Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201112.0030
Yu-Jen Lin, Chiu-Hsien Wang, Sara W. Wu
According to guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the carbon conversion factor (CCF) is a key parameter for estimating the amount of carbon sequestered in a forest stand. The guidelines suggest that CCF can be calculated by converting the total biomass or bulk density (BD) of plants, and multiplying by the estimated percent carbon content (PCC). There are many relevant studies on the CCF of trees, but little research has been done on the CCF of bamboo. This study focused on the analysis of different CCFs among 4 major bamboo species found in Taiwan: Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla: Ph), Makino bamboo (P. makinoi: Pm), ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus: Dl), and thorny bamboo (Bambusa stenostachya: Bs). Various sites, ages, and positions in the culm were examined, and the resulting BD and PCC were simultaneously analyzed. The results show that the CCF significantly varied among species, sites, and positions in the culm, but showed no significant differences between age for Ph and Bs, and only partly significant differences for Pm and Dl. Variations in the CCF with the position in culm in all 4 bamboo species had the same trend: upper section ＞ middle section ＞ lower section. Average CCFs for a single culm of Pm, Ph, Bs, and Dl were 0.357, 0.318, 0.281, and 0.234, respectively. The results will be useful in increasing the estimation accuracy of carbon sequestration of local bamboo stands in Taiwan.
{"title":"Analyzing Carbon Conversion Factors of Four Species of Taiwanese Bamboo","authors":"Yu-Jen Lin, Chiu-Hsien Wang, Sara W. Wu","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201112.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201112.0030","url":null,"abstract":"According to guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the carbon conversion factor (CCF) is a key parameter for estimating the amount of carbon sequestered in a forest stand. The guidelines suggest that CCF can be calculated by converting the total biomass or bulk density (BD) of plants, and multiplying by the estimated percent carbon content (PCC). There are many relevant studies on the CCF of trees, but little research has been done on the CCF of bamboo. This study focused on the analysis of different CCFs among 4 major bamboo species found in Taiwan: Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla: Ph), Makino bamboo (P. makinoi: Pm), ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus: Dl), and thorny bamboo (Bambusa stenostachya: Bs). Various sites, ages, and positions in the culm were examined, and the resulting BD and PCC were simultaneously analyzed. The results show that the CCF significantly varied among species, sites, and positions in the culm, but showed no significant differences between age for Ph and Bs, and only partly significant differences for Pm and Dl. Variations in the CCF with the position in culm in all 4 bamboo species had the same trend: upper section ＞ middle section ＞ lower section. Average CCFs for a single culm of Pm, Ph, Bs, and Dl were 0.357, 0.318, 0.281, and 0.234, respectively. The results will be useful in increasing the estimation accuracy of carbon sequestration of local bamboo stands in Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"341-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80766576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201112.0098
Dar-Hsiung Wang, Han-Ching Hsieh, Yu-Jen Chiang, Chin-Shien Wu, P. Yang
Forest landscape visualization involves the rendering of realistic or abstract images that represent an underlying dataset of forest environments. The dataset may be the product of physical measurements of the real world, or it can be the product of a computational model. Visual images are regarded as being relatively easily interpreted by humans and help people understand complex data and processes. This study used a 3D computer cartographic technique to compile data of the terrain, buildings, roads, and plants in the core area of the Shanping Ecological Scientific Garden (SESG) in the Liukuei Research Center, southwestern Taiwan. SketchUp software was used to build 3D object models and assign allocation to the objects based on a geographic survey. Keyhole Markup Language and Google Earth were also used to generate digitized virtual scenery images. With the aid of the forest landscape simulation system we developed, people could quite easily visit the virtual world of the SESG at home. Finally, 2 scenarios of nursery management in the SESG were designed in this study. It is expected that the 3D simulation technique developed in this study can be utilized in forest recreational areas to design scenarios and elicit public discussion on landscape planning.
