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Warming and UV Radiation Alleviate the Effect of Virus Infection on the Microalga Emiliania huxleyi. 变暖和紫外线辐射减轻了病毒感染对微藻 Emiliania huxleyi 的影响。
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15262
Qianqian Fu, Ruiping Huang, Futian Li, John Beardall, David A Hutchins, Jingwen Liu, Kunshan Gao

The marine microalga Emiliania huxleyi is widely distributed in the surface oceans and is prone to infection by coccolithoviruses that can terminate its blooms. However, little is known about how global change factors like solar UV radiation (UVR) and ocean warming affect the host-virus interaction. We grew the microalga at 2 temperature levels with or without the virus in the presence or absence of UVR and investigated the physiological and transcriptional responses. We showed that viral infection noticeably reduced photosynthesis and growth of the alga but was less harmful to its physiology under conditions where UVR influenced viral DNA expression. In the virus-infected cells, the combination of UVR and warming (+4°C) led to a 13-fold increase in photosynthetic carbon fixation rate, with warming alone contributing a change of about 5-7-fold. This was attributed to upregulated expression of genes related to carboxylation and light-harvesting proteins under the influence of UVR, and to warming-reduced infectivity. In the absence of UVR, viral infection downregulated the metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. Our results suggest that solar UV exposure in a warming ocean can reduce the severity of viral attack on this ecologically important microalga, potentially prolonging its blooms.

海洋微藻 Emiliania huxleyi 广泛分布于表层海洋,易受椰子藻病毒感染,从而导致藻类大量繁殖。然而,人们对太阳紫外线辐射(UVR)和海洋变暖等全球变化因素如何影响宿主与病毒之间的相互作用知之甚少。我们在紫外线辐射存在或不存在的情况下,在两种温度水平下培养了带有或不带有病毒的微藻,并研究了其生理和转录反应。我们发现,病毒感染明显降低了藻类的光合作用和生长,但在紫外线影响病毒 DNA 表达的条件下,病毒感染对藻类生理的危害较小。在病毒感染的细胞中,紫外线辐射和升温(+4°C)的结合导致光合作用碳固定率增加了 13 倍,而单独升温的变化约为 5-7 倍。这归因于在紫外线辐射的影响下,与羧化和光收获蛋白相关的基因表达上调,以及升温降低了感染性。在没有紫外线辐射的情况下,病毒感染会降低光合作用和脂肪酸降解的代谢途径。我们的研究结果表明,在气候变暖的海洋中,太阳紫外线照射可降低病毒对这种具有重要生态意义的微藻的侵袭程度,从而有可能延长其开花期。
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引用次数: 0
Crucial Roles of Brassinosteroids in Cell Wall Composition and Structure Across Species: New Insights and Biotechnological Applications. 芸苔素甾类化合物在不同物种细胞壁组成和结构中的关键作用:新见解和生物技术应用。
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15258
Francisco Percio, Lourdes Rubio, Vitor Amorim-Silva, Miguel A Botella

Brassinosteroids (BR) are steroidal phytohormones essential for plant growth, development, and stress resistance. They fulfil this role partially by modulating cell wall structure and composition through the control of gene expression involved in primary and secondary cell wall biosynthesis and metabolism. This affects the deposition of cellulose, lignin, and other components, and modifies the inner architecture of the wall, allowing it to adapt to the developmental status and environmental conditions. This review focuses on the effects that BR exerts on the main components of the cell wall, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, in multiple and relevant plant species. We summarize the outcomes that result from modifying cell wall components by altering BR gene expression, applying exogenous BR and utilizing natural variability in BR content and describing new roles of BR in cell wall structure. Additionally, we discuss the potential use of BR to address pressing needs, such as increasing crop yield and quality, enhancing stress resistance and improving wood production through cell wall modulation.

