Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201106.0193
Wen-Chih Lin, Yung-Hsiu Chen, Fu-Shan Chou
Community and population dynamics in a 1-ha permanent plot of an evergreen forest of conifer and broadleaf trees, dominated by Pseudotsuga wilsoniana and Castanopsis carlesii, in southern Taiwan were studied. All live stems with a diameter at breast height of ≥ 1 cm in this area were identified by species, tagged, and measured, first in 1999 and then again in 2009. While no changes in the floristic composition occurred between 1999 and 2009, some slight variations were evident in Shannon's diversity index. Based on a logarithmic model, the mortality, recruitment, loss, and gain rates in basal area during this period were respectively calculated to be 1.7, 0.6, -0.5, and 0.02% yr^(-1). The stem density and especially the basal area (5.06 m^2 ha^(-1)) of P. wilsoniana, the most important conifer, decreased. Although the density of all dominant broadleaf trees slightly declined, 8 gained in basal area. Recent trends suggest that P. wilsoniana trees are now at a competitive disadvantage relative to evergreen broadleaf trees in the permanent plot, but a powerful typhoon on September 2, 2003, had a major impact on the community and population dynamics of this evergreen forest of conifer and broadleaf trees.
{"title":"Community and Population Dynamics of an Evergreen Conifer-Broadleaf Forest in Southern Taiwan: Recent Trends (1999~2009)","authors":"Wen-Chih Lin, Yung-Hsiu Chen, Fu-Shan Chou","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201106.0193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201106.0193","url":null,"abstract":"Community and population dynamics in a 1-ha permanent plot of an evergreen forest of conifer and broadleaf trees, dominated by Pseudotsuga wilsoniana and Castanopsis carlesii, in southern Taiwan were studied. All live stems with a diameter at breast height of ≥ 1 cm in this area were identified by species, tagged, and measured, first in 1999 and then again in 2009. While no changes in the floristic composition occurred between 1999 and 2009, some slight variations were evident in Shannon's diversity index. Based on a logarithmic model, the mortality, recruitment, loss, and gain rates in basal area during this period were respectively calculated to be 1.7, 0.6, -0.5, and 0.02% yr^(-1). The stem density and especially the basal area (5.06 m^2 ha^(-1)) of P. wilsoniana, the most important conifer, decreased. Although the density of all dominant broadleaf trees slightly declined, 8 gained in basal area. Recent trends suggest that P. wilsoniana trees are now at a competitive disadvantage relative to evergreen broadleaf trees in the permanent plot, but a powerful typhoon on September 2, 2003, had a major impact on the community and population dynamics of this evergreen forest of conifer and broadleaf trees.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"193-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86677322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201106.0135
Yi-Chung Wang, Jiunn-Cheng Lin
In this study, we used the supply selection criteria theory to formulate a questionnaire survey to analyze issues of wood materials selection criteria and domestic wood demand within the Taiwanese domestic forestry industry. The investigation surveyed 232 companies, and the results showed that companies currently in the forest products industry are mainly small and mediumsized. Only 26.29% of respondents within the past 3 yr had used at least some raw wood materials from a domestic source, and the main reason for that was ”there is an insufficient number of domestic sources”, while the most important factor for companies in the supply of raw wood material choice was ”stable source of supply of wood and wood products,”. The proportion of respondents who had used domestic wood in the past 3 yr was 59.32%, and they expected to increase the use of domestic wood in the future. Among companies that had not used domestic wood in the past 3 yr, 66.67% said that they would not consider using domestic wood. The most practical way to increase the demand for domestic wood would be to upgrade domestic timber self-sufficiency, while maintaining a commitment to sustainable forest management. To increase the use of domestic timber production, the number of domestic timber suppliers should be increased and the domestic wood self-sufficiency rate should be upgraded, while maintaining a commitment to sustainable forest management.
