaluated alternative and more sustainable solvents for Pb extraction from electronic waste (e-waste), with quantification by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Conventional acid-based extraction methods were adapted using diluted acids and deep eutectic solvents (DES) composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and carboxylic acids. The solvent composition, sample-to-solvent ratio, extraction time, and temperature were systematically optimized using experimental design. The ChCl-oxalic acid and ChCl-formic acid showed promising recoveries (from 95 % to 106 %) and relative standards deviations below 3.5 % under optimized conditions. Detection limits (<5.50 mg kg−1) were adequate for the elevated Pb levels typically present in WPCBs. Overall, this study demonstrates that DES-based extractants offer a safe, efficient, and sustainable alternative to conventional methods for Pb extraction from electronic waste matrices, combining high analytical performance with reduced environmental and health risks.
废弃印刷电路板（WPCB）是电子设备的重要组成部分，由树脂和金属合金的复杂基体组成，通常含有铅（Pb）等有毒元素。由于对环境的影响，WPCB的使用和积累日益增加，引起了人们的关注。本研究通过火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS）对从电子废物中提取铅的替代溶剂和更可持续的溶剂进行了评估。传统的酸基提取方法采用稀释酸和由氯化胆碱（ChCl）和羧酸组成的深共晶溶剂（DES）。采用实验设计对溶剂组成、料液比、萃取时间、萃取温度进行了系统优化。在优化条件下，氯化草酸和氯化甲酸的回收率为95% ~ 106%，相对标准偏差小于3.5%。检测限（<5.50 mg kg - 1）对于wpcb中通常存在的铅水平升高是足够的。总体而言，本研究表明，基于des的萃取剂提供了一种安全、高效和可持续的方法，可替代传统的从电子废物基质中提取铅的方法，同时具有高分析性能，降低了环境和健康风险。
{"title":"Choline chloride-carboxylic acid deep eutectic solvents for lead extraction from electronic waste: A green approach","authors":"Floriatan Santos Costa , Luana Santos Moreira , Mateus Olivera Müller , Mario Henrique Gonzalez , Clarice D.B. Amaral","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste printed circuit boards (WPCB), essential component of electronic devices, comprise a complex matrix of resins and metal alloys, and often contain toxic elements such as lead (Pb). The growing use and accumulation of WPCB has raised concerns due to their environmental impact. This study evaluated alternative and more sustainable solvents for Pb extraction from electronic waste (e-waste), with quantification by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Conventional acid-based extraction methods were adapted using diluted acids and deep eutectic solvents (DES) composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and carboxylic acids. The solvent composition, sample-to-solvent ratio, extraction time, and temperature were systematically optimized using experimental design. The ChCl-oxalic acid and ChCl-formic acid showed promising recoveries (from 95 % to 106 %) and relative standards deviations below 3.5 % under optimized conditions. Detection limits (<5.50 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) were adequate for the elevated Pb levels typically present in WPCBs. Overall, this study demonstrates that DES-based extractants offer a safe, efficient, and sustainable alternative to conventional methods for Pb extraction from electronic waste matrices, combining high analytical performance with reduced environmental and health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102300"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using cement and alkali-activated material with chemical activators to solidify coastal soft clay faces challenges of poor solidification effect and high economic cost. All solid waste geopolymer was synthesized with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), calcium carbide residue (CCR) and desulfurized gypsum (DG) to solidify South China coastal soft clay. The optimal proportion of the geopolymer and the strength and durability of the solidified soft clay were investigated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests and dry/wet cycle tests. The microscopic solidification mechanism of the solidified soft clay was interpreted through X-ray diffraction (XRD) test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test. Moreover, the cost and sustainability analysis of the geopolymer for solidifying coastal soft clay was evaluated. The results show that: The optimal proportion of the geopolymer is GGBS:CCR:DG = 80:5:15; the 28 days UCS of the solidified soft clay reaches 5.79 MPa, which is 24.1 times that of its counterpart solidified by cement with the same content(20 %). The hydration gel and ettringite of the geopolymer can effectively cement the soft clay particles/aggregates, strengthen its microscopic structure, counteract the drying shrinkage during the seawater dry/wet cycle process, and mitigate the erosion and decomposition effects of Cl−, Mg2+ and SO42− on the solidified soft clay, thereby improving its strength and durability. The energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic cost of the all solid waste geopolymer for solidifying coastal soft clay are reduced to 26.0 %, 7.5 % and 56.6 % of those of using cement, respectively.
