Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201209.0283
Hs Wang, Feng Chen, Z. Hseu, Yao-Lun Kuo, S. Jien
Restoring indigenous plants is an urgent concern in coral reef landscapes severely invaded by white leadtrees (Leucaena leucocephala). The efficiency of restoration is largely influenced by the spatial heterogeneity of soils and selecting suitable species. In this study, we evaluated the relationships of soil properties with the mortality and growth performance of restored seedlings, and clarify suitable species on the basis of some specific soil properties. Seventeen species of indigenous plant seedlings were randomly planted in the study area after clearcutting white leadtrees in southern Taiwan. At the beginning of seedling planting, 142 surface soil samples were collected in a grid for analysis, including the soil depth, bulk density, water content, organic matter contents, and soil texture. Mortality and physiological characteristics of the planted seedlings, including the plant height and root collar diameter, were also investigated at 22 mo after seedling planting. Based on analytical results of a principal components analysis (PCA) and correlations, the survival rate of seedlings was determined by the soil depth, soil texture, and soil water contents in the dry season (October to April of the following year). There were significant correlation of the survival rate of seedlings with soil depth (r = 0.58, p ＜ 0.05), sand fraction (r = 0.63, p ＜ 0.05), and clay fraction (r = -0.63, p ＜ 0.05). During the dry seasons, soil water contents were always below the permanent wilting coefficient, especially in clayey soils (≥ 30% clay fraction contents) in the study area. Additionally, the investigation results indicated that the growth of plants responding to soils was species specific. Pandanus odoratissimus, Aglaia formosana, Cerbera manghas, Ficus superba var. japonica, Thespesia populnea, and Calophyllum inophyllum were independent of soil properties and were most suitable for restoration in coastal coral reef landscapes. Pongamia pinnata, Pittosporum pentandrum, Premna serratifolia, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Planchonella obovata were sensitive to soil texture and moisture stress, and should be planted in the areas with sandy soils. Ficus septica and Hernanadia nymphaeifolia were susceptible to soil depth, and these 2 species should be planted in areas with thick soil depths (≥ 30 cm). Macaranga tanarius and Scaevola taccada were species favored to grow in high-pH (≥ 7.2) areas. Furthermore, F. benjamina. and Terminalia catappa are unsuitable species for restoration of coral reef landscapes.
在白铅树(Leucaena leucocephala)严重入侵的珊瑚礁景观中，恢复本土植物是一个迫切需要关注的问题。恢复效率很大程度上受土壤空间异质性和适宜树种选择的影响。在本研究中，我们评估了土壤性质与恢复幼苗死亡率和生长性能的关系，并根据一些特定的土壤性质确定了适合的树种。摘要在台湾南部白铅树砍伐后，在研究区随机种植17种本地植物幼苗。苗木种植初期，采集142个表层土壤样品，网格化分析，包括土壤深度、容重、含水量、有机质含量、土壤质地。在定苗后22个月，研究了幼苗的死亡率和生理特性，包括株高和根颈直径。根据主成分分析(PCA)和相关性分析结果，在旱季(10月至次年4月)，幼苗成活率与土壤深度、土壤质地和土壤含水量有关。幼苗成活率与土壤深度(r = 0.58, p < 0.05)、沙粒含量(r = 0.63, p < 0.05)、粘土含量(r = -0.63, p < 0.05)呈显著相关。在旱季，土壤含水量始终低于永久萎蔫系数，特别是粘质土(粘粒含量≥30%)。此外，调查结果表明，植物生长对土壤的响应具有物种特异性。在沿海珊瑚礁景观中，最适合恢复的植物有:臭臭香豆、台湾木兰花、山竹、日本榕、白杨和红叶。凤尾花、五花菜、锯齿叶锦葵、木槿和牛膝球藻对土壤质地和水分胁迫敏感，宜种植在沙质土壤地区。败叶榕(Ficus septica)和若叶莲(Hernanadia nymphaeifolia)对土壤深度敏感，应种植在土壤深度较厚(≥30 cm)的地区。高ph值(≥7.2)地区最适宜生长的种属为马卡兰加(Macaranga tanarius)和scevola taccada。此外，本杰明。和石刺尾是不适合恢复珊瑚礁景观的物种。