{"title":"Analysis of Timber Supplier Selection and Domestic Timber Requirements of the Forest Products Industry in Taiwan","authors":"Yi-Chung Wang, Jiunn-Cheng Lin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201106.0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201106.0135","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we used the supply selection criteria theory to formulate a questionnaire survey to analyze issues of wood materials selection criteria and domestic wood demand within the Taiwanese domestic forestry industry. The investigation surveyed 232 companies, and the results showed that companies currently in the forest products industry are mainly small and mediumsized. Only 26.29% of respondents within the past 3 yr had used at least some raw wood materials from a domestic source, and the main reason for that was ”there is an insufficient number of domestic sources”, while the most important factor for companies in the supply of raw wood material choice was ”stable source of supply of wood and wood products,”. The proportion of respondents who had used domestic wood in the past 3 yr was 59.32%, and they expected to increase the use of domestic wood in the future. Among companies that had not used domestic wood in the past 3 yr, 66.67% said that they would not consider using domestic wood. The most practical way to increase the demand for domestic wood would be to upgrade domestic timber self-sufficiency, while maintaining a commitment to sustainable forest management. To increase the use of domestic timber production, the number of domestic timber suppliers should be increased and the domestic wood self-sufficiency rate should be upgraded, while maintaining a commitment to sustainable forest management.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"52 1","pages":"135-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86874702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201106.0113
Wan-Yu Liu, Jiunn-Cheng Lin
A green forestation plan (GFP) is expected to promote the reforestation of plains totaling 60,000 ha within the first 8 yr in Taiwan. Annual subsidies for landlords, is NT$120,000 (US$ 4,000) per hectare, and NT$2.4 million for 20 yr. In this paper, we surveyed landlords' opinions towards the GFP in an attempt to understand their incentives to participate in the GFP and their levels of concern and agreement towards the policy design. According to the results of this paper, there was still a relatively high proportion of respondents who were not aware of the GFP; more than 50% of landlords were neutral or willing to participate given high reforestation subsidies; approximately 30% of landlords were unwilling to participate. In terms of the period of this policy, 52.7% of respondents indicated that it should be shortened to ≦ 15 yr. In terms of the amount of the subsidy, 41.7% of respondents said that it should be raised to approximately NT$250,000/ha. Some policy suggestions are provided as follows: (1) many landlords are still unaware of the GFP so the government should enhance the promotion of the policy; (2) many landlords are unwilling to participate in GFP mainly because they do not own enough land to be eligible, hence the government should consider adjusting its requirements for the minimum agricultural land area; (3) for subsequent promotions of the GFP, the government may consider targeting landlords with high incomes and high levels of education; and (4) because the subsidy of this policy alone provides limited help to landlords, the government should help landlords explore other revenue possibilities from afforestation in addition to the existing subsidies and raise the participation incentives.
{"title":"Landlord Awareness of and Willingness to Participate in a Green Forestation Plan: The Case of Tainan County","authors":"Wan-Yu Liu, Jiunn-Cheng Lin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201106.0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201106.0113","url":null,"abstract":"A green forestation plan (GFP) is expected to promote the reforestation of plains totaling 60,000 ha within the first 8 yr in Taiwan. Annual subsidies for landlords, is NT$120,000 (US$ 4,000) per hectare, and NT$2.4 million for 20 yr. In this paper, we surveyed landlords' opinions towards the GFP in an attempt to understand their incentives to participate in the GFP and their levels of concern and agreement towards the policy design. According to the results of this paper, there was still a relatively high proportion of respondents who were not aware of the GFP; more than 50% of landlords were neutral or willing to participate given high reforestation subsidies; approximately 30% of landlords were unwilling to participate. In terms of the period of this policy, 52.7% of respondents indicated that it should be shortened to ≦ 15 yr. In terms of the amount of the subsidy, 41.7% of respondents said that it should be raised to approximately NT$250,000/ha. Some policy suggestions are provided as follows: (1) many landlords are still unaware of the GFP so the government should enhance the promotion of the policy; (2) many landlords are unwilling to participate in GFP mainly because they do not own enough land to be eligible, hence the government should consider adjusting its requirements for the minimum agricultural land area; (3) for subsequent promotions of the GFP, the government may consider targeting landlords with high incomes and high levels of education; and (4) because the subsidy of this policy alone provides limited help to landlords, the government should help landlords explore other revenue possibilities from afforestation in addition to the existing subsidies and raise the participation incentives.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"88 1","pages":"113-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77543078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201106.0163
Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu‐Fang Chang, Chia-Wen Hsu
Nutrient release processes associated with needle litter decomposition were monitored for 2 yr after thinning in a 50-yr-old Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantation in northeastern Taiwan. Three thinning intensities [unthinned (T0), low (T28), and moderately low (T36)] were applied. Litterbags were used to measure the Sugi needle litter decomposition. Results of decomposition for 2 yr illustrated that the current thinning intensities in this study gave clear effects on nutrient release and return of Sugi needle litter. C release from the litter was the fastest. In addition to C, this study categorized nutrient dynamics of the decomposition litter into 3 types based on the quantity correlation of nutrient loss and changes in the weight remaining and concentration of nutrients: (1) N and P, (2) Ca and Mg, and (3) K. The overall relative mobilities of the nutrients examined after 2 yr were as follows: C ＞ (P, K) ＞ Ca ＞ Mg ＞ N. In this study, only the relative mobility of K and P changed with the different thinning intensities. The annual return of all nutrients showed no significant difference between treatments T0 and T28. Significantly lower nutrient return rates existed with treatment T36, and these may have contributed to the significantly lower input of Sugi leaf litterfall. The quantities of C and other nutrients returned through litterfall decreased with an increasing thinning intensity. Amounts of bioelements of Sugi needle litter that were returned to the soil were as follows: C ＞ Ca ＞ N ＞ K ＞ P ＞ Mg for the 3 thinning intensities in this study. It is possible that the current thinning level was not high enough to produce very significant changes in needle litter decomposition, nutrient release, or nutrient availability. For future studies, we suggested that both higher thinning intensity treatment and long-term decomposition studies of changes in temperate and moist environmental conditions are necessary.
在台湾东北部的一处50年树龄杉木(Cryptomeria japonica D. Don)人工林中，进行了2年间伐后与针叶凋落物分解相关的养分释放过程监测。应用三种稀释强度[未稀释(T0)，低稀释(T28)和中低稀释(T36)]。采用垃圾袋法测定杉木针叶凋落物分解情况。2年的分解结果表明，本研究当前的间伐强度对杉木针叶凋落物的养分释放和归还有明显的影响。C的释放速度最快。除了C,这个研究营养动力学分解垃圾分类成三种基于养分损失的数量关系和剩下的重量变化和浓度的营养:(1)N和P,(2)钙和镁,和(3)K的整体相对机动性营养检查后2年如下:C > (P、K) >钙>镁> N在这项研究中,只有K, P的相对流动改变了不同间伐强度。处理T0与处理T28间各养分的年回报无显著差异。T36处理显著降低了杉木凋落物的养分回报率，这可能是杉木凋落物输入量显著降低的原因。随着间伐强度的增加，凋落物中碳和其他养分的回归量逐渐减少。3种间伐强度下杉木针叶凋落物返回土壤的生物元素量为C > Ca > N > K > P > Mg。目前的间伐水平可能还不够高，不足以在针叶凋落物分解、养分释放或养分有效性方面产生非常显著的变化。对于未来的研究，我们建议在温带和潮湿环境条件下进行更高的间伐强度处理和长期分解研究。
{"title":"Effects of thinning treatments on nutrient release from decomposing needle litter of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) in northeastern Taiwan.","authors":"Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu‐Fang Chang, Chia-Wen Hsu","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201106.0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201106.0163","url":null,"abstract":"Nutrient release processes associated with needle litter decomposition were monitored for 2 yr after thinning in a 50-yr-old Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantation in northeastern Taiwan. Three thinning intensities [unthinned (T0), low (T28), and moderately low (T36)] were applied. Litterbags were used to measure the Sugi needle litter decomposition. Results of decomposition for 2 yr illustrated that the current thinning intensities in this study gave clear effects on nutrient release and return of Sugi needle litter. C release from the litter was the fastest. In addition to C, this study categorized nutrient dynamics of the decomposition litter into 3 types based on the quantity correlation of nutrient loss and changes in the weight remaining and concentration of nutrients: (1) N and P, (2) Ca and Mg, and (3) K. The overall relative mobilities of the nutrients examined after 2 yr were as follows: C ＞ (P, K) ＞ Ca ＞ Mg ＞ N. In this study, only the relative mobility of K and P changed with the different thinning intensities. The annual return of all nutrients showed no significant difference between treatments T0 and T28. Significantly lower nutrient return rates existed with treatment T36, and these may have contributed to the significantly lower input of Sugi leaf litterfall. The quantities of C and other nutrients returned through litterfall decreased with an increasing thinning intensity. Amounts of bioelements of Sugi needle litter that were returned to the soil were as follows: C ＞ Ca ＞ N ＞ K ＞ P ＞ Mg for the 3 thinning intensities in this study. It is possible that the current thinning level was not high enough to produce very significant changes in needle litter decomposition, nutrient release, or nutrient availability. For future studies, we suggested that both higher thinning intensity treatment and long-term decomposition studies of changes in temperate and moist environmental conditions are necessary.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"163-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75121701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201106.0151