芸苔素甾类化合物(BR)是甾体植物激素,对植物的生长、发育和抗逆性至关重要。芸苔素甾类激素通过控制参与初级和次级细胞壁生物合成和新陈代谢的基因表达,调节细胞壁的结构和组成,从而发挥上述作用。这影响了纤维素、木质素和其他成分的沉积,并改变了细胞壁的内部结构,使其能够适应发育状况和环境条件。本综述将重点介绍 BR 在多个相关植物物种中对细胞壁的主要成分纤维素、半纤维素、果胶和木质素产生的影响。我们总结了通过改变BR基因表达、应用外源BR和利用BR含量的自然变化来改变细胞壁成分的结果,并描述了BR在细胞壁结构中的新作用。此外,我们还讨论了如何利用生物活性成分来满足人们的迫切需求,如提高作物产量和质量、增强抗逆性以及通过调节细胞壁提高木材产量。
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引用次数: 0
De-Methyl Esterification Modification of Root Pectin Mediates Cd Accumulation of Lactuca sativa. 根果胶的去甲基酯化修饰介导了乳齿植物的镉积累。
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15240
Qian-Hui Zhang, Xuan-Tong Tan, Zhen-Bang Li, Yi-Qi Chen, Zhong-Yi Yang, Guo-Rong Xin, Chun-Tao He

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soil brings severe health risks through the dietary intake of Cd-polluted crops. The comprehensive role of pectin in lowering Cd accumulation is investigated through low Cd accumulated (L) and high Cd accumulated (H) cultivars of L. sativa. The significantly different Cd contents in the edible parts of two L. sativa cultivars are accomplished by different Cd transportations. The pectin is the dominant responsive cell wall component according to significantly increased uronic acid contents and the differential Cd absorption between unmodified and modified cell wall. The chemical structure characterization revealed the decreased methyl esterification in pectin under Cd treatment compared with control. Significantly brighter LM19 relative fluorescence density and 40.82% decreased methanol in the root pectin of L cultivar under Cd treatment (p < 0.05) supported that the de-methyl esterification of root pectin is more significant in L cultivar than in H cultivar. The pectin de-methyl esterification of L cultivar is achieved by the upregulation of pectin esterases and the downregulation of pectin esterase inhibitors under Cd treatments, which has facilitated the higher Cd-binding of pectin. Our findings provide deep insight into the differential Cd accumulation of L. sativa cultivars and contribute to the understanding the pollutant behaviors in plants.

农业土壤中的镉(Cd)污染会通过膳食摄入受镉污染的农作物带来严重的健康风险。本研究通过低镉积累(L)和高镉积累(H)的荠菜栽培品种研究了果胶在降低镉积累方面的综合作用。两种荠菜栽培品种可食部分中镉含量的明显差异是由不同的镉转运作用造成的。果胶是细胞壁的主要反应成分,这体现在尿酸含量的显著增加,以及未改良细胞壁和改良细胞壁对镉的不同吸收率。化学结构表征显示,与对照组相比,镉处理下果胶的甲基酯化程度降低。在镉处理下,L 栽培品种根果胶中 LM19 相对荧光密度明显提高,甲醇含量降低了 40.82%(p<0.05)。
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引用次数: 0
Xylem and Phloem in Petioles Are Coordinated With Leaf Gas Exchange in Oaks With Contrasting Anatomical Strategies Depending on Leaf Habit. 橡树叶柄中的木质部和叶肉与叶片的气体交换相互协调,其解剖学策略因叶片习性而异。
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15231
Rubén Martín-Sánchez, Domingo Sancho-Knapik, Juan Pedro Ferrio, David Alonso-Forn, Juan Manuel Losada, José Javier Peguero-Pina, Maurizio Mencuccini, Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín

As the single link between leaves and the rest of the plant, petioles must develop conductive tissues according to the water influx and sugar outflow of the leaf lamina. A scaling relationship between leaf area and anatomical traits of xylem and phloem is expected to improve the efficiency of these tissues. However, the different constraints compromising the functionality of both tissues (e.g., risk of cavitation) must not be disregarded. Additionally, deciduous and evergreen plants may have different strategies to produce and package their petiole conduits to cope with environmental restrictions. We explored in 33 oak species the relationships between petiole anatomical traits, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate. Results showed allometric scaling between anatomical structure of xylem and phloem with leaf area. We also found correlations between photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and anatomical traits in the petiole. The main novelty is how oaks present a different strategy depending on the leaf habit. Deciduous species tend to increase their diameters to achieve greater leaf-specific conductivity. By contrast, evergreen oaks develop larger xylem conductive areas for a given leaf area than deciduous ones. This trade-off between safety-efficiency in petioles has never been attributed to the leaf habit of the species.

