Qianqian Fu, Ruiping Huang, Futian Li, John Beardall, David A Hutchins, Jingwen Liu, Kunshan Gao
The marine microalga Emiliania huxleyi is widely distributed in the surface oceans and is prone to infection by coccolithoviruses that can terminate its blooms. However, little is known about how global change factors like solar UV radiation (UVR) and ocean warming affect the host-virus interaction. We grew the microalga at 2 temperature levels with or without the virus in the presence or absence of UVR and investigated the physiological and transcriptional responses. We showed that viral infection noticeably reduced photosynthesis and growth of the alga but was less harmful to its physiology under conditions where UVR influenced viral DNA expression. In the virus-infected cells, the combination of UVR and warming (+4°C) led to a 13-fold increase in photosynthetic carbon fixation rate, with warming alone contributing a change of about 5-7-fold. This was attributed to upregulated expression of genes related to carboxylation and light-harvesting proteins under the influence of UVR, and to warming-reduced infectivity. In the absence of UVR, viral infection downregulated the metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. Our results suggest that solar UV exposure in a warming ocean can reduce the severity of viral attack on this ecologically important microalga, potentially prolonging its blooms.
海洋微藻 Emiliania huxleyi 广泛分布于表层海洋,易受椰子藻病毒感染,从而导致藻类大量繁殖。然而,人们对太阳紫外线辐射(UVR)和海洋变暖等全球变化因素如何影响宿主与病毒之间的相互作用知之甚少。我们在紫外线辐射存在或不存在的情况下,在两种温度水平下培养了带有或不带有病毒的微藻,并研究了其生理和转录反应。我们发现,病毒感染明显降低了藻类的光合作用和生长,但在紫外线影响病毒 DNA 表达的条件下,病毒感染对藻类生理的危害较小。在病毒感染的细胞中,紫外线辐射和升温(+4°C)的结合导致光合作用碳固定率增加了 13 倍,而单独升温的变化约为 5-7 倍。这归因于在紫外线辐射的影响下,与羧化和光收获蛋白相关的基因表达上调,以及升温降低了感染性。在没有紫外线辐射的情况下,病毒感染会降低光合作用和脂肪酸降解的代谢途径。我们的研究结果表明,在气候变暖的海洋中,太阳紫外线照射可降低病毒对这种具有重要生态意义的微藻的侵袭程度,从而有可能延长其开花期。
{"title":"Warming and UV Radiation Alleviate the Effect of Virus Infection on the Microalga Emiliania huxleyi.","authors":"Qianqian Fu, Ruiping Huang, Futian Li, John Beardall, David A Hutchins, Jingwen Liu, Kunshan Gao","doi":"10.1111/pce.15262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The marine microalga Emiliania huxleyi is widely distributed in the surface oceans and is prone to infection by coccolithoviruses that can terminate its blooms. However, little is known about how global change factors like solar UV radiation (UVR) and ocean warming affect the host-virus interaction. We grew the microalga at 2 temperature levels with or without the virus in the presence or absence of UVR and investigated the physiological and transcriptional responses. We showed that viral infection noticeably reduced photosynthesis and growth of the alga but was less harmful to its physiology under conditions where UVR influenced viral DNA expression. In the virus-infected cells, the combination of UVR and warming (+4°C) led to a 13-fold increase in photosynthetic carbon fixation rate, with warming alone contributing a change of about 5-7-fold. This was attributed to upregulated expression of genes related to carboxylation and light-harvesting proteins under the influence of UVR, and to warming-reduced infectivity. In the absence of UVR, viral infection downregulated the metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. Our results suggest that solar UV exposure in a warming ocean can reduce the severity of viral attack on this ecologically important microalga, potentially prolonging its blooms.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco Percio, Lourdes Rubio, Vitor Amorim-Silva, Miguel A Botella
Brassinosteroids (BR) are steroidal phytohormones essential for plant growth, development, and stress resistance. They fulfil this role partially by modulating cell wall structure and composition through the control of gene expression involved in primary and secondary cell wall biosynthesis and metabolism. This affects the deposition of cellulose, lignin, and other components, and modifies the inner architecture of the wall, allowing it to adapt to the developmental status and environmental conditions. This review focuses on the effects that BR exerts on the main components of the cell wall, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, in multiple and relevant plant species. We summarize the outcomes that result from modifying cell wall components by altering BR gene expression, applying exogenous BR and utilizing natural variability in BR content and describing new roles of BR in cell wall structure. Additionally, we discuss the potential use of BR to address pressing needs, such as increasing crop yield and quality, enhancing stress resistance and improving wood production through cell wall modulation.