Perng Yuan-Shing, Wang IChen, Liu Mingjie, Kuo LanSheng
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on coating color and coated paper when nano-scale sericite was substituted for a portion of the latex binder. The coating formulation was based on a lightweight coated (LWC) paper coating. Dosages of nanosericite were 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 parts per hundred of the total color pigments. Respective latex dosages were 11.2, 11.1, 11.0, 10.9, 10.7, 10.5, and 10.2 parts per hundred of the total color pigments. The coating weight was controlled to 8.5g m^(-2) on one side. There were 10 experimental sets (including 2 sets of replications) in total. The results indicated that in terms of the coating color properties, adding nanosericite tended to reduce the water retention property and increased both the lowand high-shear viscosities; however, the color remained applicable. Substituting a portion of the latex with nanosericite as a co-binder did not affect the RI dry-and wet-peeling strengths of the coated paper, while paper opacity and brightness showed some improvements. Examination of CIE L*a*b* values of the coated paper suggested that the tint of the paper shifted from a greenish-yellow to a reddish-blue tone. The coated paper with modified color tended to have increased smoothness and decreased roughness; however, at both lower and the highest nanosericite dosages, the effects were reversed. The modification did not affect the unprinted gloss, but caused an increase in post-printing gloss levels.
{"title":"Application of nanosericite to LWC paper.","authors":"Perng Yuan-Shing, Wang IChen, Liu Mingjie, Kuo LanSheng","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201106.0151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201106.0151","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on coating color and coated paper when nano-scale sericite was substituted for a portion of the latex binder. The coating formulation was based on a lightweight coated (LWC) paper coating. Dosages of nanosericite were 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 parts per hundred of the total color pigments. Respective latex dosages were 11.2, 11.1, 11.0, 10.9, 10.7, 10.5, and 10.2 parts per hundred of the total color pigments. The coating weight was controlled to 8.5g m^(-2) on one side. There were 10 experimental sets (including 2 sets of replications) in total. The results indicated that in terms of the coating color properties, adding nanosericite tended to reduce the water retention property and increased both the lowand high-shear viscosities; however, the color remained applicable. Substituting a portion of the latex with nanosericite as a co-binder did not affect the RI dry-and wet-peeling strengths of the coated paper, while paper opacity and brightness showed some improvements. Examination of CIE L*a*b* values of the coated paper suggested that the tint of the paper shifted from a greenish-yellow to a reddish-blue tone. The coated paper with modified color tended to have increased smoothness and decreased roughness; however, at both lower and the highest nanosericite dosages, the effects were reversed. The modification did not affect the unprinted gloss, but caused an increase in post-printing gloss levels.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"151-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82501995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201106.0125
T. Chang, Wu-Rong Wang, C. Chou
Using 10 known components in Antrodia cinnamomea including 5 ergostanes (antcins C and K, and zhankuic acids A, B, and C), 4 lanostanes (sulphurenic acid, dehydrosulphurenic acid, eburicoic acid, and dehydroeburicoic acid), and 1 monophenyl (4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole) as standards, mycelia and basidiomes of A. cinnamomea were differentiated in this study. Natural basidiomes collected from wood of Cinnamomum kanehirai in natural forests and cultured basidiomes grown on potato dextrose agar medium contained all 10 test components. However, natural mycelia collected from the wood of C. kanehirai in a natural forest and liquid/solid cultured mycelia grown on potato dextrose broth/potato dextrose agar media contained the 4 lanostanes and 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole but not the 5 ergostanes. These results indicate that the production of ergostanes is related to basidiomatal formation of A. cinnamomea, but is not related to the substrate on which the organism is grown.