叶柄作为连接叶片和植物其他部分的唯一纽带,必须根据叶片的水分流入和糖分流出来发展传导组织。叶面积与木质部和韧皮部解剖特征之间的比例关系有望提高这些组织的效率。不过,也不能忽视影响这两种组织功能的不同制约因素(如空化风险)。此外,落叶植物和常绿植物可能有不同的策略来生产和包装叶柄导管,以应对环境限制。我们研究了 33 种橡树叶柄解剖特征、叶面积、气孔导度和光合作用率之间的关系。结果显示,木质部和韧皮部的解剖结构与叶面积之间存在异速比例关系。我们还发现光合作用率、气孔导度和叶柄解剖特征之间存在相关性。主要的新颖之处在于橡树如何根据叶片习性采取不同的策略。落叶树种倾向于增加叶片直径,以获得更大的叶片传导性。相比之下,常绿橡树在给定叶片面积的情况下,木质部传导面积要比落叶橡树大。叶柄安全与效率之间的这种权衡从未归因于物种的叶片习性。
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引用次数: 0
Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase 3 Positively Regulates Cadmium Tolerance in Maize. 同型半胱氨酸 S-甲基转移酶 3 积极调节玉米的耐镉性
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15244
Kaina Lin, Kewen Xu, Yiqing Chen, Yifan Lu, Meixue Zhou, Fangbin Cao

The increasing contamination of agricultural soils with cadmium (Cd) poses a significant threat to human health and global food security. Plants initiate a series of mechanisms to reduce Cd toxicity. However, the response of maize to Cd toxicity remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified that ZmHMT3, which encodes a homocysteine S-methyltransferases family protein, acted as a regulator of Cd tolerance in maize. Subcellular localization and in situ PCR exhibited that ZmHMT3 was localized in the cytoplasm and predominantly expressed in the phloem. Overexpression of ZmHMT3 enhanced Cd tolerance and reduced Cd concentration in both shoots and roots. In contrast, ZmHMT3 mutants attenuated Cd tolerance but did not change shoot Cd concentration. Heterologous overexpression of ZmHMT3 in rice enhanced Cd tolerance and reduced grain Cd concentration. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ZmHMT3 upregulated the expression of stress-responsive genes, especially glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and transcription factors, including MYBs, NACs and WRKYs, and modulates the expression of different ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, thereby enhancing Cd tolerance. Collectively, these findings highlight the pivotal role of ZmHMT3 in Cd tolerance and as a candidate gene for improving Cd tolerance in elite maize varieties.

农业土壤中的镉(Cd)污染日益严重,对人类健康和全球粮食安全构成了重大威胁。植物启动了一系列机制来降低镉的毒性。然而,人们对玉米对镉毒性的反应仍然知之甚少。在这项研究中,我们发现编码高半胱氨酸 S-甲基转移酶家族蛋白的 ZmHMT3 是玉米耐镉性的调控因子。亚细胞定位和原位 PCR 显示,ZmHMT3 定位于细胞质中,主要在韧皮部表达。ZmHMT3 的过表达增强了镉耐受性,并降低了芽和根中的镉浓度。与此相反,ZmHMT3 突变体削弱了镉耐受性,但并不改变芽中的镉浓度。在水稻中异源过表达 ZmHMT3 可增强镉耐受性并降低谷粒的镉浓度。转录组分析表明,ZmHMT3 能上调胁迫响应基因的表达,特别是谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶(GSTs)和转录因子(包括 MYBs、NACs 和 WRKYs),并能调节不同 ATP 结合盒(ABC)转运体的表达,从而增强镉耐受性。总之,这些研究结果凸显了 ZmHMT3 在镉耐受性中的关键作用,是提高玉米优良品种镉耐受性的候选基因。
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引用次数: 0
Transcriptional and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal That GmESR1 Increases Soybean Seed Protein Content Through the Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway. 转录和代谢组分析表明,GmESR1 可通过苯丙类生物合成途径增加大豆籽粒蛋白质含量。
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15250
Runnan Zhou, Sihui Wang, Jianwei Li, Mingliang Yang, Chunyan Liu, Zhaoming Qi, Chang Xu, Xiaoxia Wu, Qingshan Chen, Ying Zhao