{"title":"Effects of Soil Properties on Restoring Indigenous Plants in Coral Reef Landscapes","authors":"Hs Wang, Feng Chen, Z. Hseu, Yao-Lun Kuo, S. Jien","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0283","url":null,"abstract":"Restoring indigenous plants is an urgent concern in coral reef landscapes severely invaded by white leadtrees (Leucaena leucocephala). The efficiency of restoration is largely influenced by the spatial heterogeneity of soils and selecting suitable species. In this study, we evaluated the relationships of soil properties with the mortality and growth performance of restored seedlings, and clarify suitable species on the basis of some specific soil properties. Seventeen species of indigenous plant seedlings were randomly planted in the study area after clearcutting white leadtrees in southern Taiwan. At the beginning of seedling planting, 142 surface soil samples were collected in a grid for analysis, including the soil depth, bulk density, water content, organic matter contents, and soil texture. Mortality and physiological characteristics of the planted seedlings, including the plant height and root collar diameter, were also investigated at 22 mo after seedling planting. Based on analytical results of a principal components analysis (PCA) and correlations, the survival rate of seedlings was determined by the soil depth, soil texture, and soil water contents in the dry season (October to April of the following year). There were significant correlation of the survival rate of seedlings with soil depth (r = 0.58, p ＜ 0.05), sand fraction (r = 0.63, p ＜ 0.05), and clay fraction (r = -0.63, p ＜ 0.05). During the dry seasons, soil water contents were always below the permanent wilting coefficient, especially in clayey soils (≥ 30% clay fraction contents) in the study area. Additionally, the investigation results indicated that the growth of plants responding to soils was species specific. Pandanus odoratissimus, Aglaia formosana, Cerbera manghas, Ficus superba var. japonica, Thespesia populnea, and Calophyllum inophyllum were independent of soil properties and were most suitable for restoration in coastal coral reef landscapes. Pongamia pinnata, Pittosporum pentandrum, Premna serratifolia, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Planchonella obovata were sensitive to soil texture and moisture stress, and should be planted in the areas with sandy soils. Ficus septica and Hernanadia nymphaeifolia were susceptible to soil depth, and these 2 species should be planted in areas with thick soil depths (≥ 30 cm). Macaranga tanarius and Scaevola taccada were species favored to grow in high-pH (≥ 7.2) areas. Furthermore, F. benjamina. and Terminalia catappa are unsuitable species for restoration of coral reef landscapes.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"56 1","pages":"283-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84753707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Assessing potential site productivity is important for forest planning and predicting forest growth and yield. The most common measure of site productivity is the site index (SI), defined as the average height of dominant and co-dominant trees (top height) at a specified (index) age. Two types of SI curves were investigated in this study to build up a SI curve for a Sugi plantation in Zenlen area, Taiwan. Several models were used to compare the performance among models. Pairs of height-age observations were obtained through a stem analysis. Based on the mean square error criterion, the base-age-specific SI model proposed by Payandeh and Wang (1994) was ranked the best one with an average bias in percentage of -0.36. Despite the advantage of being invariant with the base age used, this study showed a large loss of accuracy and precision caused by base-age-invariant models, especially for those trees younger than 10 yr. Moreover, the accuracy of the SI models varied considerably depending on the choice of predictor age for estimating the SI value at the base age. This study showed a tendency that the closer the predictor age was the base age, the higher the accuracy was that was obtained.
