Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201103.0001
Kuo YauLun, Lee YanPing, Yang YehLin
Forests of Nanjenshan, located in southern Taiwan, are chronically disturbed by strong winds of the northeasterly monsoon for as long as 6 mo each year. However, not much is known about the effects of wind on stomatal activities of trees that are found there. This research chose seedlings of 18 species representing tree species either growing specifically at a windward site, a leeward site, or ubiquitously at both sites. We measured variations in stomatal conductance of these species in a walk-in growth chamber, where the wind speeds were adjusted to 1~4 m s^(-1). Results showed that at wind speeds of 1 and 2 m s^(-1), 9 and 17 species, respectively, of the 18 tested species showed significantly lower stomatal conductance than that of the control. Under wind speeds of 3 and 4 m s^(-1), reductions in the stomatal conductance of windward species were significantly less than those of species from the other 2 habitat types. At a wind speed of 4 m s^(-1), stomatal conductance of leeward species and ubiquitous species had decreased 43 and 34%, respectively, but had only decreased by 27% in windward species. The slope obtained from a linear regression analysis of variation in the percentages of stomatal conductance vs. increasing wind speeds of each species was also significantly steeper in leeward species than in windward species. In another experiment, we exposed seedlings of all 18 tested species to a wind speed of 6 m s^(-1) for 10 min and monitored variations in leaf temperatures. The leaf temperature of windward species decreased 3.4℃ on average, while it decreased 4.8℃ (significantly differing from the former) in leeward species. Species with a larger leaf mass per unit area or smaller leaf area were less affected by wind, in terms of both lowered leaf temperatures and decreased stomatal conductance. Windward species of the Nanjenshan forest, in contrast to leeward species, had larger leaf masses per unit area and smaller leaf areas; they did not exhibit substantial reductions in stomatal conductance or leaf temperatures under windy conditions. Possessing the aforementioned morphological and physiological characteristics, the windward species of the Nanjenshan forest clearly have adapted to the chronic wind stress of the northeasterly monsoon.
南jenshan的森林，位于台湾南部，长期受到东北季风强风的干扰，每年长达6个月。然而，人们对风对那里树木气孔活动的影响知之甚少。本研究选择了18种代表树种的幼苗，这些树种要么在迎风地点生长，要么在背风地点生长，要么在两个地点都普遍生长。在风速调节为1~4 m s^(-1)的步入式生长室内，我们测量了这些物种气孔导度的变化。结果表明，在风速为1 m s^(-1)和2 m s^(-1)时，18种被试树种中分别有9种和17种气孔导度显著低于对照。在3和4 m s^(-1)风速下，迎风树种气孔导度的减小幅度明显小于其他2种生境类型的物种。在4 m s^(-1)风速下，背风种和无所种的气孔导度分别下降了43%和34%，而迎风种的气孔导度仅下降了27%。对各树种气孔导度百分比随风速变化的线性回归分析也表明，背风树种的坡度明显大于迎风树种。在另一项实验中，我们将所有18种被测试物种的幼苗暴露在6米s^(-1)的风速下10分钟，并监测叶片温度的变化。迎风树种叶温平均下降3.4℃，背风树种叶温平均下降4.8℃(差异显著)。单位面积叶质量较大或叶面积较小的树种受风的影响较小，无论是叶片温度降低还是气孔导度降低。迎风树种单位面积叶质量比背风树种大，叶面积小;在有风的条件下，它们的气孔导度或叶片温度没有显著降低。南jenshan森林的迎风树种具有上述形态和生理特征，明显适应了东北季风的长期风胁迫。
{"title":"Wind effects on stomatal conductance and leaf temperature of tree seedlings distributed in various habitats of the Nanjenshan forest, southern Taiwan.","authors":"Kuo YauLun, Lee YanPing, Yang YehLin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201103.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201103.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Forests of Nanjenshan, located in southern Taiwan, are chronically disturbed by strong winds of the northeasterly monsoon for as long as 6 mo each year. However, not much is known about the effects of wind on stomatal activities of trees that are found there. This research chose seedlings of 18 species representing tree species either growing specifically at a windward site, a leeward site, or ubiquitously at both sites. We measured variations in stomatal conductance of these species in a walk-in growth chamber, where the wind speeds