Soybeans are an economically vital food crop, which is employed as a key source of oil and plant protein globally. This study identified an EREBP-type transcription factor, GmESR1 (Enhance of Shot Regeneration). GmESR1 overexpression has been observed to significantly increase seed protein content. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism by which GmESR1 affects protein accumulation through transcriptome and metabolomics was also identified. The transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified 95 differentially expressed genes and 83 differentially abundant metabolites during the seed mid-maturity stage. Co-analysis strategies revealed that GmESR1 overexpression inhibited the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin via the phenylpropane biosynthetic pathway, thereby redistributing biomass within cells. The key genes and metabolites impacted by this biochemical process included Gm4CL-like, GmCCR, Syringin, and Coniferin. Moreover, it was also found that GmESR1 binds to (AATATTATCATTAAGTACGGAC) during seed development and inhibits the transcription of GmCCR. GmESR1 overexpression also enhanced sucrose transporter gene expression during seed development and increased the sucrose transport rate. These results offer new insight into the molecular mechanisms whereby GmESR1 increases protein levels within soybean seeds, guiding future molecular-assisted breeding efforts aimed at establishing high-protein soybean varieties.

大豆是一种具有重要经济价值的粮食作物,是全球油脂和植物蛋白的主要来源。这项研究发现了一种EREBP型转录因子--GmESR1(Enhance of Shot Regeneration)。据观察,过表达 GmESR1 可显著提高种子蛋白质含量。此外,还通过转录组学和代谢组学确定了 GmESR1 影响蛋白质积累的分子机制。转录组和代谢组分析确定了种子成熟中期的 95 个差异表达基因和 83 个差异丰度代谢物。协同分析策略显示,GmESR1 的过表达抑制了木质素、纤维素、半纤维素和果胶通过苯丙烷生物合成途径的生物合成,从而重新分配了细胞内的生物量。受这一生化过程影响的关键基因和代谢物包括 Gm4CL-like、GmCCR、Syringin 和 Coniferin。此外,研究还发现,在种子发育过程中,GmESR1 与(AATATTATCATTAAGTACGGAC)结合,抑制了 GmCCR 的转录。GmESR1 的过表达也增强了种子发育过程中蔗糖转运体基因的表达,并提高了蔗糖的转运率。这些结果为了解 GmESR1 提高大豆种子蛋白质水平的分子机制提供了新的视角,为今后旨在培育高蛋白大豆品种的分子辅助育种工作提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
The Critical Roles of Phosphatidylethanolamine-Binding Proteins in Legumes. 豆科植物中磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白的关键作用
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15255
Tong Su, Yichun Wu, Chao Fang, Baohui Liu, Sijia Lu, Fanjiang Kong, Huan Liu

Legumes, characterized by their ability to form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, play crucial roles in agriculture, ecology and human nutrition. Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs) are the key genetic players that contribute to the diverse biological functions of legumes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of important roles of PEBP genes in legumes, including flowering, inflorescence architecture, seed development and nodulation. We also delve into PEBP regulatory mechanisms and effects on plant growth, development, and adaptation to the environment. Furthermore, we highlight their potential biotechnological applications for crop improvement and promoting sustainable agriculture. This review emphasizes the multifaceted roles of PEBP genes, shedding light on their significance in legume biology and their potential for sustainable productive farming.

豆科植物的特点是能够与固氮菌形成共生关系,在农业、生态学和人类营养学中发挥着至关重要的作用。磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(PEBPs)是促成豆科植物多种生物功能的关键基因。在这篇综述中,我们总结了目前对 PEBP 基因在豆科植物中重要作用的理解,包括开花、花序结构、种子发育和结瘤。我们还深入研究了 PEBP 的调控机制以及对植物生长、发育和环境适应的影响。此外,我们还强调了它们在作物改良和促进可持续农业方面的潜在生物技术应用。这篇综述强调了 PEBP 基因的多方面作用,揭示了它们在豆科植物生物学中的意义及其在可持续生产性农业中的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Modulation of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus by Sphingomonas Sp Y503 via the CrMAPKKK1-CrMAPKK1/CrMAPKK2-CrMPK3 Signaling Cascade. 鞘氨醇单胞菌 Sp Y503 通过 CrMAPKK1-CrMAPKK1/CrMAPKK2-CrMPK3 信号级联调控石竹属植物的萜类吲哚生物合成。
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15253
Xiaoxiao Gao, Xiaona Zhu, Zhiqin Wang, Xuejing Liu, Rui Guo, Jing Luan, Zhiwen Liu, Fang Yu