{"title":"Site Index Model for a Sugi Plantation (Cryptomeria japonica) in Zenlen Area, Taiwan","authors":"Dar-Hsiung Wang, Chih-Hsin Chung, Han-Ching Hsieh, Shyh-Chian Tang, Tsai-Huei Chen","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0299","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing potential site productivity is important for forest planning and predicting forest growth and yield. The most common measure of site productivity is the site index (SI), defined as the average height of dominant and co-dominant trees (top height) at a specified (index) age. Two types of SI curves were investigated in this study to build up a SI curve for a Sugi plantation in Zenlen area, Taiwan. Several models were used to compare the performance among models. Pairs of height-age observations were obtained through a stem analysis. Based on the mean square error criterion, the base-age-specific SI model proposed by Payandeh and Wang (1994) was ranked the best one with an average bias in percentage of -0.36. Despite the advantage of being invariant with the base age used, this study showed a large loss of accuracy and precision caused by base-age-invariant models, especially for those trees younger than 10 yr. Moreover, the accuracy of the SI models varied considerably depending on the choice of predictor age for estimating the SI value at the base age. This study showed a tendency that the closer the predictor age was the base age, the higher the accuracy was that was obtained.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"78 1","pages":"299-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85503155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201209.0229
Jeng-I Tsai, Kai-Ling Chang, F. Feng
There are large areas of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) afforestation and reforestation plantations for reducing carbon dioxide due to climate change in Taiwan. In Taiwan, out of the total area of mahogany plantations of approximately 2982.00 ha, 125.40 ha is in national forests and 232.00 is at the Hsin-Hua Experimental Forest Station. Biomass is a plant attribute that accumulates over time. It is an important indicator of growth and is used in analysis and management processes. Above-ground biomass is the key parameter in many allometric relationships. However, there are few studies on below-ground biomass estimations of mahogany, for it is difficult to excavate and quantify these portions. The aim of this study was to establish an allometric relationship to estimate the above-ground (stem wood, stem bark, branches, and foliage) and belowground (roots) biomass using an easily measured value, such as the diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at the stem base (DSB) and tree height (H). Forty-six mahogany saplings (0 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 10 cm), with different ages in the second compartment of this forest station, were used to establish the allometric functions of DBH and biomass, and functions of DSB and biomass. A significance test of the correlation was used to test the relationship between DBH and biomass in different sections, including foliage, branches, stems, above-ground, below-ground, and the entire tree. The DSB was also tested. The results showed that the power regression function was superior to other functions. The correlation between DBH and biomass was higher than the correlation between DSB and biomass. The allometric functions for the entire tree biomass, above-ground biomass, and below-ground biomass were W = 175.67×DBH^2.29 (R^2 = 0.9692), Wabove = 112.21×DBH^2.34 (R^2 = 0.9621), and Wbelow = 61.65×DBH^2.19 (R^2 = 0.9610), respectively. The carbon content of each part of mahogany trees was as follows: stem wood (45.83±0.92%), roots (45.09±0.89%), foliage (44.95±1.21%), branches (43.74±1.09%), and stem bark (42.64±1.01%). Managers can estimate the biomass, carbon content ratio, and carbon storage of mahogany without destroying trees.
{"title":"Building allometric models to estimate above-ground and below-ground biomass of mahogany sapling.","authors":"Jeng-I Tsai, Kai-Ling Chang, F. Feng","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0229","url":null,"abstract":"There are large areas of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) afforestation and reforestation plantations for reducing carbon dioxide due to climate change in Taiwan. In Taiwan, out of the total area of mahogany plantations of approximately 2982.00 ha, 125.40 ha is in national forests and 232.00 is at the Hsin-Hua Experimental Forest Station. Biomass is a plant attribute that accumulates over time. It is an important indicator of growth and is used in analysis and management processes. Above-ground biomass is the key parameter in many allometric relationships. However, there are few studies on below-ground biomass estimations of mahogany, for it is difficult to excavate and quantify these portions. The aim of this study was to establish an allometric relationship to estimate the above-ground (stem wood, stem bark, branches, and foliage) and belowground (roots) biomass using an easily measured value, such as the diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at the stem base (DSB) and tree height (H). Forty-six mahogany saplings (0 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 10 cm), with different ages in the second compartment of this forest station, were