{"title":"Crucial Roles of Brassinosteroids in Cell Wall Composition and Structure Across Species: New Insights and Biotechnological Applications.","authors":"Francisco Percio, Lourdes Rubio, Vitor Amorim-Silva, Miguel A Botella","doi":"10.1111/pce.15258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brassinosteroids (BR) are steroidal phytohormones essential for plant growth, development, and stress resistance. They fulfil this role partially by modulating cell wall structure and composition through the control of gene expression involved in primary and secondary cell wall biosynthesis and metabolism. This affects the deposition of cellulose, lignin, and other components, and modifies the inner architecture of the wall, allowing it to adapt to the developmental status and environmental conditions. This review focuses on the effects that BR exerts on the main components of the cell wall, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, in multiple and relevant plant species. We summarize the outcomes that result from modifying cell wall components by altering BR gene expression, applying exogenous BR and utilizing natural variability in BR content and describing new roles of BR in cell wall structure. Additionally, we discuss the potential use of BR to address pressing needs, such as increasing crop yield and quality, enhancing stress resistance and improving wood production through cell wall modulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soil brings severe health risks through the dietary intake of Cd-polluted crops. The comprehensive role of pectin in lowering Cd accumulation is investigated through low Cd accumulated (L) and high Cd accumulated (H) cultivars of L. sativa. The significantly different Cd contents in the edible parts of two L. sativa cultivars are accomplished by different Cd transportations. The pectin is the dominant responsive cell wall component according to significantly increased uronic acid contents and the differential Cd absorption between unmodified and modified cell wall. The chemical structure characterization revealed the decreased methyl esterification in pectin under Cd treatment compared with control. Significantly brighter LM19 relative fluorescence density and 40.82% decreased methanol in the root pectin of L cultivar under Cd treatment (p < 0.05) supported that the de-methyl esterification of root pectin is more significant in L cultivar than in H cultivar. The pectin de-methyl esterification of L cultivar is achieved by the upregulation of pectin esterases and the downregulation of pectin esterase inhibitors under Cd treatments, which has facilitated the higher Cd-binding of pectin. Our findings provide deep insight into the differential Cd accumulation of L. sativa cultivars and contribute to the understanding the pollutant behaviors in plants.
{"title":"De-Methyl Esterification Modification of Root Pectin Mediates Cd Accumulation of Lactuca sativa.","authors":"Qian-Hui Zhang, Xuan-Tong Tan, Zhen-Bang Li, Yi-Qi Chen, Zhong-Yi Yang, Guo-Rong Xin, Chun-Tao He","doi":"10.1111/pce.15240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soil brings severe health risks through the dietary intake of Cd-polluted crops. The comprehensive role of pectin in lowering Cd accumulation is investigated through low Cd accumulated (L) and high Cd accumulated (H) cultivars of L. sativa. The significantly different Cd contents in the edible parts of two L. sativa cultivars are accomplished by different Cd transportations. The pectin is the dominant responsive cell wall component according to significantly increased uronic acid contents and the differential Cd absorption between unmodified and modified cell wall. The chemical structure characterization revealed the decreased methyl esterification in pectin under Cd treatment compared with control. Significantly brighter LM19 relative fluorescence density and 40.82% decreased methanol in the root pectin of L cultivar under Cd treatment (p < 0.05) supported that the de-methyl esterification of root pectin is more significant in L cultivar than in H cultivar. The pectin de-methyl esterification of L cultivar is achieved by the upregulation of pectin esterases and the downregulation of pectin esterase inhibitors under Cd treatments, which has facilitated the higher Cd-binding of pectin. Our findings provide deep insight into the differential Cd accumulation of L. sativa cultivars and contribute to the understanding the pollutant behaviors in plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rubén Martín-Sánchez, Domingo Sancho-Knapik, Juan Pedro Ferrio, David Alonso-Forn, Juan Manuel Losada, José Javier Peguero-Pina, Maurizio Mencuccini, Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