{"title":"Differentiation of mycelia and basidiomes of Antrodia cinnamomea using certain chemical components.","authors":"T. Chang, Wu-Rong Wang, C. Chou","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201106.0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201106.0125","url":null,"abstract":"Using 10 known components in Antrodia cinnamomea including 5 ergostanes (antcins C and K, and zhankuic acids A, B, and C), 4 lanostanes (sulphurenic acid, dehydrosulphurenic acid, eburicoic acid, and dehydroeburicoic acid), and 1 monophenyl (4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole) as standards, mycelia and basidiomes of A. cinnamomea were differentiated in this study. Natural basidiomes collected from wood of Cinnamomum kanehirai in natural forests and cultured basidiomes grown on potato dextrose agar medium contained all 10 test components. However, natural mycelia collected from the wood of C. kanehirai in a natural forest and liquid/solid cultured mycelia grown on potato dextrose broth/potato dextrose agar media contained the 4 lanostanes and 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole but not the 5 ergostanes. These results indicate that the production of ergostanes is related to basidiomatal formation of A. cinnamomea, but is not related to the substrate on which the organism is grown.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"125-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89588328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201103.0071
K. Ho, W. Tsai
In this study, we investigated the adaptive behavior of Casuarina windbreak stands along the southwestern coast of Taiwan to land subsidence. Based on surveys and measurements of 17 indicators, such as soil factors, the external appearance of individual trees, damage sustained by individual trees etc., we applied a maximum variance reciprocal matrix method of a factorial analysis to obtain sets of reciprocal matrices, together with weighting factor adjustments, and then we derived the state of health of the stands. The analytical results indicated that the vitality of the tree crowns, soil salinity, soil pH, tree diseases, tree flowering, and root damage were the 6 major factors affecting differences in the adaptive performance of Casuarina windbreak stands. Finally, the maximum variance reciprocal matrices of the factorial analysis identified 3 factors of tree status, crown vitality, and changes in the soil environment as influential indicators. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that there was a seasonal fluctuation in the tree health status with a decrease observed in summer and autumn compared to winter and spring. This study confirmed that coastal Casuarina windbreak stands of southwestern Taiwan have already been affected by land subsidence, and the adaptive characteristics of injured trees and a seasonal fluctuation of their health status were observed.
{"title":"Adaptations of Casuarina windbreak stands to land subsidence on the southwestern coast of Taiwan.","authors":"K. Ho, W. Tsai","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201103.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201103.0071","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated the adaptive behavior of Casuarina windbreak stands along the southwestern coast of Taiwan to land subsidence. Based on surveys and measurements of 17 indicators, such as soil factors, the external appearance of individual trees, damage sustained by individual trees etc., we applied a maximum variance reciprocal matrix method of a factorial analysis to obtain sets of reciprocal matrices, together with weighting factor adjustments, and then we derived the state of health of the stands. The analytical results indicated that the vitality of the tree crowns, soil salinity, soil pH, tree diseases, tree flowering, and root damage were the 6 major factors affecting differences in the adaptive performance of Casuarina windbreak stands. Finally, the maximum variance reciprocal matrices of the factorial analysis identified 3 factors of tree status, crown vitality, and changes in the soil environment as influential indicators. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that there was a seasonal fluctuation in the tree health status with a decrease observed in summer and autumn compared to winter and spring. This study confirmed that coastal Casuarina windbreak stands of southwestern Taiwan have already been affected by land subsidence, and the adaptive characteristics of injured trees and a seasonal fluctuation of their health status were observed.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"71-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81978004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201103.0017
Cheng-Jung Lin, T. Chang, M. Juan, Ta-Te Lin, Chia-lin Tseng, Ya-nan Wang, M. Tsai
The purpose of this study was to evaluate defects/holes in trees using a stress wave tomo-graphic technique. Results revealed that there was a significant positive relationship of the residual disc diameter ratio with the stress wave velocity, and a negative relationship with a reduction in the corresponding stress wave velocity in the virtual radial direction. A difference in the mapped color and stress wave velocity between the hole area and its surrounding sound area was obvious, and when the ratio of the hole area to the cross-sectional area exceeded 2.3%, the hole was detectable by tomography. A significant positive relationship between wood density and stress wave velocity of the transverse section was found in this study. Moreover, above the fiber saturation point, stress wave velocities tended to decrease with increasing moisture contents using tomography. Experimental results could provide some vital information for detecting defect locations and sizes in trunk cross-sections.