used to establish the allometric functions of DBH and biomass, and functions of DSB and biomass. A significance test of the correlation was used to test the relationship between DBH and biomass in different sections, including foliage, branches, stems, above-ground, below-ground, and the entire tree. The DSB was also tested. The results showed that the power regression function was superior to other functions. The correlation between DBH and biomass was higher than the correlation between DSB and biomass. The allometric functions for the entire tree biomass, above-ground biomass, and below-ground biomass were W = 175.67×DBH^2.29 (R^2 = 0.9692), Wabove = 112.21×DBH^2.34 (R^2 = 0.9621), and Wbelow = 61.65×DBH^2.19 (R^2 = 0.9610), respectively. The carbon content of each part of mahogany trees was as follows: stem wood (45.83±0.92%), roots (45.09±0.89%), foliage (44.95±1.21%), branches (43.74±1.09%), and stem bark (42.64±1.01%). Managers can estimate the biomass, carbon content ratio, and carbon storage of mahogany without destroying trees.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"26 1","pages":"229-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82618861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201209.0215
Dar-Hsiung Wang, Shyh-Chian Tang, Han-Ching Hsieh, Chih-Hsin Chung, Chien-Yu Lin
Competition among trees within a stand occurs when resource availability is insufficient to meet the total requirements of a tree population for optimal growth. Six distance-dependent competition measures that incorporate tree sizes and distances from neighbors, evaluated over varying competition zones, were used to assess the competition stress among trees. A reduction in the mean square error relative to the no-competition index involved was used to judge the performance of each competition index for 3 growth components (i.e., diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area, and volume). The results showed that except for Martin-Ek, the other competition indices investigated were significantly correlated with periodic growth in the 3 growth components (p ＜ 0.0001). The performance of the competition indices in predicting 5-yr growth indicated that the inclusion of competition indices in the growth-prediction model reduced the mean square error from 14% for volume growth to 17% for DBH growth. Moreover, expanding the search zones in the Hegyi competition index was found to have slightly improved the ability to estimate competition effects.
{"title":"Distance-Dependent Competition Measures for Individual Tree Growth on a Taiwania Plantation in the Liuguei Area","authors":"Dar-Hsiung Wang, Shyh-Chian Tang, Han-Ching Hsieh, Chih-Hsin Chung, Chien-Yu Lin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0215","url":null,"abstract":"Competition among trees within a stand occurs when resource availability is insufficient to meet the total requirements of a tree population for optimal growth. Six distance-dependent competition measures that incorporate tree sizes and distances from neighbors, evaluated over varying competition zones, were used to assess the competition stress among trees. A reduction in the mean square error relative to the no-competition index involved was used to judge the performance of each competition index for 3 growth components (i.e., diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area, and volume). The results showed that except for Martin-Ek, the other competition indices investigated were significantly correlated with periodic growth in the 3 growth components (p ＜ 0.0001). The performance of the competition indices in predicting 5-yr growth indicated that the inclusion of competition indices in the growth-prediction model reduced the mean square error from 14% for volume growth to 17% for DBH growth. Moreover, expanding the search zones in the Hegyi competition index was found to have slightly improved the ability to estimate competition effects.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"215-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91016071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201209.0239
Minshu Lin, Dacheng Wang
Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst is a tree species with rich polyphenol compounds, including catechins, which increase the oxidation resistance of blood plasma and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. Catechin may also have an inhibitory effect on carcinogens, specifically those related to skin and lung cancer. This study investigated hairy root induction in leaves of C. glauca infected with 2 strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (BCRC15010 and BCRC15785) under the influence of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After 45 d, explants co-cultivated with the BCRC15785 strain in MS medium with 0.1 mg L^(-1) NAA and 300 mg L^(-1) cefotaxime exhibited 32.5% greater efficiency of hairy root induction. Induction of calli and hairy roots was observed under the influence of NAA, while only calli were induced under the influence of 2,4-D. We observed the direct influence of the infection period on the transformation frequency, and it increased as the infection period increased up to 24 h. Extracts from hairy roots, calli, and natural seedling roots revealed the presence of catechin content, and concentrations were 4.203, 3.413, and 4.668 mg g^(-1), respectively, in these 3 analytes.
