Pub Date : 2016-03-15DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0317-0.CH014
Andrzej Klimczuk, M. Klimczuk-Kochańska
This chapter presents the successive stages to make changes in the Polish development policy after 1989. The national administration reform of 1990 in the Third Commonwealth of Poland restored the local government after 40 years of non-existence during the time of Polish People's Republic (1944-1989) that was a satellite state of the Soviet Union after the Second World War. Another reform took place in 1998 as a part of preparations for the country's membership in the European Union (EU) from 2004. Currently developed strategic documents are suggesting the use of the "polarization and diffusion model of the development." The authors also discuss the regional policy currently implemented in Poland, which was designed in years 2009-2014. The process of creation of new policy includes plans to reform the policy instruments and to update the strategic framework. Conclusions highlight a need for a clearer division of powers between the center and regional governments and the importance of strengthening the financial basis and institutional capacity building.
{"title":"Changes in the Local Government System and Regional Policy in Poland: The Impact of Membership in the European Union","authors":"Andrzej Klimczuk, M. Klimczuk-Kochańska","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-0317-0.CH014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0317-0.CH014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents the successive stages to make changes in the Polish development policy after 1989. The national administration reform of 1990 in the Third Commonwealth of Poland restored the local government after 40 years of non-existence during the time of Polish People's Republic (1944-1989) that was a satellite state of the Soviet Union after the Second World War. Another reform took place in 1998 as a part of preparations for the country's membership in the European Union (EU) from 2004. Currently developed strategic documents are suggesting the use of the \"polarization and diffusion model of the development.\" The authors also discuss the regional policy currently implemented in Poland, which was designed in years 2009-2014. The process of creation of new policy includes plans to reform the policy instruments and to update the strategic framework. Conclusions highlight a need for a clearer division of powers between the center and regional governments and the importance of strengthening the financial basis and institutional capacity building.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114787391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Union Budget has failed to allocate substantiate funds. With less gender mainstreaming and with lack of assurance of safety to women the budget fails to make an impact in this regard.
{"title":"Gender Concerns in the Union Budget 2016-17","authors":"V. Patel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3181766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3181766","url":null,"abstract":"The Union Budget has failed to allocate substantiate funds. With less gender mainstreaming and with lack of assurance of safety to women the budget fails to make an impact in this regard.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130163915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007-2009, the popular press has noted a rebound in casino revenues in some states, and some expect casino revenues to grow and increase again along with any economic recovery. However, before the recent recession, there were trends indicating stagnation or a peak of casino revenues in most states, and as the last recession has indicated, casino revenues were not “recession-proof” as most had thought previously. In fact, casino revenues in most states saw big declines. In this paper, we show that the casino revenues have stagnated or declined partially due to a saturation point being reached with regard to casino gaming in many areas of the United States. The growth rate of casino revenues as well as the tax receipts for the state governments from casinos follows an ‘S’ curve which is similar to a product life cycle curve. The introduction of more gambling venues as well as putting in slot machines at race tracks may give a temporary boost to state gambling tax receipts, but longer run trends indicate that the years of casinos showing large gains in revenues may be over unless casino operations continue to re-invent themselves.
{"title":"The Impact of Stagnating Casino Revenues on State and Local Tax Receipts","authors":"T. Lambert, Arundhati Srinivasan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2738747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2738747","url":null,"abstract":"In the aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007-2009, the popular press has noted a rebound in casino revenues in some states, and some expect casino revenues to grow and increase again along with any economic recovery. However, before the recent recession, there were trends indicating stagnation or a peak of casino revenues in most states, and as the last recession has indicated, casino revenues were not “recession-proof” as most had thought previously. In fact, casino revenues in most states saw big declines. In this paper, we show that the casino revenues have stagnated or declined partially due to a saturation point being reached with regard to casino gaming in many areas of the United States. The growth rate of casino revenues as well as the tax receipts for the state governments from casinos follows an ‘S’ curve which is similar to a product life cycle curve. The introduction of more gambling venues as well as putting in slot machines at race tracks may give a temporary boost to state gambling tax receipts, but longer run trends indicate that the years of casinos showing large gains in revenues may be over unless casino operations continue to re-invent themselves.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125241455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides an overview of economically efficient tax policy for state and local policy makers and contains a short literature review of papers that analyze the economic effects of state and local taxes.