As the single link between leaves and the rest of the plant, petioles must develop conductive tissues according to the water influx and sugar outflow of the leaf lamina. A scaling relationship between leaf area and anatomical traits of xylem and phloem is expected to improve the efficiency of these tissues. However, the different constraints compromising the functionality of both tissues (e.g., risk of cavitation) must not be disregarded. Additionally, deciduous and evergreen plants may have different strategies to produce and package their petiole conduits to cope with environmental restrictions. We explored in 33 oak species the relationships between petiole anatomical traits, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate. Results showed allometric scaling between anatomical structure of xylem and phloem with leaf area. We also found correlations between photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and anatomical traits in the petiole. The main novelty is how oaks present a different strategy depending on the leaf habit. Deciduous species tend to increase their diameters to achieve greater leaf-specific conductivity. By contrast, evergreen oaks develop larger xylem conductive areas for a given leaf area than deciduous ones. This trade-off between safety-efficiency in petioles has never been attributed to the leaf habit of the species.
{"title":"Xylem and Phloem in Petioles Are Coordinated With Leaf Gas Exchange in Oaks With Contrasting Anatomical Strategies Depending on Leaf Habit.","authors":"Rubén Martín-Sánchez, Domingo Sancho-Knapik, Juan Pedro Ferrio, David Alonso-Forn, Juan Manuel Losada, José Javier Peguero-Pina, Maurizio Mencuccini, Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín","doi":"10.1111/pce.15231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the single link between leaves and the rest of the plant, petioles must develop conductive tissues according to the water influx and sugar outflow of the leaf lamina. A scaling relationship between leaf area and anatomical traits of xylem and phloem is expected to improve the efficiency of these tissues. However, the different constraints compromising the functionality of both tissues (e.g., risk of cavitation) must not be disregarded. Additionally, deciduous and evergreen plants may have different strategies to produce and package their petiole conduits to cope with environmental restrictions. We explored in 33 oak species the relationships between petiole anatomical traits, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate. Results showed allometric scaling between anatomical structure of xylem and phloem with leaf area. We also found correlations between photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and anatomical traits in the petiole. The main novelty is how oaks present a different strategy depending on the leaf habit. Deciduous species tend to increase their diameters to achieve greater leaf-specific conductivity. By contrast, evergreen oaks develop larger xylem conductive areas for a given leaf area than deciduous ones. This trade-off between safety-efficiency in petioles has never been attributed to the leaf habit of the species.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaina Lin, Kewen Xu, Yiqing Chen, Yifan Lu, Meixue Zhou, Fangbin Cao
The increasing contamination of agricultural soils with cadmium (Cd) poses a significant threat to human health and global food security. Plants initiate a series of mechanisms to reduce Cd toxicity. However, the response of maize to Cd toxicity remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified that ZmHMT3, which encodes a homocysteine S-methyltransferases family protein, acted as a regulator of Cd tolerance in maize. Subcellular localization and in situ PCR exhibited that ZmHMT3 was localized in the cytoplasm and predominantly expressed in the phloem. Overexpression of ZmHMT3 enhanced Cd tolerance and reduced Cd concentration in both shoots and roots. In contrast, ZmHMT3 mutants attenuated Cd tolerance but did not change shoot Cd concentration. Heterologous overexpression of ZmHMT3 in rice enhanced Cd tolerance and reduced grain Cd concentration. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ZmHMT3 upregulated the expression of stress-responsive genes, especially glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and transcription factors, including MYBs, NACs and WRKYs, and modulates the expression of different ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, thereby enhancing Cd tolerance. Collectively, these findings highlight the pivotal role of ZmHMT3 in Cd tolerance and as a candidate gene for improving Cd tolerance in elite maize varieties.