were adjusted to 1~4 m s^(-1). Results showed that at wind speeds of 1 and 2 m s^(-1), 9 and 17 species, respectively, of the 18 tested species showed significantly lower stomatal conductance than that of the control. Under wind speeds of 3 and 4 m s^(-1), reductions in the stomatal conductance of windward species were significantly less than those of species from the other 2 habitat types. At a wind speed of 4 m s^(-1), stomatal conductance of leeward species and ubiquitous species had decreased 43 and 34%, respectively, but had only decreased by 27% in windward species. The slope obtained from a linear regression analysis of variation in the percentages of stomatal conductance vs. increasing wind speeds of each species was also significantly steeper in leeward species than in windward species. In another experiment, we exposed seedlings of all 18 tested species to a wind speed of 6 m s^(-1) for 10 min and monitored variations in leaf temperatures. The leaf temperature of windward species decreased 3.4℃ on average, while it decreased 4.8℃ (significantly differing from the former) in leeward species. Species with a larger leaf mass per unit area or smaller leaf area were less affected by wind, in terms of both lowered leaf temperatures and decreased stomatal conductance. Windward species of the Nanjenshan forest, in contrast to leeward species, had larger leaf masses per unit area and smaller leaf areas; they did not exhibit substantial reductions in stomatal conductance or leaf temperatures under windy conditions. Possessing the aforementioned morphological and physiological characteristics, the windward species of the Nanjenshan forest clearly have adapted to the chronic wind stress of the northeasterly monsoon.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"227 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80174297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201103.0033
Chao-Chieh Chen, L. Chou
A seasonal change in the diet of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta (Alcippe morrisonia) was found in a previous study. In this study, we investigated seasonal variations in the foraging behavior of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta between breeding and non-breeding seasons in the Fushan Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan. Attack behaviors, food types, and habitat characteristics of foraging locations of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta were recorded throughout a complete annual cycle. The results showed that seasonal variations of all aspects of foraging parameters were significant, including attack behavior, food type, vegetation level, perch size, and the phenology of plants used by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta. During the breeding season, the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta made significantly more-diverse foraging maneuvers for insects, and more often foraged in the subcaopy of larger trees and in areas with sparser vegetation. On the contrary, the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta applied more leg-powered maneuvers for more plant matter at the outer parts of smaller trees or shrubs in the understory during the non-breeding season. The patterns of resource use paralleled phenological changes in the plant species, with more new leaves on trees upon which the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta foraged in the breeding season, and more fruit on trees in the non-breeding season. In conclusion, seasonal variations in foraging behaviors of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta were significant and mainly attributed to diet changes between the breeding and non-breeding seasons. This study is in accordance with the changing-availability hypothesis and can provide empirical evidence for adaptive evolution of birds' foraging strategies.