{"title":"Strength characteristics of South China coastal soft clay solidified by all solid waste geopolymer materials and its durability under dry/wet cycles of loading","authors":"Deluan Feng, Junsheng Zheng, Yanzhe Gu, Shihua Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using cement and alkali-activated material with chemical activators to solidify coastal soft clay faces challenges of poor solidification effect and high economic cost. All solid waste geopolymer was synthesized with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), calcium carbide residue (CCR) and desulfurized gypsum (DG) to solidify South China coastal soft clay. The optimal proportion of the geopolymer and the strength and durability of the solidified soft clay were investigated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests and dry/wet cycle tests. The microscopic solidification mechanism of the solidified soft clay was interpreted through X-ray diffraction (XRD) test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test. Moreover, the cost and sustainability analysis of the geopolymer for solidifying coastal soft clay was evaluated. The results show that: The optimal proportion of the geopolymer is GGBS:CCR:DG = 80:5:15; the 28 days UCS of the solidified soft clay reaches 5.79 MPa, which is 24.1 times that of its counterpart solidified by cement with the same content(20 %). The hydration gel and ettringite of the geopolymer can effectively cement the soft clay particles/aggregates, strengthen its microscopic structure, counteract the drying shrinkage during the seawater dry/wet cycle process, and mitigate the erosion and decomposition effects of Cl<sup>−</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> on the solidified soft clay, thereby improving its strength and durability. The energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic cost of the all solid waste geopolymer for solidifying coastal soft clay are reduced to 26.0 %, 7.5 % and 56.6 % of those of using cement, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102298"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2025.102295
Xue Zhang , Miaoyan Li , Xin Zhang , Xueni Hou , Xiangrong Wang
Natural extracts, characterized by their superior biocompatibility and multifunctionality, have demonstrated remarkable potential in fields such as antibacterial, antioxidant and ultraviolet (UV) protection. However, at present, natural extracts are facing a key bottleneck in functional finishing—poor washing durability. In this study, luteolin, a natural extract, was chosen to treat bio-based Polyamide 56 (PA56) fabrics. The findings indicated that the fabric dyed with luteolin not only achieved good coloration but also exhibited outstanding multi-functional properties: the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value reached 205, the ABTS radical cation (ABTS•+) scavenging rate was 99 %, and the antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were 70 % and 95 %, respectively. To further enhance the color fastness and functional durability, this study introduced metal ions. Through the coordination reaction between luteolin, metal ions and PA56, the color fastness was successfully raised to level 4 or above, and the durability of functionalities was significantly improved. After 10 washing cycles, the UPF value of the fabric remained at 155, the ABTS•+ scavenging rate exceeded 60 %, and the antibacterial rate against S. aureus remained at 75 %. This study proposed and verified a sustainable and coordinated strategy based on coordination chemistry, systematically addressing the durability issue of natural functional finishing agents.