{"title":"Stress wave tomography for the quantification of artificial hole detection in camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora).","authors":"Cheng-Jung Lin, T. Chang, M. Juan, Ta-Te Lin, Chia-lin Tseng, Ya-nan Wang, M. Tsai","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201103.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201103.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to evaluate defects/holes in trees using a stress wave tomo-graphic technique. Results revealed that there was a significant positive relationship of the residual disc diameter ratio with the stress wave velocity, and a negative relationship with a reduction in the corresponding stress wave velocity in the virtual radial direction. A difference in the mapped color and stress wave velocity between the hole area and its surrounding sound area was obvious, and when the ratio of the hole area to the cross-sectional area exceeded 2.3%, the hole was detectable by tomography. A significant positive relationship between wood density and stress wave velocity of the transverse section was found in this study. Moreover, above the fiber saturation point, stress wave velocities tended to decrease with increasing moisture contents using tomography. Experimental results could provide some vital information for detecting defect locations and sizes in trunk cross-sections.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"254 1","pages":"17-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76653258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201103.0059
Yeh MinChyuan, Lin Yuli, Huang YungChin
A study was undertaken to evaluate the tensile strength performance of both vertically and horizontally finger-jointed laminae with 3 different lengths of finger profiles for 5 softwood species. Douglas fir finger-jointed lumber showed the best joint efficiency at 74.1%, followed by spruce-pine-fir (SPF) groups, at 65%, among the 5 wood species. Both Japanese cedar and southern pine finger-jointed lumber had lower joint efficiencies due to weak finger profiles causing early failure in tension. Southern pine finger-jointed lumber was found to have the highest tensile strength, 116.6% higher than the lowest Japanese cedar group, followed by the Douglas fir group which was 65.9% higher. The hemlock and SPF groups had similar tensile strengths, and they were also higher than the Japanese cedar group by 46.8 and 40.7%, respectively. The tensile strength of lumber joined with a 21-mm long finger profile showed a significantly lower value than those with 18- and 24-mm finger profile groups by 11.3 and 8.5%, respectively, due to the wide finger tips. The results show that there was no significant difference in tensile strength of finger-jointed lumber between horizontal and vertical finger formation. With the exception of the 21-mm finger-jointed group, slightly higher tensile strength (7.4%) for the 18- and 24-mm finger length groups with vertical finger-joints was obtained, compared to those with horizontal joints.
{"title":"Evaluation of the tensile strength of structural finger-jointed lumber.","authors":"Yeh MinChyuan, Lin Yuli, Huang YungChin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201103.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201103.0059","url":null,"abstract":"A study was undertaken to evaluate the tensile strength performance of both vertically and horizontally finger-jointed laminae with 3 different lengths of finger profiles for 5 softwood species. Douglas fir finger-jointed lumber showed the best joint efficiency at 74.1%, followed by spruce-pine-fir (SPF) groups, at 65%, among the 5 wood species. Both Japanese cedar and southern pine finger-jointed lumber had lower joint efficiencies due to weak finger profiles causing early failure in tension. Southern pine finger-jointed lumber was found to have the highest tensile strength, 116.6% higher than the lowest Japanese cedar group, followed by the Douglas fir group which was 65.9% higher. The hemlock and SPF groups had similar tensile strengths, and they were also higher than the Japanese cedar group by 46.8 and 40.7%, respectively. The tensile strength of lumber joined with a 21-mm long finger profile showed a significantly lower value than those with 18- and 24-mm finger profile groups by 11.3 and 8.5%, respectively, due to the wide finger tips. The results show that there was no significant difference in tensile strength of finger-jointed lumber between horizontal and vertical finger formation. With the exception of the 21-mm finger-jointed group, slightly higher tensile strength (7.4%) for the 18- and 24-mm finger length groups with vertical finger-joints was obtained, compared to those with horizontal joints.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"79 1","pages":"59-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83361137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201103.0044
Xin-chuang Wang, G. Qi, Bernard J. Lewis, Da-pao Yu, Li Zhou, L. Qi, Yue Wang, Guowei Li, L. Dai, Dongkai Su