Catharanthus roseus is a highly relevant model for investigating plant defense mechanisms and the biosynthesis of therapeutically valuable compounds, including terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). It has been demonstrated that beneficial microbial interactions can regulate TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus, highlighting the need to fully comprehend the molecular mechanisms involved to efficiently implement eco-friendly strategies. This study explores the effects of a novel microbial strain, Y503, identified as Sphingomonas sp., on TIA production and the underlying mechanisms in C. roseus. Through bioinformatics analysis, we have identified 17 MAPKKKs, 7 MAPKKs, and 13 MAPKs within the C. roseus genome. Further investigation has verified the presence of the MAPK module (CrMAPKKK1-CrMAPKK1/CrMAPKK2-CrMPK3) mediating Y503 in regulating TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus. This study provides foundational information for strengthening the plant defense system in C. roseus through advantageous microbial interactions, which could contribute to the sustainable cultivation of medicinal plants such as C. roseus.

蔷薇是研究植物防御机制和包括萜类吲哚生物碱(TIAs)在内的有治疗价值化合物的生物合成的高度相关模型。研究表明,有益微生物的相互作用可以调节蔷薇中吲哚生物碱的生物合成,这凸显了充分理解相关分子机制以有效实施生态友好战略的必要性。本研究探讨了一种新型微生物菌株 Y503(被鉴定为鞘氨醇单胞菌 sp.)对 C. roseus 中 TIA 生产的影响及其内在机制。通过生物信息学分析,我们在玫瑰茄基因组中发现了 17 个 MAPKKs、7 个 MAPKKs 和 13 个 MAPKs。进一步的调查验证了 MAPK 模块(CrMAPKK1-CrMAPKK1/CrMAPKK2-CrMPK3)介导 Y503 在 C. roseus 中调节 TIA 生物合成的存在。这项研究为通过有利的微生物相互作用加强蔷薇科植物的植物防御系统提供了基础信息,有助于蔷薇科植物等药用植物的可持续栽培。
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引用次数: 0
DNA Hypomethylation Activates the RpMYB2-Centred Gene Network to Enhance Regeneration of Adventitious Roots. DNA 低甲基化激活以 RpMYB2 为中心的基因网络,促进不定根的再生
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15236
Syed Sarfaraz Hussain, Yapeng Li, Jie Liu, Manzar Abbas, Quanzi Li, Houyin Deng, Sammar Abbas, Kunjin Han, Juan Han, Yuhan Sun, Yun Li

Plants, being immobile, are exposed to environmental adversities such as wind, snow and animals that damage their structure, making regeneration essential for their survival. The adventitious roots (ARs) primarily emerge from a detached explant to uptake nutrients; therefore, the molecular network involved in their regeneration needs to be explored. DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mark, influences molecular pathways, and recent studies suggested its role in regeneration. In our research, the application of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, caused the earlier initiation and development of root primordia and consequently enhanced the AR regeneration rate in Robinia psuedoacacia L (black locust). The whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) revealed a decrease in global methylation and an increase in hypomethylated cytosine sites and regions across all contexts including CHH, CHG and mergedCG caused transcriptional variations in 5-azaC-treated sample. The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay revealed a RpMYB2-centred network of transcriptionally activated transcription factors (TFs) including RpWRKY23, RpGATA23, RpSPL16 and other genes like RpSDP, RpSS1, RpBEN1, RpGULL05 and RpCUV with nuclear localization suggesting their potential co-localization. Additionally, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay showed the interaction of RpMYB2 interactors, RpGATA23 and RpWRKY23, with promoters of RpSK6 and RpCDC48, and luciferase reporting assay (LRA) validated their binding with RpSK6. Our results revealed that hypomethylation-mediated transcriptomic modifications activated the RpMYB2-centred gene network to enhance AR regeneration in black locust hypocotyl cuttings. These findings pave the way for genetic modification to improve plant regeneration ability and increase wood production while withstanding environmental damage.

