Last month NHS England published its priorities and operational planning guidance for 2025-26,12 outlining key improvement objectives for the NHS for the first time since Labour took office in 2024. Meanwhile, the government’s 10 year plan for the NHS3 is due to report this spring. Whatever the 10 year plan concludes won’t be enacted immediately. If we’re looking for actions to improve, stabilise, or protect services—and to navigate our way out of our current crisis—this operational plan is our only short term roadmap. But is it helpful? In January, Wes Streeting’s Road to Recovery ,4 his first mandate to the NHS as health and social care secretary, emphasised the need to “cut waiting times for elective care,” “improve urgent and emergency care,” “improve access to primary care,” “reduce the amount of time spent in ill health,” “tackle health inequalities,” and “reduce lives lost to the biggest killers—cancer, cardiovascular disease, and suicide.” It also mandated the NHS to “improve productivity,” …
{"title":"David Oliver: The new NHS planning guidance does too little to further the government’s stated policy objectives","authors":"David Oliver","doi":"10.1136/bmj.r412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r412","url":null,"abstract":"Last month NHS England published its priorities and operational planning guidance for 2025-26,12 outlining key improvement objectives for the NHS for the first time since Labour took office in 2024. Meanwhile, the government’s 10 year plan for the NHS3 is due to report this spring. Whatever the 10 year plan concludes won’t be enacted immediately. If we’re looking for actions to improve, stabilise, or protect services—and to navigate our way out of our current crisis—this operational plan is our only short term roadmap. But is it helpful? In January, Wes Streeting’s Road to Recovery ,4 his first mandate to the NHS as health and social care secretary, emphasised the need to “cut waiting times for elective care,” “improve urgent and emergency care,” “improve access to primary care,” “reduce the amount of time spent in ill health,” “tackle health inequalities,” and “reduce lives lost to the biggest killers—cancer, cardiovascular disease, and suicide.” It also mandated the NHS to “improve productivity,” …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electronic medical records (EMR) have transformed healthcare in the past two decades. Their introduction was pioneered by a handful of determined visionaries, led on the clinical side in the UK by the Great Ormond Street consultant paediatrician, Ricky Richardson. Richardson was the founding chair of the UK E-health Association in 1999. He advocated strongly for the involvement of doctors—initially as a member of the UK’s National Progamme for IT, set up in 2002 by prime minister Tony Blair. The programme became one of the UK’s most expensive IT failures and was dismantled in 2011—“due, from my father’s perspective, to poor clinical engagement in the project,” said his son Sacha, an intensive care consultant in Melbourne, Australia. At the time the medical profession commonly viewed EMR as “utterly crazy, because it took clinicians four times longer to put the data into the computer than to make a written record,” said Richard Kitney, professor of biomedical systems engineering at Imperial College London. “Ricky recognised that once patient data were in the computer they could potentially be accessed in a quarter of the time by an appropriate clinician anywhere in the …
{"title":"Ricky Richardson: paediatrician who development of medical records and helped set up charity Whizz Kidz","authors":"Jane Feinmann","doi":"10.1136/bmj.r420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r420","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic medical records (EMR) have transformed healthcare in the past two decades. Their introduction was pioneered by a handful of determined visionaries, led on the clinical side in the UK by the Great Ormond Street consultant paediatrician, Ricky Richardson. Richardson was the founding chair of the UK E-health Association in 1999. He advocated strongly for the involvement of doctors—initially as a member of the UK’s National Progamme for IT, set up in 2002 by prime minister Tony Blair. The programme became one of the UK’s most expensive IT failures and was dismantled in 2011—“due, from my father’s perspective, to poor clinical engagement in the project,” said his son Sacha, an intensive care consultant in Melbourne, Australia. At the time the medical profession commonly viewed EMR as “utterly crazy, because it took clinicians four times longer to put the data into the computer than to make a written record,” said Richard Kitney, professor of biomedical systems engineering at Imperial College London. “Ricky recognised that once patient data were in the computer they could potentially be accessed in a quarter of the time by an appropriate clinician anywhere in the …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cornelia Junghans Minton, Martha Martin, Laura Rodriguez-Benito, Matthew Harris
Martin and colleagues present an unnecessary dichotomy between access to healthcare and prevention of illness.1 The reasons why there are not enough general practitioners effectively recognising and treating illness when it presents are nuanced, encompassing induced demand, increased complexity, underfunding, fragmentation, and workforce experience and availability. A large part of unmet healthcare demand is driven by welfare, public health, and social care systems failing. Although …
{"title":"Sacrificing population health for the medical industry: a distortion of priorities","authors":"Cornelia Junghans Minton, Martha Martin, Laura Rodriguez-Benito, Matthew Harris","doi":"10.1136/bmj.r388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r388","url":null,"abstract":"Martin and colleagues present an unnecessary dichotomy between access to healthcare and prevention of illness.1 The reasons why there are not enough general practitioners effectively recognising and treating illness when it presents are nuanced, encompassing induced demand, increased complexity, underfunding, fragmentation, and workforce experience and availability. A large part of unmet healthcare demand is driven by welfare, public health, and social care systems failing. Although …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the first time in four years, negotiations between the Department of Health and Social Care and GP representatives in England have resulted in agreed changes to the GP contract, rather than funding and contract changes being imposed unilaterally.1 Although GPs have not been granted everything on their wish list, major steps have been made towards making good the losses of the past few years, which may at least pause the closure of general practices. Most of the extra funding that has been agreed will go into core funding at practice level rather than being channelled through primary care networks or granted only with strings and tick boxes attached. General practices will receive approximately £9.60 more …