Forests, which account for 76~98% of terrestrial plant carbon and 2/3 of terrestrial carbon sequestration in the world every year, can store or release large amounts of carbon as a result of natural environmental variability and human activities. Quantifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of forest biomass carbon storage is important not only for understanding the role of forests in global warming but also in supporting decision-making processes in forest management. We established biomass-volume models utilizing investigation data of sample plots in the Luishuihe forest area of Northeast China. Based on the models and a forest resource inventory database, forest biomass carbon storage at Lushuihe in 1987, 1995, and 2003 was estimated and mapped in a geographic information system (GIS). The forest biomass carbon storage in areas with 3 different management regimes during different time periods was also obtained based on area maps and maps of carbon storage in the GIS. The results showed that both carbon storage and density first decreased between 1987 and 1995, and then increased between 1995 and 2003. Such temporal dynamics of forest biomass carbon storage corresponded well to changes in Chinese forest policies. Forest biomass carbon storage and density of natural forests in key ecological welfare forest (EWF) areas, where harvesting is prohibited, steadily increased between 1987 and 2003 due to the prohibition of timber harvesting. Decreases in forest biomass carbon storage and density of natural forests in ordinary EWF areas, where harvesting is allowed under certain presumably beneficial conditions, were much less from 1995 to 2003 than from 1987 to 1995 due to decreased timber harvesting. In commodity forest (CoF) areas these decreases in natural forests were also less from 1995~2003 than 1987~1995 due to decreased timber harvesting. The area and biomass carbon storage of plantations in the 3 areas steadily increased between 1987 and 2003. The rate of decrease of carbon density in CoF areas was even less than that in local EWF areas because the area and carbon storage of fast-growing plantations in CoF areas were much greater than these in local EWF areas from 1995 to 2003.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Variations in Biomass Carbon Storage for Three Forest Management Regimes in Northeast China","authors":"Xin-chuang Wang, G. Qi, Bernard J. Lewis, Da-pao Yu, Li Zhou, L. Qi, Yue Wang, Guowei Li, L. Dai, Dongkai Su","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201103.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201103.0044","url":null,"abstract":"Forests, which account for 76~98% of terrestrial plant carbon and 2/3 of terrestrial carbon sequestration in the world every year, can store or release large amounts of carbon as a result of natural environmental variability and human activities. Quantifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of forest biomass carbon storage is important not only for understanding the role of forests in global warming but also in supporting decision-making processes in forest management. We established biomass-volume models utilizing investigation data of sample plots in the Luishuihe forest area of Northeast China. Based on the models and a forest resource inventory database, forest biomass carbon storage at Lushuihe in 1987, 1995, and 2003 was estimated and mapped in a geographic information system (GIS). The forest biomass carbon storage in areas with 3 different management regimes during different time periods was also obtained based on area maps and maps of carbon storage in the GIS. The results showed that both carbon storage and density first decreased between 1987 and 1995, and then increased between 1995 and 2003. Such temporal dynamics of forest biomass carbon storage corresponded well to changes in Chinese forest policies. Forest biomass carbon storage and density of natural forests in key ecological welfare forest (EWF) areas, where harvesting is prohibited, steadily increased between 1987 and 2003 due to the prohibition of timber harvesting. Decreases in forest biomass carbon storage and density of natural forests in ordinary EWF areas, where harvesting is allowed under certain presumably beneficial conditions, were much less from 1995 to 2003 than from 1987 to 1995 due to decreased timber harvesting. In commodity forest (CoF) areas these decreases in natural forests were also less from 1995~2003 than 1987~1995 due to decreased timber harvesting. The area and biomass carbon storage of plantations in the 3 areas steadily increased between 1987 and 2003. The rate of decrease of carbon density in CoF areas was even less than that in local EWF areas because the area and carbon storage of fast-growing plantations in CoF areas were much greater than these in local EWF areas from 1995 to 2003.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"48 1","pages":"44-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88046068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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