Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4440
Brett Manzer
This article explores the role of nationalism in paradiplomacy, the phenomenon of sub-state entities engaging in international affairs. In regions characterized by strong nationalist movements, paradiplomacy is utilized by regional actors to project a minority identity distinct from that of the majority centre. Quebec has sustained the world’s most advanced case of paradiplomacy, despite wholesale alternation between two ideologically divergent parties, the sovereigntist Parti Québécois (PQ) and the federalist Quebec Liberal Party (QLP). This article proposes party competition for issue ownership as a causal explanation of this convergence. The central argument put forth is that regional parties are galvanized by a nationalist electorate to take stances on international relations which promote their electoral competitiveness to voters vis-à-vis rival parties. The greater the emphasis a party places on itself as the most capable “owner” of the issue of the region’s international interests, the greater its commitment to paradiplomacy will be.
{"title":"Ideological Divergence and Issue Convergence","authors":"Brett Manzer","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4440","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the role of nationalism in paradiplomacy, the phenomenon of sub-state entities engaging in international affairs. In regions characterized by strong nationalist movements, paradiplomacy is utilized by regional actors to project a minority identity distinct from that of the majority centre. Quebec has sustained the world’s most advanced case of paradiplomacy, despite wholesale alternation between two ideologically divergent parties, the sovereigntist Parti Québécois (PQ) and the federalist Quebec Liberal Party (QLP). This article proposes party competition for issue ownership as a causal explanation of this convergence. The central argument put forth is that regional parties are galvanized by a nationalist electorate to take stances on international relations which promote their electoral competitiveness to voters vis-à-vis rival parties. The greater the emphasis a party places on itself as the most capable “owner” of the issue of the region’s international interests, the greater its commitment to paradiplomacy will be.","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131628607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4446
Taylor Trummel
With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and subsequent independence of Estonia, the power-holding ethnic Russians suddenly found themselves as outcast minorities within the borders of this Baltic country. Various legal and social measures taken by Estonia to reassert its cultural history and political power marginalized c in the country. In creating a modern state, Estonia’s interest to identify with the European community prompted its effort to join the European Union. Such motivation pushed the nation toward multilateral negotiations to comply with requirements of international standards for the fair treatment of minorities. In this paper, an analysis of the implications of historical narratives in identity formation and minority marginalization offers a lens to examine the power of multilateral organizations in providing oversight and incentives to newly independent states. This oversight can be perceived to be in humanitarian interest, but should also be considered for its economic and geopolitical interests. Estonia’s citizenship laws, European identity, and stateless persons provide a case study for such historical analysis.
{"title":"The Creation of a Contemporary Estonian Identity","authors":"Taylor Trummel","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4446","url":null,"abstract":"With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and subsequent independence of Estonia, the power-holding ethnic Russians suddenly found themselves as outcast minorities within the borders of this Baltic country. Various legal and social measures taken by Estonia to reassert its cultural history and political power marginalized c in the country. In creating a modern state, Estonia’s interest to identify with the European community prompted its effort to join the European Union. Such motivation pushed the nation toward multilateral negotiations to comply with requirements of international standards for the fair treatment of minorities. In this paper, an analysis of the implications of historical narratives in identity formation and minority marginalization offers a lens to examine the power of multilateral organizations in providing oversight and incentives to newly independent states. This oversight can be perceived to be in humanitarian interest, but should also be considered for its economic and geopolitical interests. Estonia’s citizenship laws, European identity, and stateless persons provide a case study for such historical analysis.","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121308055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4445
A. Farias
Should we take tweets from politicians seriously? This paper argues that tweets sent out from the accounts of the top political actors are important because they are framed within a worldview that looks to support or challenge the legitimacy of an institutional order. As Twitter provides a direct connection between the speaker and mass audiences, it offers political leaders a platform to articulate a worldview, justify democratic or undemocratic strategies for competition, and mobilize support across frontiers to influence the perception of power structures. The relationship between discourse and institutional legitimacy is especially important in systems like Venezuela’s where authoritarian and democratic practices coexist, meaning that the legitimacy of institutions largely depends on the agency of key actors in influencing the perception of what is considered to be democratic. Therefore, this study carries out a content analysis of the tweets of the opposition and incumbent Venezuelan leaders. The results show that the incumbent’s discourse was predominantly framed within a populist worldview, which perceives politics as a zero-sum struggle between the people and a conspiring global elite, such that the incumbent’s infringements on democratic procedures were justified as an effort for emancipation from global oppressors. The opposition articulated a pluralist discourse that defended electoral competition, understood as the way to resolve the various interests and goals of a heterogeneous society, and therefore resorted to democratic strategies to challenge the incumbent’s power. Given the unprecedented reach of social media, this study highlights the extent to which Twitter contributes to materialize an interpretation of power structures, and how political elites use it to influence the legitimacy of an institutional order.