{"title":"Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase 3 Positively Regulates Cadmium Tolerance in Maize.","authors":"Kaina Lin, Kewen Xu, Yiqing Chen, Yifan Lu, Meixue Zhou, Fangbin Cao","doi":"10.1111/pce.15244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing contamination of agricultural soils with cadmium (Cd) poses a significant threat to human health and global food security. Plants initiate a series of mechanisms to reduce Cd toxicity. However, the response of maize to Cd toxicity remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified that ZmHMT3, which encodes a homocysteine S-methyltransferases family protein, acted as a regulator of Cd tolerance in maize. Subcellular localization and in situ PCR exhibited that ZmHMT3 was localized in the cytoplasm and predominantly expressed in the phloem. Overexpression of ZmHMT3 enhanced Cd tolerance and reduced Cd concentration in both shoots and roots. In contrast, ZmHMT3 mutants attenuated Cd tolerance but did not change shoot Cd concentration. Heterologous overexpression of ZmHMT3 in rice enhanced Cd tolerance and reduced grain Cd concentration. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ZmHMT3 upregulated the expression of stress-responsive genes, especially glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and transcription factors, including MYBs, NACs and WRKYs, and modulates the expression of different ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, thereby enhancing Cd tolerance. Collectively, these findings highlight the pivotal role of ZmHMT3 in Cd tolerance and as a candidate gene for improving Cd tolerance in elite maize varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soybeans are an economically vital food crop, which is employed as a key source of oil and plant protein globally. This study identified an EREBP-type transcription factor, GmESR1 (Enhance of Shot Regeneration). GmESR1 overexpression has been observed to significantly increase seed protein content. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism by which GmESR1 affects protein accumulation through transcriptome and metabolomics was also identified. The transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified 95 differentially expressed genes and 83 differentially abundant metabolites during the seed mid-maturity stage. Co-analysis strategies revealed that GmESR1 overexpression inhibited the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin via the phenylpropane biosynthetic pathway, thereby redistributing biomass within cells. The key genes and metabolites impacted by this biochemical process included Gm4CL-like, GmCCR, Syringin, and Coniferin. Moreover, it was also found that GmESR1 binds to (AATATTATCATTAAGTACGGAC) during seed development and inhibits the transcription of GmCCR. GmESR1 overexpression also enhanced sucrose transporter gene expression during seed development and increased the sucrose transport rate. These results offer new insight into the molecular mechanisms whereby GmESR1 increases protein levels within soybean seeds, guiding future molecular-assisted breeding efforts aimed at establishing high-protein soybean varieties.
{"title":"Transcriptional and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal That GmESR1 Increases Soybean Seed Protein Content Through the Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway.","authors":"Runnan Zhou, Sihui Wang, Jianwei Li, Mingliang Yang, Chunyan Liu, Zhaoming Qi, Chang Xu, Xiaoxia Wu, Qingshan Chen, Ying Zhao","doi":"10.1111/pce.15250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soybeans are an economically vital food crop, which is employed as a key source of oil and plant protein globally. This study identified an EREBP-type transcription factor, GmESR1 (Enhance of Shot Regeneration). GmESR1 overexpression has been observed to significantly increase seed protein content. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism by which GmESR1 affects protein accumulation through transcriptome and metabolomics was also identified. The transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified 95 differentially expressed genes and 83 differentially abundant metabolites during the seed mid-maturity stage. Co-analysis strategies revealed that GmESR1 overexpression inhibited the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin via the phenylpropane biosynthetic pathway, thereby redistributing biomass within cells. The key genes and metabolites impacted by this biochemical process included Gm4CL-like, GmCCR, Syringin, and Coniferin. Moreover, it was also found that GmESR1 binds to (AATATTATCATTAAGTACGGAC) during seed development and inhibits the transcription of GmCCR. GmESR1 overexpression also enhanced sucrose transporter gene expression during seed development and increased the sucrose transport rate. These results offer new insight into the molecular mechanisms whereby GmESR1 increases protein levels within soybean seeds, guiding future molecular-assisted breeding efforts aimed at establishing high-protein soybean varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tong Su, Yichun Wu, Chao Fang, Baohui Liu, Sijia Lu, Fanjiang Kong, Huan Liu
Legumes, characterized by their ability to form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, play crucial roles in agriculture, ecology and human nutrition. Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs) are the key genetic players that contribute to the diverse biological functions of legumes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of important roles of PEBP genes in legumes, including flowering, inflorescence architecture, seed development and nodulation. We also delve into PEBP regulatory mechanisms and effects on plant growth, development, and adaptation to the environment. Furthermore, we highlight their potential biotechnological applications for crop improvement and promoting sustainable agriculture. This review emphasizes the multifaceted roles of PEBP genes, shedding light on their significance in legume biology and their potential for sustainable productive farming.