植物无法移动,容易受到风、雪和动物等环境因素的影响,其结构会受到破坏,因此再生对植物的生存至关重要。不定根(AR)主要从分离的外植体中萌发,以吸收养分;因此,需要探索其再生所涉及的分子网络。DNA 甲基化是一种关键的表观遗传标记,影响着分子通路,最近的研究表明它在再生中起着重要作用。在我们的研究中,5-氮杂胞嘧啶(5-azaC)是一种 DNA 甲基化抑制剂,它能使黑刺槐的根原基提前萌发和发育,从而提高其 AR 再生率。全基因组亚硫酸氢盐测序(WGBS)显示,在 5-azaC 处理的样本中,包括 CHH、CHG 和 mergedCG 在内的所有上下文中,全局甲基化减少,低甲基化胞嘧啶位点和区域增加,导致转录变化。酵母双杂交(Y2H)试验发现了一个以 RpMYB2 为中心的转录激活转录因子(TFs)网络,包括 RpWRKY23、RpGATA23、RpSPL16 和其他基因,如 RpSDP、RpSS1、RpBEN1、RpGULL05 和 RpCUV,这些基因的核定位表明它们可能共定位。此外,酵母单杂交(Y1H)试验表明,RpMYB2相互作用子 RpGATA23 和 RpWRKY23 与 RpSK6 和 RpCDC48 的启动子相互作用,荧光素酶报告试验(LRA)验证了它们与 RpSK6 的结合。我们的研究结果表明,低甲基化介导的转录组修饰激活了以RpMYB2为中心的基因网络,从而提高了黑穗槐下胚轴插条的AR再生能力。这些发现为通过基因改造提高植物再生能力、增加木材产量并抵御环境破坏铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Sugars, Lipids and More: New Insights Into Plant Carbon Sources During Plant-Microbe Interactions. 糖类、脂类和更多:植物与微生物相互作用过程中植物碳源的新发现
IF 6 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15242
Qiang Zhang, Zongqi Wang, Runjie Gao, Yina Jiang

Heterotrophic microbes rely on host-derived carbon sources for their growth and survival. Depriving pathogens of plant carbon is therefore a promising strategy for protecting plants from disease and reducing yield losses. Importantly, this carbon starvation-mediated resistance is expected to be more broad-spectrum and durable than race-specific R-gene-mediated resistance. Although sugars are well characterized as major carbon sources for bacteria, emerging evidence suggests that plant-derived lipids are likely to be an essential carbon source for some fungal microbes, particularly biotrophs. Here, we comprehensively discuss the dual roles of carbon sources (mainly sugars and lipids) and their transport processes in immune signalling and microbial nutrition. We summarize recent findings revealing the crucial roles of lipids as susceptibility factors at all stages of pathogen infection. In particular, we discuss the potential pathways by which lipids and other plant carbon sources are delivered to biotrophs, including protein-mediated transport, vesicle trafficking and autophagy. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and offer suggestions for clarifying the mechanisms that underlie nutrient uptake by biotrophs, providing guidance for future research on the application of carbon starvation-mediated resistance.

异养微生物的生长和生存依赖于宿主提供的碳源。因此,剥夺病原体的植物碳源是保护植物免受病害和减少产量损失的一种有前途的策略。重要的是,与种族特异性 R 基因介导的抗性相比,这种碳饥饿介导的抗性有望具有更广谱、更持久的特点。虽然糖类是细菌的主要碳源,但新的证据表明,植物源脂类可能是某些真菌微生物,尤其是生物营养体的重要碳源。在此,我们全面讨论了碳源(主要是糖类和脂类)及其运输过程在免疫信号转导和微生物营养中的双重作用。我们总结了最近的研究结果,这些结果揭示了脂质作为易感因子在病原体感染各个阶段的关键作用。特别是,我们讨论了脂质和其他植物碳源传递给生物营养体的潜在途径,包括蛋白质介导的运输、囊泡运输和自噬。最后,我们强调了知识差距,并就阐明生物营养体吸收养分的机制提出了建议,为今后应用碳饥饿介导的抗性研究提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
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Plant, Cell & Environment
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