Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Agitated carbonation of waste incineration bottom ash: Linking CO2 utilization to enhanced reactivity and cement performance","authors":"Xu Fan ,&nbsp;Xinhua Cai ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Shuhua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the low reactivity of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash, appropriate pre-treatment is required before its reuse as a construction material. Accelerated carbonation has emerged as a promising method owing to its sustainability advantages. A novel flow-through agitated carbonation method was developed to enhance the early-age reactivity of bottom ash. The results show that agitation during carbonation promotes CaCO₃ crystal growth along the (104) primary crystal plane, increasing the proportion of thermodynamically more stable CaCO₃ (Ⅰ) crystals among newly formed CaCO₃ to over 30 %. In addition, the crystal size decreases and the morphology becomes more spherical, facilitating the formation of stable nucleation sites that accelerate cement hydration, particularly during the acceleration and deceleration stages. Carbonated BA also provides significantly higher lubrication compared with OPC particles, resulting in a 36 % improvement in paste flowability at a 50 % replacement ratio. Compared with conventional activation strategies, BA treated via agitated carbonation exhibits a pronounced strength enhancement in blended cement, driven by the synergistic effects of nucleation and particle-filling. For example, at a water-to-binder ratio of 0.4 and a 15 % replacement level, the 3-day compressive strength exceeds 30 MPa. Overall, carbonation transforms bottom ash from a low-reactivity residue into a value-added SCM, achieving 15–25 % lower GWP per MPa and 10–15 % lower cost per MPa than OPC while maintaining superior mechanical efficiency. The findings demonstrate a viable pathway for valorizing alkaline solid waste through CO₂ utilization and provide mechanistic insights for developing sustainable cementitious materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102263"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DI-SPME/LC–MS/MS approach for the determination of multiple drugs and their metabolites across thirteen rabbit biological matrices","authors":"Alicja Chromiec ,&nbsp;Karolina Mermer ,&nbsp;Zbigniew Arent ,&nbsp;Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The object of this publication was to test the applicability of an existing DI-SPME/LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of samples of thirteen biological materials collected from rabbits (brain, cerebellum, vitreous humour, cardiac muscle, blood, lung, liver, spleen, bile, kidney, urine, bone marrow and thigh muscle) for the presence of diazepam, citalopram, carbamazepine, venlafaxine, morphine, alprazolam and their selected metabolites. For this purpose, full validation was performed for nine matrices. In the case of cerebellum, vitreous humour, bone marrow and bile, the amount of available blank matrices was insufficient, so cerebellum samples were referred to calibration graphs prepared for brain and the others to graphs prepared with saline. Validation studies determined LOD and LOQ (respectively &lt;1.2 ng/mL and &lt;3.5 ng/mL for liquid samples and &lt;4.5 ng/g and &lt;13.5 ng/g for solid samples), precision within and between days (0.1–19.5%), and relative error (|RE|&lt;12.7%) and recovery (within 80.0–110.0% for most analytes). A study of the matrix effect was also carried out and showed its presence in several cases. The suitability of the method was also confirmed by analysing a number of real samples. In addition to analytical aspects, the greenness and practicality of the method were also discussed based on the principles of green analytical chemistry, the blue applicability grade index tool and White Analytical Chemistry concept.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102264"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household food waste - consumer intentions and capacities for further reduction considering different food waste categories","authors":"Atilla Kunszabó ,&nbsp;Gyula Kasza ,&nbsp;Dávid Szakos ,&nbsp;Judit Oláh ,&nbsp;Zoltán Lakner ,&nbsp;József Popp ,&nbsp;Widya Satya Nugraha ,&nbsp;Annamária Dorkó ,&nbsp;Miklós Süth","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, EU legislation has addressed Sustainable Development Goal 12.3, introducing legally binding targets for the Member States for the reduction of food waste across sectors by 2030 compared to 2020 levels. The mandatory reduction target is 30 % in retail and consumption levels (including households), and 10 % in the processing and manufacturing sectors. The current study includes household food waste data from 282 voluntary households in 2021. Data was collected by following a diary-supported direct food waste measurement methodology (FUSIONS methodology), completed by pre- and post-study questionnaire surveys with one respondent from each household. Avoidable (edible) food waste dropped by 23.99 % (from 33.14 kg/capita/year to 25.19 kg/capita/year) between 2016 and 2021. The reduction of total FW was only 3.73 % (68.04 kg/capita/year in 2016 and 65.50 kg/capita/year in 