{"title":"Digital Visualization and Simulation of the Forest Landscape at the Shanping Ecological Scientific Garden in the Liukuei Area, Taiwan","authors":"Dar-Hsiung Wang, Han-Ching Hsieh, Yu-Jen Chiang, Chin-Shien Wu, P. Yang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201112.0098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201112.0098","url":null,"abstract":"Forest landscape visualization involves the rendering of realistic or abstract images that represent an underlying dataset of forest environments. The dataset may be the product of physical measurements of the real world, or it can be the product of a computational model. Visual images are regarded as being relatively easily interpreted by humans and help people understand complex data and processes. This study used a 3D computer cartographic technique to compile data of the terrain, buildings, roads, and plants in the core area of the Shanping Ecological Scientific Garden (SESG) in the Liukuei Research Center, southwestern Taiwan. SketchUp software was used to build 3D object models and assign allocation to the objects based on a geographic survey. Keyhole Markup Language and Google Earth were also used to generate digitized virtual scenery images. With the aid of the forest landscape simulation system we developed, people could quite easily visit the virtual world of the SESG at home. Finally, 2 scenarios of nursery management in the SESG were designed in this study. It is expected that the 3D simulation technique developed in this study can be utilized in forest recreational areas to design scenarios and elicit public discussion on landscape planning.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"409-416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78430243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201109.0221
J. Shyu, Kuo-Tsai Wang, Chih-Ping Chang
This study focused on the effects of resins and adhesives on the preservation of a series of dyed handmade papers, called ”multi-colored, gold-embossed papers”. The substrates included filter paper, lab-prepared handmade papers, and commercial water-patterned handmade papers. The resins or adhesives were impregnated into the papers and then 105℃ dry heat was applied for accelerated aging treatment. Changes in the paper strengths and colors were determined afterward. The results indicated that the paper substrates exerted significant influences. Although the commercial paper upon impregnating with various gelatins could markedly increase its folding endurance, after 12 d of 105℃ dry-heat, however, the folding endurance was almost reduced to 0; tearing strength retention was merely 20%. Thus it was not durable and would not be suitable for use as a medium for artistic creations. Individual resins and adhesives exhibited differing effects; they affected the original strengths of the substrate papers, but also the aging responses and changes in coloration. For tearing strength retention, the 2 wet-strength resins, sodium alginate, alum-added gelatin, and starch showed poorer strengths after the 105℃ dry-heat treatment. Resins or adhesives added with an insolubilizer, AZC, were superior to alum, and the effects were more distinctive in filter paper than in handmade papers, mainly because there was no calcium carbonate in the filter paper to neutralize the acidity of the alum.
{"title":"Effects of Resins and Adhesives on the Preservation of Converted Handmade Papers","authors":"J. Shyu, Kuo-Tsai Wang, Chih-Ping Chang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201109.0221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201109.0221","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the effects of resins and adhesives on the preservation of a series of dyed handmade papers, called ”multi-colored, gold-embossed papers”. The substrates included filter paper, lab-prepared handmade papers, and commercial water-patterned handmade papers. The resins or adhesives were impregnated into the papers and then 105℃ dry heat was applied for accelerated aging treatment. Changes in the paper strengths and colors were determined afterward. The results indicated that the paper substrates exerted significant influences. Although the commercial paper upon impregnating with various gelatins could markedly increase its folding endurance, after 12 d of 105℃ dry-heat, however, the folding endurance was almost reduced to 0; tearing strength retention was merely 20%. Thus it was not durable and would not be suitable for use as a medium for artistic creations. Individual resins and adhesives exhibited differing effects; they affected the original strengths of the substrate papers, but also the aging responses and changes in coloration. For tearing strength retention, the 2 wet-strength resins, sodium alginate, alum-added gelatin, and starch showed poorer strengths after the 105℃ dry-heat treatment. Resins or adhesives added with an insolubilizer, AZC, were superior to alum, and the effects were more distinctive in filter paper than in handmade papers, mainly because there was no calcium carbonate in the filter paper to neutralize the acidity of the alum.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"78 1","pages":"221-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77377022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201109.0245
Lei-Chen Lin, Ming‐Jen Lee, Jin-liang Chen
Formosan rhododendron (Rhododendron formosanum Hemsl.) is an indigenous species of the Ericales in Taiwan. The Rf32 fungal strain was isolated from the roots of wild Formosan rhododendron and identified as an endophytic species of Cryptosporiopsis based on its morphological characteristics. This identification was further confirmed by an internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. This species is a new addition to the fungal flora of Taiwan. In an ericoid-mycorrhizal resynthesis experiment, Rf32-inoculated Formosan rhododendron seedlings exhibited vigorous growth, and the root association showed hyphal complexes in cortical cells. The results demonstrated that Formosan rhododendron can form ericoid mycorrhizae in vitro with Cryptosporiopsis sp. Rf32.