{"title":"Seasonal variation in the foraging behaviors of the grey-cheeked fulvetta due to diet changes in the Fushan experimental forest, northeastern Taiwan.","authors":"Chao-Chieh Chen, L. Chou","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201103.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201103.0033","url":null,"abstract":"A seasonal change in the diet of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta (Alcippe morrisonia) was found in a previous study. In this study, we investigated seasonal variations in the foraging behavior of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta between breeding and non-breeding seasons in the Fushan Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan. Attack behaviors, food types, and habitat characteristics of foraging locations of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta were recorded throughout a complete annual cycle. The results showed that seasonal variations of all aspects of foraging parameters were significant, including attack behavior, food type, vegetation level, perch size, and the phenology of plants used by the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta. During the breeding season, the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta made significantly more-diverse foraging maneuvers for insects, and more often foraged in the subcaopy of larger trees and in areas with sparser vegetation. On the contrary, the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta applied more leg-powered maneuvers for more plant matter at the outer parts of smaller trees or shrubs in the understory during the non-breeding season. The patterns of resource use paralleled phenological changes in the plant species, with more new leaves on trees upon which the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta foraged in the breeding season, and more fruit on trees in the non-breeding season. In conclusion, seasonal variations in foraging behaviors of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta were significant and mainly attributed to diet changes between the breeding and non-breeding seasons. This study is in accordance with the changing-availability hypothesis and can provide empirical evidence for adaptive evolution of birds' foraging strategies.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"115 2 1","pages":"33-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79965079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201103.0087
R. Yeh, Yi-ting Yang, Y. Perng
Halogen-containing flame-retardant paper products have both good efficacies and cost competitiveness. However, facing increasingly stringent environmental protection and safety requirements, these products could become a liability in service. Developing effective and cost-competitive non-halogen flame retardant paper products has thus become a goal of product development by the paper industry. In this study, we investigated the application of certain papermaking functional additives, particularly minerals, to develop fire-resistant agents or flame-retardant papers that are not liable to become soggy when exposed to moisture in the atmosphere. Five inorganic pigments (calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and sericite mica) and a swelling-type flame-retardant (a phosphor-nitrogen (P-N) organic compound) were examined. We applied the minerals either by internal addition to a pulp furnish and formation into base sheets, or by surface coating applied to commercial copy paper substrates, and finally by adding the minerals at different proportions internally to the pulp furnish and then surface coating with the P-N compound. The prepared sheets were tested for their flame-retardation performance. Service environment-simulated treatments were also conducted on the papers to observe changes in their mechanical properties, so as to find the optimal flame-retarding filler ratios and coating amount formulations. The economic efficiencies of the various formulations were also analyzed to serve as a database for research and industrial reference. In total, 5 blended formulas allowed the papers to attain a class Ⅰ flame-retardation rating. After the degradation test and economic analysis, we deemed that aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide were too expensive, and were liable to lose their fire-resistance after degradation. Sericite mica-treated paper showed lower strength losses after degradation treatment; however, the fire rating decreased to class Ⅲ. Calcium carbonate- and kaolin clay-based papers had reduced fire ratings to class Ⅱ after degradation.
{"title":"Preparation of novel non-halogen flame-retardant papers.","authors":"R. Yeh, Yi-ting Yang, Y. Perng","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201103.0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201103.0087","url":null,"abstract":"Halogen-containing flame-retardant paper products have both good efficacies and cost competitiveness. However, facing increasingly stringent environmental protection and safety requirements, these products could become a liability in service. Developing effective and cost-competitive non-halogen flame retardant paper products has thus become a goal of product development by the paper industry. In this study, we investigated the application of certain papermaking functional additives, particularly minerals, to develop fire-resistant agents or flame-retardant papers that are not liable to become soggy when exposed to moisture in the atmosphere. Five inorganic pigments (calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and sericite mica) and a swelling-type flame-retardant (a phosphor-nitrogen (P-N) organic compound) were examined. We applied the minerals either by internal addition to a pulp furnish and formation into base sheets, or by surface coating applied to commercial copy paper substrates, and finally by adding the minerals at different proportions internally to the pulp furnish and then surface coating with the P-N compound. The prepared sheets were tested for their flame-retardation performance. Service environment-simulated treatments were also conducted on the papers to observe changes in their mechanical properties, so as to find the optimal flame-retarding filler ratios and coating amount formulations. The economic efficiencies of the various formulations were also analyzed to serve as a database for research and industrial reference. In total, 5 blended formulas allowed the papers to attain a class Ⅰ flame-retardation rating. After the degradation test and economic analysis, we deemed that aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide were too expensive, and were liable to lose their fire-resistance after degradation. Sericite mica-treated paper showed lower strength losses after degradation treatment; however, the fire rating decreased to class Ⅲ. Calcium carbonate- and kaolin clay-based papers had reduced fire ratings to class Ⅱ after degradation.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"35 6 1","pages":"87-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77929334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201103.0099
Yu-Jen Lin
Bamboo offers local people a variety of products for daily needs, and helps protect habitats in Taiwan. In the 1960~1980s, bamboo-related processing industries in Taiwan reached a maximum output value of US$ 44.7 million and greatly contributed to economic improvements for bamboo farmers, local communities, and governments. But these industries have been in decline for a long time due to surging labor costs and high competition from cheaper imported products from other Asian countries. For Taiwanese agricultural authorities, how to promote the amount of bamboo utilization to maintain the health of indigenous bamboo forest resources, and how to allow the bamboo processing industry and bamboo production to prosper again are important issues in making strategy. This paper first reviews the development history of the bamboo-processing industry in Taiwan, so that one can know the contributions and importance of the numerous ways that bamboo was utilized by local people in bygone years, then describes the current status of this industry and how programs for promoting bamboo utilization have been successfully carried out by the agricultural authorities. Finally, the paper mentions several beneficial coordinated programs in cooperation with other related governmental agencies to upgrade the bamboo industry in Taiwan and the prospects for the potential development of bamboo utilization including high value-added fine bamboo craft products, bamboo pyrolytic oil production, and bamboo pellet manufacture.