{"title":"State and Local Tax Policy","authors":"Adam A. Millsap, O. Gonzalez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2990527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2990527","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of economically efficient tax policy for state and local policy makers and contains a short literature review of papers that analyze the economic effects of state and local taxes.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131699641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to the data released by the Federal Treasury, by the period end for January–October 2015 the federal budget revenues contracted by 1.1 p.p. of GDP and expenditures moved up by 2.2 p.p. of GDP compared to the same period last year. As a result, the federal budget defi cit consti tuted 1.3% of GDP. Revenues and expenditures of the consolidated budget of the subjects of the Russian Federation over nine months of the current year against January–September 2014 increased by 0.8 and 0.4p.p. of GDP, respectively. The surplus of the consolidated budget of RF subjects has come to 0.7% of GDP as of the period-end for nine months of the current year.
{"title":"Russia's State Budget in January-October 2015","authors":"T. Tischenko","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2707643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2707643","url":null,"abstract":"According to the data released by the Federal Treasury, by the period end for January–October 2015 the federal budget revenues contracted by 1.1 p.p. of GDP and expenditures moved up by 2.2 p.p. of GDP compared to the same period last year. As a result, the federal budget defi cit consti tuted 1.3% of GDP. Revenues and expenditures of the consolidated budget of the subjects of the Russian Federation over nine months of the current year against January–September 2014 increased by 0.8 and 0.4p.p. of GDP, respectively. The surplus of the consolidated budget of RF subjects has come to 0.7% of GDP as of the period-end for nine months of the current year.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"16 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131606474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Even lower growth rates of budget expenditure off set relatively low revenue growth rates of the consolidate regional budgets which gradually becomes the main tool for ensuring regional and local budgets balance and so far allows keeping debt level under control. Regional budgets execution is under major strain in relatively poor regions which face a signifi cant contraction of revenues.
{"title":"Regional Budgets: Tightening Our Belts","authors":"A. Deryugin","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2707666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2707666","url":null,"abstract":"Even lower growth rates of budget expenditure off set relatively low revenue growth rates of the consolidate regional budgets which gradually becomes the main tool for ensuring regional and local budgets balance and so far allows keeping debt level under control. Regional budgets execution is under major strain in relatively poor regions which face a signifi cant contraction of revenues.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132317704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The case for decentralizing taxes does not imply that these taxes need to be administered locally. Nor is it is necessarily constrained by the weakness of local tax administration. Tax decentralization and the decentralization of tax administration are related but separable decisions. As discussed in this paper, different countries have at different times have reached different conclusions about the appropriate way to mix and match these issues. No country may have it quite right when taking all the relevant factors into consideration, at least when viewed from outside. However, decisions on such matters are not made outside but inside specific countries, few involved in such decisions are likely to attach the same weights to all factors, and usually no one has the full story in mind when decisions are made. As with many questions of institutional design, there is no one size fits all correct answer to either the question of the extent to which taxes should be decentralized or the question of whether such taxes should also be administered in a decentralized fashion. However, thinking through these two distinct questions separately can be a useful step towards achieving better outcomes.