{"title":"The Critical Roles of Phosphatidylethanolamine-Binding Proteins in Legumes.","authors":"Tong Su, Yichun Wu, Chao Fang, Baohui Liu, Sijia Lu, Fanjiang Kong, Huan Liu","doi":"10.1111/pce.15255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Legumes, characterized by their ability to form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, play crucial roles in agriculture, ecology and human nutrition. Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs) are the key genetic players that contribute to the diverse biological functions of legumes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of important roles of PEBP genes in legumes, including flowering, inflorescence architecture, seed development and nodulation. We also delve into PEBP regulatory mechanisms and effects on plant growth, development, and adaptation to the environment. Furthermore, we highlight their potential biotechnological applications for crop improvement and promoting sustainable agriculture. This review emphasizes the multifaceted roles of PEBP genes, shedding light on their significance in legume biology and their potential for sustainable productive farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142542422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catharanthus roseus is a highly relevant model for investigating plant defense mechanisms and the biosynthesis of therapeutically valuable compounds, including terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). It has been demonstrated that beneficial microbial interactions can regulate TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus, highlighting the need to fully comprehend the molecular mechanisms involved to efficiently implement eco-friendly strategies. This study explores the effects of a novel microbial strain, Y503, identified as Sphingomonas sp., on TIA production and the underlying mechanisms in C. roseus. Through bioinformatics analysis, we have identified 17 MAPKKKs, 7 MAPKKs, and 13 MAPKs within the C. roseus genome. Further investigation has verified the presence of the MAPK module (CrMAPKKK1-CrMAPKK1/CrMAPKK2-CrMPK3) mediating Y503 in regulating TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus. This study provides foundational information for strengthening the plant defense system in C. roseus through advantageous microbial interactions, which could contribute to the sustainable cultivation of medicinal plants such as C. roseus.
蔷薇是研究植物防御机制和包括萜类吲哚生物碱(TIAs)在内的有治疗价值化合物的生物合成的高度相关模型。研究表明,有益微生物的相互作用可以调节蔷薇中吲哚生物碱的生物合成,这凸显了充分理解相关分子机制以有效实施生态友好战略的必要性。本研究探讨了一种新型微生物菌株 Y503(被鉴定为鞘氨醇单胞菌 sp.)对 C. roseus 中 TIA 生产的影响及其内在机制。通过生物信息学分析,我们在玫瑰茄基因组中发现了 17 个 MAPKKs、7 个 MAPKKs 和 13 个 MAPKs。进一步的调查验证了 MAPK 模块(CrMAPKK1-CrMAPKK1/CrMAPKK2-CrMPK3)介导 Y503 在 C. roseus 中调节 TIA 生物合成的存在。这项研究为通过有利的微生物相互作用加强蔷薇科植物的植物防御系统提供了基础信息,有助于蔷薇科植物等药用植物的可持续栽培。
{"title":"Modulation of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus by Sphingomonas Sp Y503 via the CrMAPKKK1-CrMAPKK1/CrMAPKK2-CrMPK3 Signaling Cascade.","authors":"Xiaoxiao Gao, Xiaona Zhu, Zhiqin Wang, Xuejing Liu, Rui Guo, Jing Luan, Zhiwen Liu, Fang Yu","doi":"10.1111/pce.15253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Catharanthus roseus is a highly relevant model for investigating plant defense mechanisms and the biosynthesis of therapeutically valuable compounds, including terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). It has been demonstrated that beneficial microbial interactions can regulate TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus, highlighting the need to fully comprehend the molecular mechanisms involved to efficiently implement eco-friendly strategies. This study explores the effects of a novel microbial strain, Y503, identified as Sphingomonas sp., on TIA production and the underlying mechanisms in C. roseus. Through bioinformatics analysis, we have identified 17 MAPKKKs, 7 MAPKKs, and 13 MAPKs within the C. roseus genome. Further investigation has verified the presence of the MAPK module (CrMAPKKK1-CrMAPKK1/CrMAPKK2-CrMPK3) mediating Y503 in regulating TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus. This study provides foundational information for strengthening the plant defense system in C. roseus through advantageous microbial interactions, which could contribute to the sustainable cultivation of medicinal plants such as C. roseus.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142542421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syed Sarfaraz Hussain, Yapeng Li, Jie Liu, Manzar Abbas, Quanzi Li, Houyin Deng, Sammar Abbas, Kunjin Han, Juan Han, Yuhan Sun, Yun Li