{"title":"Review, Current Status, and Prospects of the Bamboo Industry in Taiwan","authors":"Yu-Jen Lin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201103.0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201103.0099","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboo offers local people a variety of products for daily needs, and helps protect habitats in Taiwan. In the 1960~1980s, bamboo-related processing industries in Taiwan reached a maximum output value of US$ 44.7 million and greatly contributed to economic improvements for bamboo farmers, local communities, and governments. But these industries have been in decline for a long time due to surging labor costs and high competition from cheaper imported products from other Asian countries. For Taiwanese agricultural authorities, how to promote the amount of bamboo utilization to maintain the health of indigenous bamboo forest resources, and how to allow the bamboo processing industry and bamboo production to prosper again are important issues in making strategy. This paper first reviews the development history of the bamboo-processing industry in Taiwan, so that one can know the contributions and importance of the numerous ways that bamboo was utilized by local people in bygone years, then describes the current status of this industry and how programs for promoting bamboo utilization have been successfully carried out by the agricultural authorities. Finally, the paper mentions several beneficial coordinated programs in cooperation with other related governmental agencies to upgrade the bamboo industry in Taiwan and the prospects for the potential development of bamboo utilization including high value-added fine bamboo craft products, bamboo pyrolytic oil production, and bamboo pellet manufacture.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"99-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84977121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201012.0291
Hsu ChungLi, Dai ShinYi
High-intensity rainfall usually causes runoff and inter-rill erosion on slopes, which are serious problems of soil and water conservation. To accelerate the re-vegetation of exposed landslide areas, hydroseeding is widely applied as an economically feasible way. However, various hydroseeding materials have different effective durations, the concentration for plant growth has some influence, and additives may be exuded. This research used a ventilating and watertight resin spray on a mudstone soil surface to investigate soil erosion, drainage water quality, and soil hardness using a rainfall simulator with various conditions of slope, rainfall intensity, and concentration. The results showed that soil erosion significantly decreased, suggesting a good erosion-resisting effect by the ventilation and watertight resin. Moreover, no significant variation in drainage water was observed, and chemical substances were not likely to be released after gelling. Nevertheless, the high resin density will result in poor workability as well as high costs; an adverse effect is that the mudstone will fracture due to raindrop impact. Therefore, realizing the benefits of the concentration of ventilating and watertight resin on erosion control improvements of mudstone soil for estimations and calculations will be conducted for future applications.