2021). Possibilities for further FW reduction in Hungarian households were investigated. This study found that 84 % of the households underestimated their actual total FW generation, and the average level of underestimation was 48.5 %. Research data suggests that unavoidable FW is not perceived to be wastage by the respondents. According to post-study questionnaire results, 77 % of the respondents believe they can further reduce the FW in their households. The finding suggests that, despite the decrease in household food waste from 2016 to 2021, there is considerable potential for further reduction, especially in the avoidable category. This potential is in line with broader goals of reducing food waste in households, contributing to national and EU targets for sustainable resource management and food waste reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102209"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable design and application of recyclable dialkylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ionic liquids for green cellulose fiber processing","authors":"Hui-Wen Hsu ,&nbsp;Shih-Huang Tung ,&nbsp;Ru-Jong Jeng","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising sustainable solvents for cellulose processing owing to their high solubility, thermal stability, and recyclability. However, conventional imidazolium-based ILs, such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]OAc), are prone to C2-position side reactions and exhibit limited recyclability, which significantly constrains their industrial applicability. This study introduces a viable IL, 1-isopropyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([<em>i</em>PMIM]DMP), featuring dual innovation: a branched isopropyl cation that enhances cellulose solubility through steric effects, and a low-pKa dimethylphosphate anion that suppresses side reactions and improves recyclability. Synthesized via a simple one-step route, [<em>i</em>PMIM]DMP exhibits excellent thermal stability, high cellulose solubility, and favorable rheological properties suitable for dry-jet wet spinning. Regenerated fibers prepared from paper-grade pulp show a tenacity of 36.90 cN/tex, comparable to industrial N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO)-based fibers. Moreover, [<em>i</em>PMIM]DMP can be efficiently recovered and reused over three dissolution–spinning cycles without performance loss, demonstrating strong chemical robustness. This work provides a practical and sustainable approach for recyclable ILs in cellulose fiber production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102267"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired fabrication of heterostructured porous core-shell PANI@Cu2O/CMC composite beads for green catalysis in A3 and decarboxylative A3 couplings","authors":"Shuyao Zhang,&nbsp;Ting Lin,&nbsp;Yuling Huang,&nbsp;Jiayi Huang,&nbsp;Meiling Xue,&nbsp;Zhihao Shan,&nbsp;Yiqun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inspired by ancient Chinese “learning from nature” philosophy and biological structures, this study has developed robust PANI@Cu₂O/CMC beads with heterostructured porous core-shell architectures. The Cu(II)/CMC core with a porous interwoven structure forms via in situ metathesis between Cu(II) and carboxylate groups of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), while the heterostructured shell is created by in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline into polyaniline (PANI) on the core, with concurrent reduction of Cu(II) to Cu₂O nanoparticles (NPs) in the matrix. This composite was fully characterized via multiple techniques and applied to aldehyde-alkyne-amine (A³) and decarboxylative A³ couplings under solvent- and ligand-free conditions. This unique porous heterostructured core-shell architecture not only enhances confinement effects for suppressing copper leaching and molecular diffusion to the active sites of Cu₂O NPs inside the mesoporous PANI shell but also strengthens mechanical robustness, thus directly boosting catalytic efficiency. Due to their unique structural features, these beads outperform the previously reported systems, affording the products in excellent yields while exhibiting outstanding performance in green chemistry indicators such as TON, TOF, <em>AE</em>, <em>RME</em>, <em>OE</em>, <em>PMI</em>, energy consumption, <em>E</em>-factor. In green chemistry metrics, this methodology offers substantial advantages: high catalytic activity (TOF = 127.78 h⁻¹, TON = 255.56), excellent catalyst reusability (5 consecutive runs with minimal activity loss), low waste generation (<em>E</em>-factor = 0.38) and energy consumption (260 °C·h), low <em>PMI</em> (1.4930), and exceptional green indices (<em>AE</em> = 94.82 %, <em>RME</em> = 72.02 %, <em>OE</em> = 75.95 %). It strictly adheres to green chemistry principles, thereby establishing an efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly heterogeneous catalytic system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102262"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated environmental and economic assessment of calcium carbide slag management toward 2035","authors":"Zhiling Huang ,&nbsp;Wenxin Xue ,&nbsp;Qianlong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calcium