Plants, being immobile, are exposed to environmental adversities such as wind, snow and animals that damage their structure, making regeneration essential for their survival. The adventitious roots (ARs) primarily emerge from a detached explant to uptake nutrients; therefore, the molecular network involved in their regeneration needs to be explored. DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mark, influences molecular pathways, and recent studies suggested its role in regeneration. In our research, the application of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, caused the earlier initiation and development of root primordia and consequently enhanced the AR regeneration rate in Robinia psuedoacacia L (black locust). The whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) revealed a decrease in global methylation and an increase in hypomethylated cytosine sites and regions across all contexts including CHH, CHG and mergedCG caused transcriptional variations in 5-azaC-treated sample. The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay revealed a RpMYB2-centred network of transcriptionally activated transcription factors (TFs) including RpWRKY23, RpGATA23, RpSPL16 and other genes like RpSDP, RpSS1, RpBEN1, RpGULL05 and RpCUV with nuclear localization suggesting their potential co-localization. Additionally, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay showed the interaction of RpMYB2 interactors, RpGATA23 and RpWRKY23, with promoters of RpSK6 and RpCDC48, and luciferase reporting assay (LRA) validated their binding with RpSK6. Our results revealed that hypomethylation-mediated transcriptomic modifications activated the RpMYB2-centred gene network to enhance AR regeneration in black locust hypocotyl cuttings. These findings pave the way for genetic modification to improve plant regeneration ability and increase wood production while withstanding environmental damage.
{"title":"DNA Hypomethylation Activates the RpMYB2-Centred Gene Network to Enhance Regeneration of Adventitious Roots.","authors":"Syed Sarfaraz Hussain, Yapeng Li, Jie Liu, Manzar Abbas, Quanzi Li, Houyin Deng, Sammar Abbas, Kunjin Han, Juan Han, Yuhan Sun, Yun Li","doi":"10.1111/pce.15236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants, being immobile, are exposed to environmental adversities such as wind, snow and animals that damage their structure, making regeneration essential for their survival. The adventitious roots (ARs) primarily emerge from a detached explant to uptake nutrients; therefore, the molecular network involved in their regeneration needs to be explored. DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mark, influences molecular pathways, and recent studies suggested its role in regeneration. In our research, the application of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, caused the earlier initiation and development of root primordia and consequently enhanced the AR regeneration rate in Robinia psuedoacacia L (black locust). The whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) revealed a decrease in global methylation and an increase in hypomethylated cytosine sites and regions across all contexts including CHH, CHG and mergedCG caused transcriptional variations in 5-azaC-treated sample. The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay revealed a RpMYB2-centred network of transcriptionally activated transcription factors (TFs) including RpWRKY23, RpGATA23, RpSPL16 and other genes like RpSDP, RpSS1, RpBEN1, RpGULL05 and RpCUV with nuclear