{"title":"Multifunctional modification of bio–based polyamide 56 fabric via luteolin for durable colouristic, antioxidant, antibacterial and UV protective properties","authors":"Xue Zhang , Miaoyan Li , Xin Zhang , Xueni Hou , Xiangrong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural extracts, characterized by their superior biocompatibility and multifunctionality, have demonstrated remarkable potential in fields such as antibacterial, antioxidant and ultraviolet (UV) protection. However, at present, natural extracts are facing a key bottleneck in functional finishing—poor washing durability. In this study, luteolin, a natural extract, was chosen to treat bio-based Polyamide 56 (PA56) fabrics. The findings indicated that the fabric dyed with luteolin not only achieved good coloration but also exhibited outstanding multi-functional properties: the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value reached 205, the ABTS radical cation (ABTS<sup>•+</sup>) scavenging rate was 99 %, and the antibacterial rates against <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>) and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>) were 70 % and 95 %, respectively. To further enhance the color fastness and functional durability, this study introduced metal ions. Through the coordination reaction between luteolin, metal ions and PA56, the color fastness was successfully raised to level 4 or above, and the durability of functionalities was significantly improved. After 10 washing cycles, the UPF value of the fabric remained at 155, the ABTS<sup>•+</sup> scavenging rate exceeded 60 %, and the antibacterial rate against <em>S. aureus</em> remained at 75 %. This study proposed and verified a sustainable and coordinated strategy based on coordination chemistry, systematically addressing the durability issue of natural functional finishing agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102295"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2025.102299
An Sai , Wang Baomin , Chen Wenxiu , Fan Chengcheng
Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash contains a large number of harmful heavy metals (HMs), which need to be properly handled. This study innovatively proposes a method for efficiently solidifying HMs through the synergistic effect of high-pressure and high-concentration carbonation curing technology and alkali-activated materials (AAMs). A new type of eco-friendly alkali-activated material was prepared via orthogonal experiments. The microstructure and chemical composition changes of AAMs under carbonation were analyzed in depth, and the mechanism by which carbonation affects the solidification/stabilization (S/S) of HMs was revealed. Results showed that although carbonation reduced the compressive strength of AAMs (with a maximum reduction rate of 52.6 %), it significantly improved the S/S effect of HMs, and the solidified body showed good stability in terms of strength at 180d of curing. The maximum reduction rates of leaching concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 48.1 %, 56.5 %, 61.6 %, and 51.9 %, respectively. Microscopic analysis showed that carbonation curing promoted the formation of C4AH13, xonotlite, and Friedel's salt. These hydration products enhance the S/S of HMs mainly through ion exchange, surface complexation, adsorption, and precipitation. Compared with traditional cement S/S methods and non-carbonated alkali-activated systems, this method achieves a 15 %–20 % higher heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) immobilization rate. These results indicate the potential application of carbonation curing technology in the field of AAMs. This study not only advances research on the synergy between carbonation curing and AAMs, but also contributes to the coordinated development of hazardous solid waste treatment and environmental protection.
{"title":"Design of alkali-activated MSWI fly ash-based cementitious materials under carbonation curing: Mechanical properties, heavy metal solidification, and mechanisms","authors":"An Sai , Wang Baomin , Chen Wenxiu , Fan Chengcheng","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash contains a large number of harmful heavy metals (HMs), which need to be properly handled. This study innovatively proposes a method for efficiently solidifying HMs through the synergistic effect of high-pressure and high-concentration carbonation curing technology and alkali-activated materials (AAMs). A new type of eco-friendly alkali-activated material was prepared via orthogonal experiments. The microstructure and chemical composition changes of AAMs under carbonation were analyzed in depth, and the mechanism by which carbonation affects the solidification/stabilization (S/S) of HMs was revealed. Results showed that although carbonation reduced the compressive strength of AAMs (with a maximum reduction rate of 52.6 %), it significantly improved the S/S effect of HMs, and the solidified body showed good stability in terms of strength at 180d of curing. The maximum reduction rates of leaching concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 48.1 %, 56.5 %, 61.6 %, and 51.9 %, respectively. Microscopic analysis showed that carbonation curing promoted the formation of C<sub>4</sub>AH<sub>13</sub>, xonotlite, and Friedel's salt. These hydration products enhance the S/S of HMs mainly through ion exchange, surface complexation, adsorption, and precipitation. Compared with traditional cement S/S methods and non-carbonated alkali-activated systems, this method achieves a 15 %–20 % higher heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) immobilization rate. These results indicate the potential application of carbonation curing technology in the field of AAMs. This study not only advances research on the synergy between carbonation curing and AAMs, but also contributes to the coordinated development of hazardous solid waste treatment and environmental protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 102299"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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