{"title":"Induction of Hairy Roots in Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Production of Catechin in Hairy Roots","authors":"Minshu Lin, Dacheng Wang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0239","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst is a tree species with rich polyphenol compounds, including catechins, which increase the oxidation resistance of blood plasma and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. Catechin may also have an inhibitory effect on carcinogens, specifically those related to skin and lung cancer. This study investigated hairy root induction in leaves of C. glauca infected with 2 strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (BCRC15010 and BCRC15785) under the influence of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After 45 d, explants co-cultivated with the BCRC15785 strain in MS medium with 0.1 mg L^(-1) NAA and 300 mg L^(-1) cefotaxime exhibited 32.5% greater efficiency of hairy root induction. Induction of calli and hairy roots was observed under the influence of NAA, while only calli were induced under the influence of 2,4-D. We observed the direct influence of the infection period on the transformation frequency, and it increased as the infection period increased up to 24 h. Extracts from hairy roots, calli, and natural seedling roots revealed the presence of catechin content, and concentrations were 4.203, 3.413, and 4.668 mg g^(-1), respectively, in these 3 analytes.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"59 1","pages":"239-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88680333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201209.0251
Ehsan Ghanbary, M. Tabari, F. García-Sánchez, M. Zarafshar, M. C. Sanches
Alnus subcordata is a native species distributed along bottomlands of Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran. In the last decade, this species along with the exotic species Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum, has been widely used also for afforestation of bottomland areas. However, the relative flooding tolerance of these 3 species and their potential mechanisms for coping with flooding conditions are unknown to the present. Thus, in this study, variations in growth and morphophysiological responses to flooding of these species' seedlings were investigated during a 120-d outdoor experiment. Seedlings were subjected to 3 fixed treatments of 1) unflooded, 2) flooded to 3 cm in depth, and 3) flooded to 15 cm in depth, and their survival, growth, and some metabolic parameters were measured at the end of the experiment. Survival in seedlings of these 3 species was very high, but the root length, biomass accumulation, and chlorophyll content were reduced by flooding. Diameter growth in T. distichum increased with flooding, while it was negatively affected in the other 2 species. The leaf area, specific leaf area, and height growth were reduced in A. subcordata and P. deltoides by flooding, while no significant effect on these parameters was observed in T. distichum. Flooding also induced the formation of hypertrophied lenticels, and adventitious roots in all 3 species. But, proline concentrations of roots and leaves of all species did not vary with flooding. Generally, our results clearly indicated that the 3 species assayed in this experiment could be used for afforestation of riparian and floodplain regions of Hyrcanian forests, since survival percentages with 120 d of flooding were very high (＞ 90%).
{"title":"Response variations of Alnus subcordata (L.), Populus deltoides (Bartr. ex Marsh.), and Taxodium distichum (L.) seedlings to flooding stress.","authors":"Ehsan Ghanbary, M. Tabari, F. García-Sánchez, M. Zarafshar, M. C. Sanches","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0251","url":null,"abstract":"Alnus subcordata is a native species distributed along bottomlands of Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran. In the last decade, this species along with the exotic species Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum, has been widely used also for afforestation of bottomland areas. However, the relative flooding tolerance of these 3 species and their potential mechanisms for coping with flooding conditions are unknown to the present. Thus, in this study, variations in growth and morphophysiological responses to flooding of these species' seedlings were investigated during a 120-d outdoor experiment. Seedlings were subjected to 3 fixed treatments of 1) unflooded, 2) flooded to 3 cm in depth, and 3) flooded to 15 cm in depth, and their survival, growth, and some metabolic parameters were measured at the end of the experiment. Survival in seedlings of these 3 species was very high, but