{"title":"Resynthesis of Ericoid Mycorrhizae in Formosan Rhododendron (Rhododendron formosanum Hemsl.) with an Endophytic Cryptosporiopsis Species","authors":"Lei-Chen Lin, Ming‐Jen Lee, Jin-liang Chen","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201109.0245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201109.0245","url":null,"abstract":"Formosan rhododendron (Rhododendron formosanum Hemsl.) is an indigenous species of the Ericales in Taiwan. The Rf32 fungal strain was isolated from the roots of wild Formosan rhododendron and identified as an endophytic species of Cryptosporiopsis based on its morphological characteristics. This identification was further confirmed by an internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. This species is a new addition to the fungal flora of Taiwan. In an ericoid-mycorrhizal resynthesis experiment, Rf32-inoculated Formosan rhododendron seedlings exhibited vigorous growth, and the root association showed hyphal complexes in cortical cells. The results demonstrated that Formosan rhododendron can form ericoid mycorrhizae in vitro with Cryptosporiopsis sp. Rf32.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"27 1","pages":"245-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87013369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201109.0255
Chao-Chieh Chen, Hui Wu, Tzu-Tsen Liu, B. Shieh
Through body size, social interaction, and foraging behavior, we investigated the dominance rank and interference competition among 6 bird species foraging at a park feeding site in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Social interactions and foraging behaviors of these birds were recorded in June to September 2009. David's scores were calculated from an interspecific interaction matrix, and the score roughly increased with the body size of birds, but some exceptions were noted. Concerning foraging behavior, feral pigeons (Columba livia) and Spotted-necked Doves (Streptopelia chinensis) took over the food area once they appeared even though Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) usually arrived first. A linear regression model indicated that the number of Tree Sparrows outside the food area was positively correlated with the number of feral pigeons and Spotted-necked Doves inside the food area. Feral pigeons and Spotted-necked Doves moved away as the food was gradually consumed, and smaller species accordingly increased their foraging in the food area. Nevertheless, the Tree Sparrow was also suppressed by other medium-sized birds, like the White-vented Myna (Acridotheres javanicus) and Chinese Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis), and they eventually occupied the food area in large numbers at a later stage. This study revealed that body size did matter and the Tree Sparrow was clearly the least dominant species among the 6. However, a discrepancy between the dominance status and interference competition in foraging was apparent. In addition to David's score, we suggest incorporating body size, group size, and interference competition to reach a more-comprehensive dominance hierarchy in bird communities.