{"title":"A study of ventilating and watertight resin on mudstone soil erosion control.","authors":"Hsu ChungLi, Dai ShinYi","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201012.0291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201012.0291","url":null,"abstract":"High-intensity rainfall usually causes runoff and inter-rill erosion on slopes, which are serious problems of soil and water conservation. To accelerate the re-vegetation of exposed landslide areas, hydroseeding is widely applied as an economically feasible way. However, various hydroseeding materials have different effective durations, the concentration for plant growth has some influence, and additives may be exuded. This research used a ventilating and watertight resin spray on a mudstone soil surface to investigate soil erosion, drainage water quality, and soil hardness using a rainfall simulator with various conditions of slope, rainfall intensity, and concentration. The results showed that soil erosion significantly decreased, suggesting a good erosion-resisting effect by the ventilation and watertight resin. Moreover, no significant variation in drainage water was observed, and chemical substances were not likely to be released after gelling. Nevertheless, the high resin density will result in poor workability as well as high costs; an adverse effect is that the mudstone will fracture due to raindrop impact. Therefore, realizing the benefits of the concentration of ventilating and watertight resin on erosion control improvements of mudstone soil for estimations and calculations will be conducted for future applications.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"291-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89285674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201009.0191
K. Ho, Shuhong Wei, Ming‐Jen Lee
Asexual reproduction ensures that advantageous genetic traits and characteristics of parental trees are passed onto progeny. Furthermore, seedlings grow very fast during the developmental period. To enhance the population size and improve reproduction of Casuarina equisetifolia, this study investigated how various factors influence the rooting quality of water-cultured C. equisetifolia. Using a recently developed technique, young branch cuttings were grown in water culture. To identify optimal conditions for water culture reproduction, various cuttings aged 3 and 6 mo were expored to a napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) concentration of 50 ppm. Cutting lengths of ＜ 10 cm had better rooting quantity than 10~15-cm cuttings. The rooting percentage of cuttings with wound treatment was 86.7% compared to 73.3% for cuttings without wound treatment. The cutting types used in this 'water culture' of rooting quantity were 2.1 for cuttings with branches and 1.8 for those without branches. The results of this study can be used to develop techniques to improve the rooting rate and lower the costs of growing C. equisetifolia seedlings for use in coastal regions of Taiwan.
{"title":"Cutting Propagation by Water Culture of Casuarina equisetifolia","authors":"K. Ho, Shuhong Wei, Ming‐Jen Lee","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201009.0191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201009.0191","url":null,"abstract":"Asexual reproduction ensures that advantageous genetic traits and characteristics of parental trees are passed onto progeny. Furthermore, seedlings grow very fast during the developmental period. To enhance the population size and improve reproduction of Casuarina equisetifolia, this study investigated how various factors influence the rooting quality of water-cultured C. equisetifolia. Using a recently developed technique, young branch cuttings were grown in water culture. To identify optimal conditions for water culture reproduction, various cuttings aged 3 and 6 mo were expored to a napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) concentration of 50 ppm. Cutting lengths of ＜ 10 cm had better rooting quantity than 10~15-cm cuttings. The rooting percentage of cuttings with wound treatment was 86.7% compared to 73.3% for cuttings without wound treatment. The cutting types used in this 'water culture' of rooting quantity were 2.1 for cuttings with branches and 1.8 for those without branches. The results of this study can be used to develop techniques to improve the rooting rate and lower the costs of growing C. equisetifolia seedlings for use in coastal regions of Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"49 1","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79014848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201009.0265
Shih‐Wen Chung, T. Hsu, M. Jung, S. Hsiao, Wei-U Fang
Lathraea purpurea Cummins (Scrophulariaceae), a holoparasitic plant originally described from Sikkim, was recently found at high elevations of central Taiwan. It also represents a new generic record to the flora of Taiwan. We provide a description, illustration, and color photos of L.purpurea and report Yushania niitakayamensis as its host in Taiwan.