the root length, biomass accumulation, and chlorophyll content were reduced by flooding. Diameter growth in T. distichum increased with flooding, while it was negatively affected in the other 2 species. The leaf area, specific leaf area, and height growth were reduced in A. subcordata and P. deltoides by flooding, while no significant effect on these parameters was observed in T. distichum. Flooding also induced the formation of hypertrophied lenticels, and adventitious roots in all 3 species. But, proline concentrations of roots and leaves of all species did not vary with flooding. Generally, our results clearly indicated that the 3 species assayed in this experiment could be used for afforestation of riparian and floodplain regions of Hyrcanian forests, since survival percentages with 120 d of flooding were very high (＞ 90%).","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"56 1","pages":"251-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84850644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201209.0309
Xin-chuang Wang, Shi-dong Wang, Da-pao Yu, Li Zhou, L. Dai
Accurately estimating carbon storage for forest ecosystems is important for understanding the role of forests in global warming and also in supporting decision-making processes in forest management. Using forest inventory data in combination with field data, we explored characteristics of carbon storage, density, and distribution for different forest ecosystems and their components in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. Results showed that total carbon storage was 4125.002 Tg C. The soil layer accounted for the most storage with 3205.764 Tg C or 77.7% of the total. This was followed by the canopy, litter, and shrub-grass layers with 800.965 (19.4%), 106.568 (2.6%), and 11.705 Tg C (0.3%), respectively. The average carbon density of forest ecosystems was 215.816 Mg C ha^(-1), with the soil layer (167.722 Mg C ha^(-1)) the densest, followed by the canopy layer (41.906 Mg C ha^(-1)), litter (5.576 Mg C ha^(-1)), and shrub layers (0.612 Mg C ha^(-1)). Carbon storage in different forest ecosystems varied 37.87~1306.63 Tg C, while C density ranged 167.68~256.87 Mg C ha^(-1), with the highest and lowest values observed in the soil and shrub-grass layers, respectively. That implies that the soil is the main body for forest carbon storage. The methods and data used for forest carbon storage estimation obviously affected results of the estimates. Rational methods should be adopted based on obtaining sufficient data for estimates. Middle-aged forests accounted for a greater proportion of forests in the province than forests in other age classes, and proper management of forests could increase the carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems.
准确估计森林生态系统的碳储量对于了解森林在全球变暖中的作用以及支持森林管理决策过程非常重要。利用森林清查资料与野外数据相结合，探讨了黑龙江省不同森林生态系统及其组成部分的碳储量、密度和分布特征。结果表明，土壤碳总储量为4125.002 Tg C，其中土壤碳储量最多，为3205.764 Tg C，占总储量的77.7%。其次是冠层、凋落物层和灌草层，分别为800.965(19.4%)、106.568(2.6%)和11.705 Tg C(0.3%)。森林生态系统的平均碳密度为215.816 Mg C ha^(-1)，其中土壤层(167.722 Mg C ha^(-1))密度最大，其次是冠层(41.906 Mg C ha^(-1))、凋落物层(5.576 Mg C ha^(-1))和灌木层(0.612 Mg C ha^(-1))。不同森林生态系统碳储量变化范围为37.87~1306.63 Tg C，碳密度变化范围为167.68~256.87 Mg C ha^(-1)，土壤层碳储量最高，灌草层碳储量最低。这意味着土壤是森林碳储存的主体。森林碳储量估算的方法和数据对估算结果有明显影响。在获得足够的估算数据的基础上，采用合理的方法。中年森林占全省森林的比例高于其他年龄级别的森林，适当的森林管理可以增加森林生态系统的碳固存。
{"title":"Carbon Storage and Density of Forest Ecosystems in Heilongjiang Province, China","authors":"Xin-chuang Wang, Shi-dong Wang, Da-pao Yu, Li Zhou, L. Dai","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0309","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately estimating carbon storage for forest ecosystems is important for understanding the role of forests in global warming and also in supporting decision-making processes in forest management. Using forest inventory data in combination with field data, we explored characteristics of carbon storage, density, and distribution for different forest ecosystems and their components in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. Results showed that total carbon storage was 4125.002 Tg C. The soil layer accounted for the most storage with 3205.764 Tg C or 77.7% of the total. This was followed by the canopy, litter, and shrub-grass layers with 800.965 (19.4%), 106.568 (2.6%), and 11.705 Tg C (0.3%), respectively. The average carbon density of forest ecosystems was 215.816 Mg C ha^(-1), with the soil layer (167.722 Mg C ha^(-1)) the densest, followed by the canopy layer (41.906 Mg C ha^(-1)), litter (5.576 Mg C ha^(-1)), and shrub layers (0.612 Mg C ha^(-1)). Carbon storage in different forest ecosystems varied 37.87~1306.63 Tg C, while C density ranged 167.68~256.87 Mg C ha^(-1), with the highest and lowest values observed in the soil and shrub-grass layers, respectively. That implies that the soil is the main body for forest carbon storage. The methods and data used for forest carbon storage estimation obviously affected results of the estimates. Rational methods should be adopted based on obtaining sufficient data for estimates. Middle-aged forests accounted for a greater proportion of forests in the province than forests in other age classes, and proper management of forests could increase the carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"52 1","pages":"309-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82543422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201209.0265