{"title":"Dominance Rank and Interference Competition in Foraging among Six Species of Birds in a Park in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan","authors":"Chao-Chieh Chen, Hui Wu, Tzu-Tsen Liu, B. Shieh","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201109.0255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201109.0255","url":null,"abstract":"Through body size, social interaction, and foraging behavior, we investigated the dominance rank and interference competition among 6 bird species foraging at a park feeding site in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Social interactions and foraging behaviors of these birds were recorded in June to September 2009. David's scores were calculated from an interspecific interaction matrix, and the score roughly increased with the body size of birds, but some exceptions were noted. Concerning foraging behavior, feral pigeons (Columba livia) and Spotted-necked Doves (Streptopelia chinensis) took over the food area once they appeared even though Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) usually arrived first. A linear regression model indicated that the number of Tree Sparrows outside the food area was positively correlated with the number of feral pigeons and Spotted-necked Doves inside the food area. Feral pigeons and Spotted-necked Doves moved away as the food was gradually consumed, and smaller species accordingly increased their foraging in the food area. Nevertheless, the Tree Sparrow was also suppressed by other medium-sized birds, like the White-vented Myna (Acridotheres javanicus) and Chinese Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis), and they eventually occupied the food area in large numbers at a later stage. This study revealed that body size did matter and the Tree Sparrow was clearly the least dominant species among the 6. However, a discrepancy between the dominance status and interference competition in foraging was apparent. In addition to David's score, we suggest incorporating body size, group size, and interference competition to reach a more-comprehensive dominance hierarchy in bird communities.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"255-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78323549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201109.0267
Chen Lin, Fu-Hsiung Hsu, Tzung-Su Ding
Territory mapping is considered one of the most accurate methods for estimating forest bird densities and studying the subtle relationships between birds and their habitats. Nevertheless, the territory mapping method has rarely been applied to estimate entire bird communities in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. We conducted territory mappings in an area of around 40 ha at a mid-elevation site in Taiwan for a period of 20 consecutive weeks (40 census days in total) from early March to late July 2005 to establish field protocols of territory mapping and examine the effectiveness of this method in detecting the avian community composition. Fifty-seven bird species from 5719 registrations were recorded during the 40 field censuses. The results suggested that the optimal period for territory mapping at the study site was during 10~12 wk from early April to late June, because during this period, the prevalences of most breeding species were highest. Within this period of time, we registered 88% of the breeding species recorded historically. Repeatedly playing 2 repetitions of the territorial songs of the 14 commonest species did not significantly affect the total number of breeding species or registrations recorded on each census. These results indicate that with a good trail system, the territory mapping method is suitable for censusing bird communities in forests of Taiwan and similar habitats in Asia. However, due to the non-territorial behavior, asynchronous breeding season, and multiple broodings of birds in tropical and subtropical regions, the efficiency of territory mapping method is not as good as that in temperate regions.
{"title":"Applying a territory mapping method to census the breeding bird community composition in a montane forest of Taiwan.","authors":"Chen Lin, Fu-Hsiung Hsu, Tzung-Su Ding","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201109.0267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201109.0267","url":null,"abstract":"Territory mapping is considered one of the most accurate methods for estimating forest bird densities and studying the subtle relationships between birds and their habitats. Nevertheless, the territory mapping method has rarely been applied to estimate entire bird communities in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. We conducted territory mappings in an area of around 40 ha at a mid-elevation site in Taiwan for a period of 20 consecutive weeks (40 census days in total) from early March to late July 2005 to establish field protocols of territory mapping and examine the effectiveness of this method in detecting the avian community composition. Fifty-seven bird species from 5719 registrations were recorded during the 40 field censuses. The results suggested that the optimal period for territory mapping at the study site was during 10~12 wk from early April to late June, because during this period, the prevalences of most breeding species were highest. Within this period of time, we registered 88% of the breeding species recorded historically. Repeatedly playing 2 repetitions of the territorial songs of the 14 commonest species did not significantly affect the total number of breeding species or registrations recorded on each census. These results indicate that with a good trail system, the territory mapping method is suitable for censusing bird communities in forests of Taiwan and similar habitats in Asia. However, due to the non-territorial behavior, asynchronous breeding season, and multiple broodings of birds in tropical and subtropical regions, the efficiency of territory mapping method is not as good as that in temperate regions.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"267-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87399916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201109.0287
Sheng-Zehn Yang, Ho-Ming Chang, Chien‐Fan Chen, M. Su
We report on a newly recorded shrub, Camellia trichoclada (Rehder) S.S.Chien, section Theopsis, genus Camellia, family Theaceae, from a mountainous area near Chinshuiying, southern Taiwan. It is morphologically related to C. transarisanensis (Hayata) Cohen-Stuart and C. transnokoensis (Hayata) Cohen-Stuart, but has markedly smaller leaves and a rounded to acute leaf base. In this article, a description, line drawing, photos, and key to the Taiwanese species of the section Theopsis are provided.