{"title":"Fiscal Decentralization and Decentralizing Tax Administration: Different Questions, Different Answers","authors":"R. Bird","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2694651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2694651","url":null,"abstract":"The case for decentralizing taxes does not imply that these taxes need to be administered locally. Nor is it is necessarily constrained by the weakness of local tax administration. Tax decentralization and the decentralization of tax administration are related but separable decisions. As discussed in this paper, different countries have at different times have reached different conclusions about the appropriate way to mix and match these issues. No country may have it quite right when taking all the relevant factors into consideration, at least when viewed from outside. However, decisions on such matters are not made outside but inside specific countries, few involved in such decisions are likely to attach the same weights to all factors, and usually no one has the full story in mind when decisions are made. As with many questions of institutional design, there is no one size fits all correct answer to either the question of the extent to which taxes should be decentralized or the question of whether such taxes should also be administered in a decentralized fashion. However, thinking through these two distinct questions separately can be a useful step towards achieving better outcomes.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129641419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large amount of economic research has examined the impact of federal grants on state and local spending. Much of this previous research, however, has focused exclusively on the impact of federal grants on total state and local spending itself rather than on the extent to which federal grants drive additional state and local spending and, in turn, drive demand for higher state and local taxes, fees, and other own-source revenues. Our study departs from earlier literature by examining the impact of federal transfers on state and local taxes and fees. This is the most comprehensive analysis to date, using information from U.S. states spanning the period from 1972 to 2012. Our results clearly demonstrate that federal transfers to state and local governments result in higher own-source revenue, taxes, and fees. Regression results indicate that state and local revenues from taxes, fees, and other own-sources will rise by 82 cents for each additional dollar in federal transfers. A hypothetical 10 percent increase in federal transfers would amount to about $62 billion to the states. Using our regression results, and holding personal income constant, this would be associated with approximately $50 billion in additional increased taxes, charges, or from other revenue sources, resulting an additional government burden of $158 per person.
{"title":"Impact of Federal Transfers on State and Local Own-Source Spending","authors":"Eric Fruits","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2692705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2692705","url":null,"abstract":"A large amount of economic research has examined the impact of federal grants on state and local spending. Much of this previous research, however, has focused exclusively on the impact of federal grants on total state and local spending itself rather than on the extent to which federal grants drive additional state and local spending and, in turn, drive demand for higher state and local taxes, fees, and other own-source revenues. Our study departs from earlier literature by examining the impact of federal transfers on state and local taxes and fees. This is the most comprehensive analysis to date, using information from U.S. states spanning the period from 1972 to 2012. Our results clearly demonstrate that federal transfers to state and local governments result in higher own-source revenue, taxes, and fees. Regression results indicate that state and local revenues from taxes, fees, and other own-sources will rise by 82 cents for each additional dollar in federal transfers. A hypothetical 10 percent increase in federal transfers would amount to about $62 billion to the states. Using our regression results, and holding personal income constant, this would be associated with approximately $50 billion in additional increased taxes, charges, or from other revenue sources, resulting an additional government burden of $158 per person.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133951816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Yanovskiy, S. Zhavoronkov, D. Shestakov, K. Rodionov
Russian Abstract: В работе предпринята попытка путем сравнительного анализа выборки старых демократий, а также описания набора эпизодов (включая и молодые демократии) выделить основные факторы резких изменений нагрузки государства на экономику. Нагрузка замеряется через отношение государственных расходов к ВВП. Рассматривается набор факторов "силы" и слабости" (в смысле способности балансировать бюджет) правительств в истории последних десятилетий. Это сепаратизм, правительства меньшинства, доминирование левых и правых партий, большие коалиции, доминирование одной партии с редкими сменами власти в результате выборов и т.п. Отдельно рассмотрен фактор всеобщего избирательного права породившего современные мощные левые партии и современную структуру интересов. Показано, что большинство политических факторов значимо только в определенном историческом контексте определенной страны (стран). В то время как факторы производные от всеобщего избирательного права универсальны, действуют по всей выборке стран и эпизодов. Окна возможностей для реформ и сокращения финансовых дисбалансов открываются в условиях тяжелого кризиса. Напротив, благополучная ситуация и на рынках и в государственных финансах стимулирует политическое давление в пользу новых расходных (невоенных) программ. Коалиция националистических групп со сторонниками свободной экономики выглядит наиболее вероятным политическим решением проблем, лежащих в основе регулярно воспроизводящейся нестабильности государственных финансов в мирное время. English Abstract: We applied sample of countries' comparative analysis and episodes description to define some principal political factors behind the Government spending fast expansion and cuts. Among the factors explaining Government capacity (strength or weakness) to balance the budget, we considered separatism, minority government, Grand coalition government, Democracy with rare power rotations. We paid attention on Leftist political parties' power as a spending factor. We show, majority of political factors turned to be country specific, while Leftist parties' electoral power holds effective and significant for the whole sample. Windows of opportunities to reform Government finances (to cut spending) opens when the economy is in deep crisis and revenues collapsed. Economic recovery and balanced budget fuel special interests and their pressure for new spending and redistribution programs.