{"title":"Twitter and Institutional Change","authors":"A. Farias","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4445","url":null,"abstract":"Should we take tweets from politicians seriously? This paper argues that tweets sent out from the accounts of the top political actors are important because they are framed within a worldview that looks to support or challenge the legitimacy of an institutional order. As Twitter provides a direct connection between the speaker and mass audiences, it offers political leaders a platform to articulate a worldview, justify democratic or undemocratic strategies for competition, and mobilize support across frontiers to influence the perception of power structures. The relationship between discourse and institutional legitimacy is especially important in systems like Venezuela’s where authoritarian and democratic practices coexist, meaning that the legitimacy of institutions largely depends on the agency of key actors in influencing the perception of what is considered to be democratic. Therefore, this study carries out a content analysis of the tweets of the opposition and incumbent Venezuelan leaders. The results show that the incumbent’s discourse was predominantly framed within a populist worldview, which perceives politics as a zero-sum struggle between the people and a conspiring global elite, such that the incumbent’s infringements on democratic procedures were justified as an effort for emancipation from global oppressors. The opposition articulated a pluralist discourse that defended electoral competition, understood as the way to resolve the various interests and goals of a heterogeneous society, and therefore resorted to democratic strategies to challenge the incumbent’s power. Given the unprecedented reach of social media, this study highlights the extent to which Twitter contributes to materialize an interpretation of power structures, and how political elites use it to influence the legitimacy of an institutional order.","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134078468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4437
Anushua Nag, Sheila Mandegar
We are pleased to present the ninth edition of the Centre for International Policy Studies' graduate student journal Potentia: Journal of Public and International Affairs. Il nous fait plaisir de présenter la neuvième édition de la revue étudiante du Centre d’études en politiques internationales, Potentia: Revue des affaires publiques et internationales.
{"title":"Avant-Propos/Foreword","authors":"Anushua Nag, Sheila Mandegar","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4437","url":null,"abstract":"We are pleased to present the ninth edition of the Centre for International Policy Studies' graduate student journal Potentia: Journal of Public and International Affairs. Il nous fait plaisir de présenter la neuvième édition de la revue étudiante du Centre d’études en politiques internationales, Potentia: Revue des affaires publiques et internationales.","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129712889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4441
Sydney Myles
This paper reviews the negative socioeconomic consequences of neoliberal debt repayment loan policies and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) proceeding financial downfalls in postcolonial nations. Amidst this era of globalization, many corporations residing in Western, capital exporting nations have taken advantage of flexible borders and financially weakened nations to capitalize on natural resources, such as water. In tandem, as climate change strengthens its grip on scarce natural resources in many developing nations, so do western corporations privatizing dwindling supplies in the face of high demand.
{"title":"Accumulation by Dispossession","authors":"Sydney Myles","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4441","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the negative socioeconomic consequences of neoliberal debt repayment loan policies and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) proceeding financial downfalls in postcolonial nations. Amidst this era of globalization, many corporations residing in Western, capital exporting nations have taken advantage of flexible borders and financially weakened nations to capitalize on natural resources, such as water. In tandem, as climate change strengthens its grip on scarce natural resources in many developing nations, so do western corporations privatizing dwindling supplies in the face of high demand.","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116659283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4436
cips
ToC
ToC
{"title":"ToC","authors":"cips","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4436","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>ToC</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126265593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4444
Sophia Foster
This article argues that Green Militarization, the use of military and paramilitary actors in the pursuit of conservation (Lunstrum, 2014), is most effective with the involvement of local communities as one instrument in combating environmental issues. The arguments used to demonstrate this emphasize the great dependence humans have on endangered species and their environment, the aid locals can provide to conservation operations, and the risk of human settlements being encroached if conservation is effective without local involvement. This paper will offer examples of effective conservation programs in West Bengal and Nepal. Militarized conservation programs based on the ideas of coexistence and respect of all species not only benefit the region and its non-human species, but also lead to improved human conditions.