Burenjargal Otgonsuren, Ming‐Jen Lee
The ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) in a Mongolian forest was investigated in this study. The fungal strain was isolated from roots of Scots pine and identified as Phialocephala fortinii. Inoculation experiments showed that Phi. fortinii could form ectomycorrhizae with Scots pine seedlings. Hartig nets, external hyphae, and mantle structures of ectomycorrhizae were observed in pine seedlings roots. The morphology and ultra-structure of the fungal-host plant association and characteristics of Phi. fortinii colonies developed on MEA, MMN, and PDA media are described. Phialocephala fortinii inoculation significantly increased the growth, biomass accumulation, and P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and N concentrations in roots, stems, and needles of pine seedlings. These results demonstrated that Phi. fortinii could effectively form ectomycorrhizae with Scots pine and improve its growth, presumably through enhanced nutrition acquisition.
{"title":"Pinus sylvestris Can Form Ectomycorrhiza with Phialocephala fortinii","authors":"Burenjargal Otgonsuren, Ming‐Jen Lee","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201209.0265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201209.0265","url":null,"abstract":"The ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) in a Mongolian forest was investigated in this study. The fungal strain was isolated from roots of Scots pine and identified as Phialocephala fortinii. Inoculation experiments showed that Phi. fortinii could form ectomycorrhizae with Scots pine seedlings. Hartig nets, external hyphae, and mantle structures of ectomycorrhizae were observed in pine seedlings roots. The morphology and ultra-structure of the fungal-host plant association and characteristics of Phi. fortinii colonies developed on MEA, MMN, and PDA media are described. Phialocephala fortinii inoculation significantly increased the growth, biomass accumulation, and P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and N concentrations in roots, stems, and needles of pine seedlings. These results demonstrated that Phi. fortinii could effectively form ectomycorrhizae with Scots pine and improve its growth, presumably through enhanced nutrition acquisition.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"29 1","pages":"265-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81060171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201206.0191
Fu-Lan Hsu, Chin-Mei Lee, G. Hwang, Yan-San Huang
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of detecting different sizes and positions of hidden defects in trees using a 2-sensor stress wave device. In addition, we attempted to evaluate the detection resolution of the stress wave method which was rarely discussed previously. Artificial holes were created in Swietenia mahagoni disks to imitate natural decay in a trunk and were then detected using stress waves. The results revealed that as the diameter of the artificial hole increased, the radial transit time of the disk increased. This increasing tendency was repeated in the relationship between the radial relative transit time (RT) and the relative hole diameter (RD) and was discordant in the tangential direction. The tangential RT was greatly influenced by the position of the hole: it was highly related to the RD when the hole was near the 2 sensors; while it is not related to the RD when the hole was far from the 2 sensors. We also found that detection resolutions of stress waves, defined as the diameter or area ratio when the radial velocity had decreased by 10%, were 0.29 and 8.4%, respectively. A tree was considered to be decayed when the relative velocity (RV) was ＜ 0.9 and was considered hazardous when the RV was ＜ 0.66 with a central hole. On the basis of the results obtained, it appears that a 2-sensor stress wave device allows the nondestructive inspection of the presence, size, and location of defects in trees and could be a cost-effective way to perform tree risk assessments.