{"title":"Lathraea purpurea (Scrophulariaceae): A New Generic Record in Taiwan","authors":"Shih‐Wen Chung, T. Hsu, M. Jung, S. Hsiao, Wei-U Fang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201009.0265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201009.0265","url":null,"abstract":"Lathraea purpurea Cummins (Scrophulariaceae), a holoparasitic plant originally described from Sikkim, was recently found at high elevations of central Taiwan. It also represents a new generic record to the flora of Taiwan. We provide a description, illustration, and color photos of L.purpurea and report Yushania niitakayamensis as its host in Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"38 1","pages":"265-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72933503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201009.0211
Yu-Jen Chiang, P. Yang, Chin-Shien Wu, Han-Ching Hsieh, Dar-Hsiung Wang
This study adopted integration of Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) and a cognition model as the research method to understand a sustainable approach to scenic esthetics of Taiwania plantations. The study site was located in Taiwania plantation forests in the Fang-Kang area of the Liouguei Experimental Forest. The respondents were investigated to reveal their scenic preferences, biophysical attributes, and perceptions of cognitive factors including formal esthetic attributes using projected photo images. RMRATE software was used to transfer scores of scenic preferences into SBE values. Then, all data were analyzed by a variance analysis and regression technique. The results indicated that no significant difference was shown in SBEs between students and non- students. It was shown that the ”unity” and ”graduation” of formal esthetic attributes of the investigated cognitive factors had positive effects on scenic preferences. In the analysis of the effect of biophysical attributes on scenic preferences, respondents preferred forest near-view scenes with greater percentage of herbaceous ground cover, less downed wood/debris on the ground, and a higher height to crown base of trees. Furthermore, it was observed that a greater percentage of herbaceous ground cover and less downed wood/debris resulted in higher ratings in the formal esthetic attributes of ”unity” and ”graduation” which positively influenced scenic preferences. Apparently, dealing with relationships of formal attributes (”unity” and ”graduation”) and biophysical attributes (percentage of herbaceous ground cover and downed wood/debris) should be seriously considered in designing scenic esthetics of Taiwania plantations.
{"title":"Forest scenic esthetic assessment - a case study of Taiwania cryptomerioides plantations in the Liouguei Experimental Forest.","authors":"Yu-Jen Chiang, P. Yang, Chin-Shien Wu, Han-Ching Hsieh, Dar-Hsiung Wang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201009.0211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201009.0211","url":null,"abstract":"This study adopted integration of Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) and a cognition model as the research method to understand a sustainable approach to scenic esthetics of Taiwania plantations. The study site was located in Taiwania plantation forests in the Fang-Kang area of the Liouguei Experimental Forest. The respondents were investigated to reveal their scenic preferences, biophysical attributes, and perceptions of cognitive factors including formal esthetic attributes using projected photo images. RMRATE software was used to transfer scores of scenic preferences into SBE values. Then, all data were analyzed by a variance analysis and regression technique. The results indicated that no significant difference was shown in SBEs between students and non- students. It was shown that the ”unity” and ”graduation” of formal esthetic attributes of the investigated cognitive factors had positive effects on scenic preferences. In the analysis of the effect of biophysical attributes on scenic preferences, respondents preferred forest near-view scenes with greater percentage of herbaceous ground cover, less downed wood/debris on the ground, and a higher height to crown base of trees. Furthermore, it was observed that a greater percentage of herbaceous ground cover and less downed wood/debris resulted in higher ratings in the formal esthetic attributes of ”unity” and ”graduation” which positively influenced scenic preferences. Apparently, dealing with relationships of formal attributes (”unity” and ”graduation”) and biophysical attributes (percentage of herbaceous ground cover and downed wood/debris) should be seriously considered in designing scenic esthetics of Taiwania plantations.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"38 1","pages":"211-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79277993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201009.0227
C. Hwang, Wen Ku, Hong-lin Lee
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phosphoryl triamide treatment on the flexural properties, internal bond strength, and dimensional stability of woodflour-polypropylene composites. Factors investigated included 3 woodflour loading levels and 7 fire-retardant treatments. Results showed that fire-retardant treatments adversely affected the flexural strength, internal bond strength, and dimensional stability of composite panels at a 100% woodflour loading; however, all of the measured properties improved at higher polypropylene contents, except for the flexural stiffness which was unaffected by either factor. Woodflour loading and fire-retardant treatments collectively and interactively affected the performance of woodflour-polypropylene composites, with the woodflour content a more-important factor than the fire-retardant type.