{"title":"Camellia trichoclada (Rehder) S.S.Chien (Theaceae): A Newly Recorded Shrub in Taiwan","authors":"Sheng-Zehn Yang, Ho-Ming Chang, Chien‐Fan Chen, M. Su","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201109.0287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201109.0287","url":null,"abstract":"We report on a newly recorded shrub, Camellia trichoclada (Rehder) S.S.Chien, section Theopsis, genus Camellia, family Theaceae, from a mountainous area near Chinshuiying, southern Taiwan. It is morphologically related to C. transarisanensis (Hayata) Cohen-Stuart and C. transnokoensis (Hayata) Cohen-Stuart, but has markedly smaller leaves and a rounded to acute leaf base. In this article, a description, line drawing, photos, and key to the Taiwanese species of the section Theopsis are provided.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"115 1","pages":"287-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79438661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201109.0305
Lu Sheng-shan, M. Perry, Michael Nekrasov, T. Fountain, P. Arzberger, Wang Yuhuang, Lin ChauChin
Under an international collaborative program between the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (TFRI) and Pacific RIM undergraduate experience (PRIME) of San Diego University, San Diego, CA, USA in 2010, we extended an image analysis package and applied it to honey bee observations. In this article, we describe the results of this collaboration. A tool suitable for routine measurements and counting tasks was developed to perform an automatic process. We applied blob-detecting of a computer vision technique to develop this package. We then tested the tool using images with different numbers of bees present collected from the Shanping wireless sensor network of TFRI. We compared the times consumed between the automatic and manual processes. Results showed that analysis of images with a low number of bees present (with an average bee number of ＜30 individuals per image) between the automatic process and manual process respectively required 9 and 315 min. A similar results showed that analysis of images with a high number of bees present (with an average bee number of ＞30 individuals per image) between the automatic process and manual process respectively require 23 and 409 min. Although the automatic process overestimated bee counts by 2~21%, the tool shows significant reductions in processing times. We concluded that the program provides a convenient way to determine the target and thus facilitate the examination of a large volume of honey bee images from a wireless sensor network in the field.
2010年，在台湾林业研究所(TFRI)与美国圣地亚哥大学(San Diego, CA, USA)的太平洋环太平洋本科生经验(PRIME)的国际合作项目中，我们扩展了图像分析包并将其应用于蜜蜂观测。在本文中，我们将描述这种协作的结果。开发了一种适用于日常测量和计数任务的工具，以执行自动过程。我们应用计算机视觉的斑点检测技术来开发这个包。然后，我们使用从TFRI山坪无线传感器网络收集的不同数量蜜蜂的图像对该工具进行了测试。我们比较了自动过程和手动过程所消耗的时间。结果表明,分析图像的低数量的蜜蜂礼物(平均蜜蜂数量的< 30个人/图片)之间的自动流程和手动流程分别需要9和315分钟。类似的结果表明,图像分析与大量的蜜蜂礼物(平均蜜蜂数量> 30个人/图片)之间的自动流程和手动流程分别需要23和409分钟。尽管自动过程高估了蜜蜂该工具的加工时间显著缩短了2~21%。我们得出的结论是，该程序提供了一种方便的方法来确定目标，从而促进了现场无线传感器网络中大量蜜蜂图像的检查。
{"title":"Automatic analysis of camera image data: an example of honey bee (Apis cerana) images from the Shanping wireless sensor network.","authors":"Lu Sheng-shan, M. Perry, Michael Nekrasov, T. Fountain, P. Arzberger, Wang Yuhuang, Lin ChauChin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201109.0305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201109.0305","url":null,"abstract":"Under an international collaborative program between the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (TFRI) and Pacific RIM undergraduate experience (PRIME) of San Diego University, San Diego, CA, USA in 2010, we extended an image analysis package and applied it to honey bee observations. In this article, we describe the results of this collaboration. A tool suitable for routine measurements and counting tasks was developed to perform an automatic process. We applied blob-detecting of a computer vision technique to develop this package. We then tested the tool using images with different numbers of bees present collected from the Shanping wireless sensor network of TFRI. We compared the times consumed between the automatic and manual processes. Results showed that analysis of images with a low number of bees present (with an average bee number of ＜30 individuals per image) between the automatic process and manual process respectively required 9 and 315 min. A similar results showed that analysis of images with a high number of bees present (with an average bee number of ＞30 individuals per image) between the automatic process and manual process respectively require 23 and 409 min. Although the automatic process overestimated bee counts by 2~21%, the tool shows significant reductions in processing times. We concluded that the program provides a convenient way to determine the target and thus facilitate the examination of a large volume of honey bee images from a wireless sensor network in the field.