carbide slag (CCS) is a highly alkaline byproduct generated during polyvinyl chloride production, and its improper management poses significant environmental pollution and resource waste in China. Herein, five CCS treatment pathways were evaluated from environmental and economic perspectives employing life cycle assessment (LCA) and synergistic pollution and carbon reduction models. Wherein, CCS prepared calcium carbonate exhibits the most favorable environmental performance and the highest synergistic efficiency, reducing 333.9–1109.9 kg CO₂ eq/tonne compared to the others. Economically, producing calcium carbonate outperforms in the short-term static investment, increasing revenues by RMB 118.2–462.1/tonne. In contrast, preparing calcium hydroxide excels in the long-term dynamic investment, adding income of RMB 59.4–151.5/tonne. By integrating LCA results with predictive modeling, the potential for emission reductions, energy savings, and economic benefits associated with future CCS management nationwide has been systematically calculated. Under the business-<em>as</em>-usual scenario, CCS treatment nationwide in 2024 results in approximately 1.6 million tonnes CO₂ eq emissions and incurs economic costs of RMB 447 million. If the optimal strategy is implemented, carbon emissions and economic costs decrease by 38.2 million tonnes CO₂ eq and RMB 2.4 billion, respectively, and are projected to reach reductions of 55 million tonnes and RMB 3.47 billion by 2035. These findings provide a scientific basis for advancing CCS technology transfer in China, underscoring the role of CCS utilization in circular economy practices and contributing to the broader discourse on synergistic pollution and carbon reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102265"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hesitant fuzzy approach to renewable energy technology selection aligned with sustainable development goals in Turkey","authors":"Merve Güler ,&nbsp;Esin Mukul ,&nbsp;Aziz Kemal Konyalıoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the optimal selection of renewable energy technologies in Turkey through a combined multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework that addresses both environmental sustainability and energy security within a context marked by rapid industrialization, substantial investments in wind and geothermal capacities, and a continued reliance on imported fossil fuels. In response to the global imperative to transition from unsustainable energy systems, the research introduces a novel integration of Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic (HFL) Term Sets with the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method (HFL-SAW) to rigorously derive weights for a comprehensive set of criteria and sub-criteria essential to renewable energy selection. Building on this methodological foundation, the study employs three robust MCDM techniques, HFL Additive Ratio ASsessment (ARAS), HFL Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison (MABAC), and HFL Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS), to comprehensively evaluate and rank competing renewable energy alternatives. This dual-level novelty which are methodological innovation and application to Turkey's evolving energy landscape distinguishes the study from prior research. The numerical results indicate that, based on the factor weights derived from HFL-SAW, SDG6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), and SDG13 (Climate Action) emerge as the most pivotal, underscoring the intrinsic interdependence between water security, sustainable energy production, and climate change mitigation. Comparative ranking thus reveals some variability among the methods, with hydropower energy systems consistently achieving superior rankings in both the HFL ARAS and HFL MABAC evaluations, and bioenergy and biomass systems are predominantly favored in the HFL EDAS assessment. The convergence of these findings not only substantiates the robustness and validity of the integrated analytical approach but also highlights the potential efficacy of hydropower and bioenergy solutions in facilitating Turkey's strategic energy transition. Furthermore, by systematically mapping each evaluation criterion to the corresponding United Nations SDGs, the study bridges the gap between renewable energy technology selection and global sustainability frameworks, offering valuable insights for policymakers tasked with formulating sustainable energy policies that foster economic growth, reduce environmental impacts, and enhance national energy security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102261"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle sustainability assessment of one-part alkali-activated concrete activated with industrial grade soda ash and hydrated lime-A comparative study","authors":"Jayashree Sengupta,&nbsp;Nirjhar Dhang,&nbsp;Arghya Deb","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A life-cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) is conducted to evaluate one-part slag-based alkali-activated concretes (AACs) using industrial-grade activators, compared to conventional OPC (CEM) and two-part alkali-activated mixes (CM). Four mixes were studied: (i) VM – dry-mixed