localization suggesting their potential co-localization. Additionally, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay showed the interaction of RpMYB2 interactors, RpGATA23 and RpWRKY23, with promoters of RpSK6 and RpCDC48, and luciferase reporting assay (LRA) validated their binding with RpSK6. Our results revealed that hypomethylation-mediated transcriptomic modifications activated the RpMYB2-centred gene network to enhance AR regeneration in black locust hypocotyl cuttings. These findings pave the way for genetic modification to improve plant regeneration ability and increase wood production while withstanding environmental damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heterotrophic microbes rely on host-derived carbon sources for their growth and survival. Depriving pathogens of plant carbon is therefore a promising strategy for protecting plants from disease and reducing yield losses. Importantly, this carbon starvation-mediated resistance is expected to be more broad-spectrum and durable than race-specific R-gene-mediated resistance. Although sugars are well characterized as major carbon sources for bacteria, emerging evidence suggests that plant-derived lipids are likely to be an essential carbon source for some fungal microbes, particularly biotrophs. Here, we comprehensively discuss the dual roles of carbon sources (mainly sugars and lipids) and their transport processes in immune signalling and microbial nutrition. We summarize recent findings revealing the crucial roles of lipids as susceptibility factors at all stages of pathogen infection. In particular, we discuss the potential pathways by which lipids and other plant carbon sources are delivered to biotrophs, including protein-mediated transport, vesicle trafficking and autophagy. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and offer suggestions for clarifying the mechanisms that underlie nutrient uptake by biotrophs, providing guidance for future research on the application of carbon starvation-mediated resistance.
异养微生物的生长和生存依赖于宿主提供的碳源。因此,剥夺病原体的植物碳源是保护植物免受病害和减少产量损失的一种有前途的策略。重要的是,与种族特异性 R 基因介导的抗性相比,这种碳饥饿介导的抗性有望具有更广谱、更持久的特点。虽然糖类是细菌的主要碳源,但新的证据表明,植物源脂类可能是某些真菌微生物,尤其是生物营养体的重要碳源。在此,我们全面讨论了碳源(主要是糖类和脂类)及其运输过程在免疫信号转导和微生物营养中的双重作用。我们总结了最近的研究结果,这些结果揭示了脂质作为易感因子在病原体感染各个阶段的关键作用。特别是,我们讨论了脂质和其他植物碳源传递给生物营养体的潜在途径,包括蛋白质介导的运输、囊泡运输和自噬。最后,我们强调了知识差距,并就阐明生物营养体吸收养分的机制提出了建议,为今后应用碳饥饿介导的抗性研究提供指导。
{"title":"Sugars, Lipids and More: New Insights Into Plant Carbon Sources During Plant-Microbe Interactions.","authors":"Qiang Zhang, Zongqi Wang, Runjie Gao, Yina Jiang","doi":"10.1111/pce.15242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heterotrophic microbes rely on host-derived carbon sources for their growth and survival. Depriving pathogens of plant carbon is therefore a promising strategy for protecting plants from disease and reducing yield losses. Importantly, this carbon starvation-mediated resistance is expected to be more broad-spectrum and durable than race-specific R-gene-mediated resistance. Although sugars are well characterized as major carbon sources for bacteria, emerging evidence suggests that plant-derived lipids are likely to be an essential carbon source for some fungal microbes, particularly biotrophs. Here, we comprehensively discuss the dual roles of carbon sources (mainly sugars and lipids) and their transport processes in immune signalling and microbial nutrition. We summarize recent findings revealing the crucial roles of lipids as susceptibility factors at all stages of pathogen infection. In particular, we discuss the potential pathways by which lipids and other plant carbon sources are delivered to biotrophs, including protein-mediated transport, vesicle trafficking and autophagy. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and offer suggestions for clarifying the mechanisms that underlie nutrient uptake by biotrophs, providing guidance for future research on the application of carbon starvation-mediated resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142491703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}