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"43 1","pages":"305-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83874398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The practice of forest thinning can influence the functions and structure of forest ecosystems. To investigate the effects of alternative thinning strategies on the stand structure and tree composition of a sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation, this study was conducted on national forests in the Nandai Working Circle Area. In a 35-yr-old plantation, the baseline stand status was surveyed to determine the inventory of timber resources in the study area on 12 plots with a size of 1 ha each. Among them, a randomized block design was adopted for 3 treatments with 4 replications for each treatment in 1 ha. A gap thinning rule was used to remove trees with 3 levels of thinning intensity in terms of removing 0, 25, and 50% area of sugi trees in a plot. In each plot, all woody plants with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of ＞1.0 cm were tallied, tagged, identified to species, the position was recorded, and dbh was measured. Baseline survey results showed that due to variations in growth among trees in the past, inconsistencies in tree densities were evident among plots. While the basal area shared by understory woody plants was quite small in the plantation (i.e., ＜5%), the enhancement of biodiversity was obvious. In terms of Shannon diversity index, the biological diversity of all woody plants increased after thinning, but there was little change in overstory trees. Vertical evenness of the overstory tree canopy was reduced after thinning and there was a not noticeable left-truncated Weibull dbh distribution after thinning.
{"title":"Baseline Survey and the Immediate Thinning Impact on the Stand Composition of Woody Plants and Overstory Structure of a Sugi Plantation (Cryptomeria japonica) in the Zenlen Area","authors":"Dar-Hsiung Wang, Chih-Hsin Chung, Han-Ching Hsieh, Shyh-Chian Tang, Tsai-Huei Chen","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201109.0295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201109.0295","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of forest thinning can influence the functions and structure of forest ecosystems. To investigate the effects of alternative thinning strategies on the stand structure and tree composition of a sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation, this study was conducted on national forests in the Nandai Working Circle Area. In a 35-yr-old plantation, the baseline stand status was surveyed to determine the inventory of timber resources in the study area on 12 plots with a size of 1 ha each. Among them, a randomized block design was adopted for 3 treatments with 4 replications for each treatment in 1 ha. A gap thinning rule was used to remove trees with 3 levels of thinning intensity in terms of removing 0, 25, and 50% area of sugi trees in a plot. In each plot, all woody plants with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of ＞1.0 cm were tallied, tagged, identified to species, the position was recorded, and dbh was measured. Baseline survey results showed that due to variations in growth among trees in the past, inconsistencies in tree densities were evident among plots. While the basal area shared by understory woody plants was quite small in the plantation (i.e., ＜5%), the enhancement of biodiversity was obvious. In terms of Shannon diversity index, the biological diversity of all woody plants increased after thinning, but there was little change in overstory trees. Vertical evenness of the overstory tree canopy was reduced after thinning and there was a not noticeable left-truncated Weibull dbh distribution after thinning.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"76 1","pages":"295-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86536504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201106.0179