GGBFS, SF, soda ash, and hydrated lime, followed with water; (ii) PM – dry-mixed GGBFS, SF, and hydrated lime, followed by a soda ash solution; (iii) CM – dry-mixed GGBFS and SF, then 4.55 M NaOH solution (stoichiometrically equivalent to VM); and (iv) CEM – OPC-based concrete. Technical assessment revealed superior compressive strengths in one-part mixes, with VM at 42.18 MPa and PM at 41.38 MPa, compared to CM (27.89 MPa) and CEM (43.12 MPa). Splitting and flexural tensile strengths were higher in PM (2.54 MPa and 5.88 MPa) than VM (2.11 MPa and 5.30 MPa) and CM (1.77 MPa and 3.21 MPa). Sorptivity decreased in the order VM (8.8 × 10⁻⁴ mm/√s) &lt; PM (9.74 × 10⁻⁴ mm/√s) &lt; CM (1.17 × 10⁻³ mm/√s), reflecting enhanced pore refinement. Environmental impacts were substantially lower for VM and PM, with GWP reductions of ∼16.4 % against CM and ∼9.7 % against CEM; HTP and ODP decreased by ∼16 % and ∼48 %, respectively. Economically, VM and PM incurred ∼13 % higher material costs than CEM but achieved five-to six-fold savings over CM when transport was included. Social assessment indicated improved safety and handling for one-part mixes relative to CM, though slightly lower acceptance than CEM (∼32–35 %). Overall, LCSA confirms that one-part AACs activated with industrial-grade activators are a technically robust, environmentally efficient, economically viable, and socially acceptable alternative to conventional concrete systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102254"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue chemistry as a novel framework supported by BLOOM software to evaluate reaction practicality","authors":"Fotouh R. Mansour ,&nbsp;Mahmoud A. El Hassab ,&nbsp;Wagdy M. Eldehna","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current interest in sustainability and greenness of chemical laboratories practices is reflected in the large number of publications every year. Green chemistry is focused on following eco-friendly procedures and protocols to attain the results. However, the greenest methods do not have to be the most practical. This green dimension should be complemented with another dimension that addresses the practical aspects. Blue Chemistry introduces a novel framework for assessing the practicality of chemical reactions. This study proposes the Blueness Level of Organic Operations Metric (BLOOM) as a comprehensive metric with multiple parameters, including reaction scope, yield, reaction time, temperature, reagent cost, atom economy, reaction simplicity, waste generation, energy consumption, scalability, equipment accessibility, and catalyst requirements. This BLOOM framework provides a structured, quantitative approach to evaluating chemical reactions from a practical point of view. The proposed framework was applied to assess four recently reported chemical reactions: enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones, electrochemical synthesis of ammonia, metal–organic framework-supported oxygen reduction reaction, and the synthesis of phthalimide-tethered enzyme inhibitors. These case studies demonstrate how BLOOM tool and software have the potential to guide chemists in optimizing reaction practicality while promoting innovation in organic and industrial chemistry. This application is available as open-source software at bit.ly/BLOOM2026, enabling chemists to easily implement the BLOOM framework and enhance the practicality of chemical reactions in their workflows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102259"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The clinical trade-offs of the ‘eco-pharma dilemma’","authors":"Elisabeth M. Smale ,&nbsp;Nicole G.M. Hunfeld","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing mitigation strategies to address the substantial environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals gives rise to the ‘eco-pharma dilemma’, in which mitigation strategies may result in trade-offs along different stages of a pharmaceutical's life cycle. Clinical factors, like efficacy, safety and costs, determine the use of pharmaceuticals in practice, thus must be taken into account when considering trade-offs for environmentally sustainable use of pharmaceuticals. A clinical pharmacy perspective on the trade-offs of the ‘eco-pharma dilemma’ is provided.</div><div>The best clinical option for any patient remains the treatment that provides the highest efficacy with the lowest risk of adverse effects, at reasonable cost and with the smallest possible environmental footprint. However, as sustainability considerations become increasingly integrated into pharmaceutical development and prescribing, potential tensions may arise, such as resource constraints or shifts in production capacity, that could indirectly affect availability or access. It is therefore essential that mitigation strategies are guided by a systems-thinking approach involving clinicians, pharmacists and environmental scientists, ensuring that clinical effectiveness, safety, cost, and environmental impact are considered holistically to promote both patient health and planetary health without compromising equity or quality of care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102257"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}