{"title":"Detection of Internal Holes in Swietenia mahagoni Disks Using a Stress Wave Device","authors":"Fu-Lan Hsu, Chin-Mei Lee, G. Hwang, Yan-San Huang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201206.0191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201206.0191","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of detecting different sizes and positions of hidden defects in trees using a 2-sensor stress wave device. In addition, we attempted to evaluate the detection resolution of the stress wave method which was rarely discussed previously. Artificial holes were created in Swietenia mahagoni disks to imitate natural decay in a trunk and were then detected using stress waves. The results revealed that as the diameter of the artificial hole increased, the radial transit time of the disk increased. This increasing tendency was repeated in the relationship between the radial relative transit time (RT) and the relative hole diameter (RD) and was discordant in the tangential direction. The tangential RT was greatly influenced by the position of the hole: it was highly related to the RD when the hole was near the 2 sensors; while it is not related to the RD when the hole was far from the 2 sensors. We also found that detection resolutions of stress waves, defined as the diameter or area ratio when the radial velocity had decreased by 10%, were 0.29 and 8.4%, respectively. A tree was considered to be decayed when the relative velocity (RV) was ＜ 0.9 and was considered hazardous when the RV was ＜ 0.66 with a central hole. On the basis of the results obtained, it appears that a 2-sensor stress wave device allows the nondestructive inspection of the presence, size, and location of defects in trees and could be a cost-effective way to perform tree risk assessments.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"191-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87844829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.201206.0131
Ming-Tong Hsiue, B. Sheu, Chiung-Pin Liu
The nutrient accumulation and distribution of the aboveground biomass were measured using a stratified harvest method in a secondary hardwood forest in the Guandaushi Long Term Ecological Research site, central Taiwan. Nutrient contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the aboveground biomass were 169,030.71, 2799.77, 52.24, 715.70, 918.72, and 216.41 kg ha^(-1), respectively. Most nutrients in the understory were concentrated below 3.3 m, but in the overstory, they were evenly distributed in each layer below 13.3 m. Although most nutrients accumulated in the stems, the accumulation of N, P, and Ca in the litter layer was higher than in the shrub and herb layer. This result suggested that the litter layer plays an important role in nutrient cycling in Guandaushi secondary hardwood forests. The N content at our research site was quite high compared to that at the Fushan Experimental Forest in northern Taiwan. Factors affecting the nutrient accumulation and allocation in this Guandaushi secondary hardwood forest need to be studied in the future.
采用分层采伐法，对台湾中部官道石长期生态研究基地的次生阔叶林地上生物量的养分积累和分布进行了测定。地上生物量中C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg的养分含量分别为169,030.71、2799.77、52.24、715.70、918.72和216.41 kg ha^(-1)。林下养分主要集中在3.3 m以下，林下养分在13.3 m以下各层分布均匀。虽然大部分养分在茎部积累，但凋落物层中N、P、Ca的积累量高于灌木和草本层。说明枯落物层在官道石次生阔叶林养分循环中起着重要作用。与台湾北部福山试验林相比，我们研究点的氮含量相当高。影响官道石次生阔叶林养分积累和分配的因素有待进一步研究。
{"title":"Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution of the Aboveground Biomassin a Secondary Subtropical Forest in Central Taiwan","authors":"Ming-Tong Hsiue, B. Sheu, Chiung-Pin Liu","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.201206.0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201206.0131","url":null,"abstract":"The nutrient accumulation and distribution of the aboveground biomass were measured using a stratified harvest method in a secondary hardwood forest in the Guandaushi Long Term Ecological Research site, central Taiwan. Nutrient contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the aboveground biomass were 169,030.71, 2799.77, 52.24, 715.70, 918.72, and 216.41 kg ha^(-1), respectively. Most nutrients in the understory were concentrated below 3.3 m, but in the overstory, they were evenly distributed in each layer below 13.3 m. Although most nutrients accumulated in the stems, the accumulation of N, P, and Ca in the litter layer was higher than in the shrub and herb layer. This result suggested that the litter layer plays an important role in nutrient cycling in Guandaushi secondary hardwood forests. The N content at our research site was quite high compared to that at the Fushan Experimental Forest in northern Taiwan. Factors affecting the nutrient accumulation and allocation in this Guandaushi secondary hardwood forest need to be studied in the future.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"131-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89745439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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