Burenjargal Otgonsuren, Ming‐Jen Lee
Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (crested wheatgrass) is an endemic grass species, which dominates the Mongolian steppe. In this study, spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere soil of crested wheatgrass were isolated with wet-sieving/decanting methods and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and the associated species was identified as Diversispora spurcum C. Walker & Schuessler. An arbuscular-mycorrhizal resynthesis experiment showed that D. spurcum formed arbuscular mycorrhizae with crested wheatgrass seedlings, and promoted their growth and biomass. The dependency of the crested wheatgrass on arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMs) with D. spurcum was 292%. Diversispora spurcum inoculation also significantly increased the nitrogen and mineral (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na) contents in roots, stems, and leaves of crested wheatgrass. Inoculated and non-inoculated crested wheatgrass seedlings were cold-acclimated and subsequently subjected to freeze tolerance tests at -8, -11, -14, -15, -16, and -17℃, respectively. The leaf lethal temperatures for 50% mortality (LT50) of non-inoculated and inoculated crested wheatgrass were -8 and -14℃, respectively, while the whole plant LT50 values of non-inoculated and inoculated crested wheatgrass were -11 and -15.5℃, respectively. These results demonstrated that D. spurcum could effectively form arbuscular mycorrhizae with crested wheatgrass and improve its growth, presumably through enhanced nutrition acquisition, and freeze tolerance.
冰草(L.)Gaertn。小麦冠草是蒙古草原特有的禾本科植物。本研究采用湿筛法和蔗糖密度梯度离心分离法分离了冠小麦草根际土壤中的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)孢子，鉴定其伴生种为diverspora spurcum C. Walker & Schuessler。丛枝菌根再合成实验表明，d.s spurum与小麦草幼苗形成丛枝菌根，促进了小麦草幼苗生长和生物量。小麦草对丛枝菌根(AMs)的依赖性为292%。接种异孢子菌也显著提高了麦冠草根、茎和叶中氮和矿质元素(P、K、Ca、Mg和Na)含量。对接种和未接种的小麦冠草幼苗进行冷驯化，然后分别在-8、-11、-14、-15、-16和-17℃进行抗冻性试验。未接种和接种凤头麦草50%死亡率的叶片致死温度(LT50)分别为-8℃和-14℃，而未接种和接种凤头麦草的全株致死温度(LT50)分别为-11℃和-15.5℃。上述结果表明，spspurum可以有效地与麦草形成丛枝菌根，促进其生长，可能是通过增强营养获取和抗冻能力来实现的。
{"title":"Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Diversispora spurcum Improved the Growth and Freeze Tolerance of Mongolian Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum)","authors":"Burenjargal Otgonsuren, Ming‐Jen Lee","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201106.0179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201106.0179","url":null,"abstract":"Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (crested wheatgrass) is an endemic grass species, which dominates the Mongolian steppe. In this study, spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere soil of crested wheatgrass were isolated with wet-sieving/decanting methods and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and the associated species was identified as Diversispora spurcum C. Walker & Schuessler. An arbuscular-mycorrhizal resynthesis experiment showed that D. spurcum formed arbuscular mycorrhizae with crested wheatgrass seedlings, and promoted their growth and biomass. The dependency of the crested wheatgrass on arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMs) with D. spurcum was 292%. Diversispora spurcum inoculation also significantly increased the nitrogen and mineral (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na) contents in roots, stems, and leaves of crested wheatgrass. Inoculated and non-inoculated crested wheatgrass seedlings were cold-acclimated and subsequently subjected to freeze tolerance tests at -8, -11, -14, -15, -16, and -17℃, respectively. The leaf lethal temperatures for 50% mortality (LT50) of non-inoculated and inoculated crested wheatgrass were -8 and -14℃, respectively, while the whole plant LT50 values of non-inoculated and inoculated crested wheatgrass were -11 and -15.5℃, respectively. These results demonstrated that D. spurcum could effectively form arbuscular mycorrhizae with crested wheatgrass and improve its growth, presumably through enhanced nutrition acquisition, and freeze tolerance.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"29 1","pages":"179-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90218848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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