{"title":"Green Militarization and the Necessity of Local Involvement","authors":"Sophia Foster","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4444","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that Green Militarization, the use of military and paramilitary actors in the pursuit of conservation (Lunstrum, 2014), is most effective with the involvement of local communities as one instrument in combating environmental issues. The arguments used to demonstrate this emphasize the great dependence humans have on endangered species and their environment, the aid locals can provide to conservation operations, and the risk of human settlements being encroached if conservation is effective without local involvement. This paper will offer examples of effective conservation programs in West Bengal and Nepal. Militarized conservation programs based on the ideas of coexistence and respect of all species not only benefit the region and its non-human species, but also lead to improved human conditions.","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134000751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4442
Nafisa Abdulhamid
The European Union (EU) presents an intriguing case-study for examining the normative and empirical degree of the securitization of immigration in the post-9/11 context. The following paper uses the Copenhagen school of security studies to argue that in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the securitization of immigration (through direct and indirect elite speech acts) has legitimized exclusionary policies and practices, thereby constituting a “new (cultural) racism.” This new cultural racism acts as a justification against immigration. My argument will be presented in three parts. The first outlines how elite direct and indirect speech acts creates an “immigration-as-a-cultural-threat discourse” that constitutes a “new racism.” The second analyzes how the securitization of immigration discourse has been implemented through legal and institutional practices, including in the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement (CISA), the Dublin Convention, and various border security practices. The final section examines the significance of 9/11 in connecting perceived Muslim immigrants to terrorism, thus constructing a discourse that identifies immigration with a direct threat to European identity and social cohesion.
{"title":"The Securitization of Immigration in the European Union","authors":"Nafisa Abdulhamid","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4442","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union (EU) presents an intriguing case-study for examining the normative and empirical degree of the securitization of immigration in the post-9/11 context. The following paper uses the Copenhagen school of security studies to argue that in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the securitization of immigration (through direct and indirect elite speech acts) has legitimized exclusionary policies and practices, thereby constituting a “new (cultural) racism.” This new cultural racism acts as a justification against immigration. My argument will be presented in three parts. The first outlines how elite direct and indirect speech acts creates an “immigration-as-a-cultural-threat discourse” that constitutes a “new racism.” The second analyzes how the securitization of immigration discourse has been implemented through legal and institutional practices, including in the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement (CISA), the Dublin Convention, and various border security practices. The final section examines the significance of 9/11 in connecting perceived Muslim immigrants to terrorism, thus constructing a discourse that identifies immigration with a direct threat to European identity and social cohesion.","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123176063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4439
Louis-Philippe Duhaime
La mondialisation a entrainé de nouvelles manières dont la diplomatie d’un État se déploie. Traditionnellement opérée par l’État central, l’action diplomatique dans l’espace internationale laisse de plus en plus de place aux gouvernements de proximité. En l’occurrence, les villes se positionnent comme acteur légitime dans l’élaboration et l’application de la politique étrangère. En partant du postulat que la mondialisation a permis l’émergence de la diplomatie des villes, ce texte tente d’analyser la légitimité nationale et internationale du rôle des villes québécoises dans l’action internationale.
{"title":"La légitimité internationale et nationale de l’action diplomatique des villes québécoises","authors":"Louis-Philippe Duhaime","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4439","url":null,"abstract":"La mondialisation a entrainé de nouvelles manières dont la diplomatie d’un État se déploie. Traditionnellement opérée par l’État central, l’action diplomatique dans l’espace internationale laisse de plus en plus de place aux gouvernements de proximité. En l’occurrence, les villes se positionnent comme acteur légitime dans l’élaboration et l’application de la politique étrangère. En partant du postulat que la mondialisation a permis l’émergence de la diplomatie des villes, ce texte tente d’analyser la légitimité nationale et internationale du rôle des villes québécoises dans l’action internationale.","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115503085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.18192/potentia.v5i0.4402
É. Lavoie, Caroline Dunton
We are thrilled to present the Fall 2014 edition of Potentia and share the hard work of our talented authors and editors with our academic community. This year’s journal is an excellent addition to the strong tradition of work presented in the first four publications. This year’s theme, “The strange worlds we live in: contradictions, paradoxes, and dilemmas” was purposely broad in order to attract students interested in a wide variety of contemporary issues, both domestic and international.
{"title":"Foreword et Remerciements","authors":"É. Lavoie, Caroline Dunton","doi":"10.18192/potentia.v5i0.4402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v5i0.4402","url":null,"abstract":"We are thrilled to present the Fall 2014 edition of Potentia and share the hard work of our talented authors and editors with our academic community. This year’s journal is an excellent addition to the strong tradition of work presented in the first four publications. This year’s theme, “The strange worlds we live in: contradictions, paradoxes, and dilemmas” was purposely broad in order to attract students interested in a wide variety of contemporary issues, both domestic and international.","PeriodicalId":223759,"journal":{"name":"Potentia: Journal of International Affairs","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121725906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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