{"title":"Effects of Phosphoryl Triamide Treatment on the Strength and Dimensional Properties of Woodflour-Polypropylene Composites","authors":"C. Hwang, Wen Ku, Hong-lin Lee","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201009.0227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201009.0227","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phosphoryl triamide treatment on the flexural properties, internal bond strength, and dimensional stability of woodflour-polypropylene composites. Factors investigated included 3 woodflour loading levels and 7 fire-retardant treatments. Results showed that fire-retardant treatments adversely affected the flexural strength, internal bond strength, and dimensional stability of composite panels at a 100% woodflour loading; however, all of the measured properties improved at higher polypropylene contents, except for the flexural stiffness which was unaffected by either factor. Woodflour loading and fire-retardant treatments collectively and interactively affected the performance of woodflour-polypropylene composites, with the woodflour content a more-important factor than the fire-retardant type.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"45 1","pages":"227-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88420112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201009.0251
Chih-Ping Chang, I-Chen Wang, K. Hung, Y. Perng
The purpose of this study was to use acid hydrolysis of cotton linter to generate nanocrystal-line cellulose (NCC). Based on a 2^4 factorial design, the effects of sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, hydrolysis time, and the solid/liquid ratio on the NCC yield were examined. NCC specimens obtained from different sulfuric acid concentrations were subjected to a battery of analyses, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (13CSNMR), and a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) to probe the particle size distribution, morphology, functional group shifts, position of the carbon, and thermal degradation properties of the ensuing NCC. The results indicated that the sulfuric acid concentration and solid/liquid ratio at higher levels, and temperature and reaction time at lower levels were significantly conducive to increases in NCC yields. The main effects in diminishing order were the acid concentration, temperature, hydrolysis time, and solid/liquid ratio. Results of DLS and TEM observations suggested that the NCC had a size distribution centered around 20~200 nm, with length-to-width ratios ranging 1:1~1:30. The FTIR analysis indicated that absorption peaks at 1010~1080 and 1150~1260 cm^(-1) were derived from sulfate ester bonds on the cellulosic chains. Solid state 13CNMR spectra indicated that the C4 atoms along the cellulosic chain were shifted from 87.4 ppm to a lower magnetic domain, indicating the sulfonic ester bonding position. The TGA indicated that the lower-sulfuric-acid NCC specimen began step 1 weight loss at ca. 149℃, whereas its starting temperature of step 2 weight loss was generally higher than the mid- and high-acid NCC, at 337 and 205℃, respectively. The high-acid NCC only showed marked weight loss at 243℃. The study found that a sulfuric acid concentration of 60%, a solid/liquid ratio of 1:20, a hydrolysis temperature of 45℃, and a hydrolysis time of 5 min produced the best yield of 54.4%.
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Cellulose by Acid Hydrolysis of Cotton Linter","authors":"Chih-Ping Chang, I-Chen Wang, K. Hung, Y. Perng","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201009.0251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201009.0251","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to use acid hydrolysis of cotton linter to generate nanocrystal-line cellulose (NCC). Based on a 2^4 factorial design, the effects of sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, hydrolysis time, and the solid/liquid ratio on the NCC yield were examined. NCC specimens obtained from different sulfuric acid concentrations were subjected to a battery of analyses, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (13CSNMR), and a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) to probe the particle size distribution, morphology, functional group shifts, position of the carbon, and thermal degradation properties of the ensuing NCC. The results indicated that the sulfuric acid concentration and solid/liquid ratio at higher levels, and temperature and reaction time at lower levels were significantly conducive to increases in NCC yields. The main effects in diminishing order were the acid concentration, temperature, hydrolysis time, and solid/liquid ratio. Results of DLS and TEM observations suggested that the NCC had a size distribution centered around 20~200 nm, with length-to-width ratios ranging 1:1~1:30. The FTIR analysis indicated that absorption peaks at 1010~1080 and 1150~1260 cm^(-1) were derived from sulfate ester bonds on the cellulosic chains. Solid state 13CNMR spectra indicated that the C4 atoms along the cellulosic chain were shifted from 87.4 ppm to a lower magnetic domain, indicating the sulfonic ester bonding position. The TGA indicated that the lower-sulfuric-acid NCC specimen began step 1 weight loss at ca. 149℃, whereas its starting temperature of step 2 weight loss was generally higher than the mid- and high-acid NCC, at 337 and 205℃, respectively. The high-acid NCC only showed marked weight loss at 243℃. The study found that a sulfuric acid concentration of 60%, a solid/liquid ratio of 1:20, a hydrolysis temperature of 45℃, and a hydrolysis time of 5 min produced the best yield of 54.4%.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"76 1","pages":"251-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83305684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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