{"title":"Некоторые Политические Факторы Изменения Нагрузки Государства На Экономику (Some Political Factors of Government Spending Surges and Cuts)","authors":"K. Yanovskiy, S. Zhavoronkov, D. Shestakov, K. Rodionov","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2673860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2673860","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: В работе предпринята попытка путем сравнительного анализа выборки старых демократий, а также описания набора эпизодов (включая и молодые демократии) выделить основные факторы резких изменений нагрузки государства на экономику. Нагрузка замеряется через отношение государственных расходов к ВВП. Рассматривается набор факторов \"силы\" и слабости\" (в смысле способности балансировать бюджет) правительств в истории последних десятилетий. Это сепаратизм, правительства меньшинства, доминирование левых и правых партий, большие коалиции, доминирование одной партии с редкими сменами власти в результате выборов и т.п. Отдельно рассмотрен фактор всеобщего избирательного права породившего современные мощные левые партии и современную структуру интересов. Показано, что большинство политических факторов значимо только в определенном историческом контексте определенной страны (стран). В то время как факторы производные от всеобщего избирательного права универсальны, действуют по всей выборке стран и эпизодов. Окна возможностей для реформ и сокращения финансовых дисбалансов открываются в условиях тяжелого кризиса. Напротив, благополучная ситуация и на рынках и в государственных финансах стимулирует политическое давление в пользу новых расходных (невоенных) программ. Коалиция националистических групп со сторонниками свободной экономики выглядит наиболее вероятным политическим решением проблем, лежащих в основе регулярно воспроизводящейся нестабильности государственных финансов в мирное время. English Abstract: We applied sample of countries' comparative analysis and episodes description to define some principal political factors behind the Government spending fast expansion and cuts. Among the factors explaining Government capacity (strength or weakness) to balance the budget, we considered separatism, minority government, Grand coalition government, Democracy with rare power rotations. We paid attention on Leftist political parties' power as a spending factor. We show, majority of political factors turned to be country specific, while Leftist parties' electoral power holds effective and significant for the whole sample. Windows of opportunities to reform Government finances (to cut spending) opens when the economy is in deep crisis and revenues collapsed. Economic recovery and balanced budget fuel special interests and their pressure for new spending and redistribution programs.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128601311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prices set by fee-for-service Medicare have a direct effect on prices paid by private insurers throughout the health care system. While this link is widely recognized, there is disagreement about whether higher Medicare prices lead to lower or higher prices for private health insurance. We review the evidence that informs this debate. Next, we define the “optimal” prices as the prices corresponding to demand in a competitive market with insurance policies that pay lump-sum transfers tied to illness. Real-world Medicare prices do not correspond to these optimal prices. We identify a number of problems with the approach that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services use to set Medicare prices. But even if these problems could be solved, a pricing system based on administrative data that attempts to create the semblance of marketprices will always be problematic. The paper closes with suggestions that might move real-world Medicare prices closer to the optimal prices.
{"title":"Medicare's Role in Determining Prices Throughout the Health Care System","authors":"R. Feldman, R. Coulam, B. Dowd","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3191400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3191400","url":null,"abstract":"Prices set by fee-for-service Medicare have a direct effect on prices paid by private insurers throughout the health care system. While this link is widely recognized, there is disagreement about whether higher Medicare prices lead to lower or higher prices for private health insurance. We review the evidence that informs this debate. Next, we define the “optimal” prices as the prices corresponding to demand in a competitive market with insurance policies that pay lump-sum transfers tied to illness. Real-world Medicare prices do not correspond to these optimal prices. We identify a number of problems with the approach that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services use to set Medicare prices. But even if these problems could be solved, a pricing system based on administrative data that attempts to create the semblance of marketprices will always be problematic. The paper closes with suggestions that might move real-world Medicare prices closer to the optimal prices.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133450525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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