{"title":"Helen Salisbury: The promise of a comprehensive new GP contract","authors":"Helen Salisbury","doi":"10.1136/bmj.r435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r435","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time in four years, negotiations between the Department of Health and Social Care and GP representatives in England have resulted in agreed changes to the GP contract, rather than funding and contract changes being imposed unilaterally.1 Although GPs have not been granted everything on their wish list, major steps have been made towards making good the losses of the past few years, which may at least pause the closure of general practices. Most of the extra funding that has been agreed will go into core funding at practice level rather than being channelled through primary care networks or granted only with strings and tick boxes attached. General practices will receive approximately £9.60 more …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Like many doctors working beyond retirement age, I now work for various institutions within the NHS and outside it, including universities. They’re all splendid organisations in many ways, but they have their annoyances too. Many of these are due to the increasing dominance of regulation, governance, and risk avoidance. Let me give a couple of examples. On a single day recently, I received two requests. The first came in an automated email with a mystifying heading along the lines of “PLOB expiry alert,” from a “noreply” address at a department with a name like “Flowmail Admindesk.” It warned me that I needed to complete …
{"title":"John Launer: Living with Leviathans","authors":"John Launer","doi":"10.1136/bmj.r408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r408","url":null,"abstract":"Like many doctors working beyond retirement age, I now work for various institutions within the NHS and outside it, including universities. They’re all splendid organisations in many ways, but they have their annoyances too. Many of these are due to the increasing dominance of regulation, governance, and risk avoidance. Let me give a couple of examples. On a single day recently, I received two requests. The first came in an automated email with a mystifying heading along the lines of “PLOB expiry alert,” from a “noreply” address at a department with a name like “Flowmail Admindesk.” It warned me that I needed to complete …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It’s time to move away from talking about “non-pharmaceutical interventions” The covid-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of public health interventions such as contact tracing. The expression “non-pharmaceutical interventions” (NPIs) became common, appearing in academic articles, public health guidance, and media reports as a convenient way of describing these interventions and to separate them from pharmaceutical treatments.1 However, in line with World Health Organization recommendations, it is time to replace non-pharmaceutical intervention with the more accurate and comprehensive descriptor, “public health and social measures.”2 A key limitation of the term non-pharmaceutical intervention lies in its definition by negation. It describes interventions by what they are not—pharmaceutical products such as drugs and vaccines—rather than by what they are. Framing them as simply “not drugs or vaccines” diminishes the complexity of these interventions and undermines their scientific legitimacy. No one …
{"title":"Medical journals should use the term “public health and social measures”","authors":"Azeem Majeed, Kamran Abbasi","doi":"10.1136/bmj.r409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r409","url":null,"abstract":"It’s time to move away from talking about “non-pharmaceutical interventions” The covid-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of public health interventions such as contact tracing. The expression “non-pharmaceutical interventions” (NPIs) became common, appearing in academic articles, public health guidance, and media reports as a convenient way of describing these interventions and to separate them from pharmaceutical treatments.1 However, in line with World Health Organization recommendations, it is time to replace non-pharmaceutical intervention with the more accurate and comprehensive descriptor, “public health and social measures.”2 A key limitation of the term non-pharmaceutical intervention lies in its definition by negation. It describes interventions by what they are not—pharmaceutical products such as drugs and vaccines—rather than by what they are. Framing them as simply “not drugs or vaccines” diminishes the complexity of these interventions and undermines their scientific legitimacy. No one …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William B Feldman, Shirley V Wang, Aaron S Kesselheim
The current model for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) generally considers inhalers from the same therapeutic class to be clinically equivalent.1 When a long-acting muscarinic antagonist is indicated, for example, treatment guidelines generally do not distinguish between which long-acting muscarinic antagonist is selected. Yet, assumptions of intraclass clinical equivalence among inhalers are rarely tested in large head-to-head randomised controlled trials.2 The absence of robust comparative data leaves open the possibility of differential outcomes within classes due to unexpected effects from minor variations in the active pharmaceutical compounds or the complex devices that deliver these compounds to the lungs. In such circumstances, when clinical trial data are unavailable, high quality evidence generated from healthcare data collected in routine practice (such as insurance claims or electronic medical records) can be an indispensable resource for evaluating the risks and benefits of different treatment approaches.345 In a study published in The BMJ , we used insurance claims to compare the two single-inhaler triple therapies available on the US market: …
{"title":"Real-world evidence is a vital tool for informing treatment strategies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","authors":"William B Feldman, Shirley V Wang, Aaron S Kesselheim","doi":"10.1136/bmj.r427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r427","url":null,"abstract":"The current model for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) generally considers inhalers from the same therapeutic class to be clinically equivalent.1 When a long-acting muscarinic antagonist is indicated, for example, treatment guidelines generally do not distinguish between which long-acting muscarinic antagonist is selected. Yet, assumptions of intraclass clinical equivalence among inhalers are rarely tested in large head-to-head randomised controlled trials.2 The absence of robust comparative data leaves open the possibility of differential outcomes within classes due to unexpected effects from minor variations in the active pharmaceutical compounds or the complex devices that deliver these compounds to the lungs. In such circumstances, when clinical trial data are unavailable, high quality evidence generated from healthcare data collected in routine practice (such as insurance claims or electronic medical records) can be an indispensable resource for evaluating the risks and benefits of different treatment approaches.345 In a study published in The BMJ , we used insurance claims to compare the two single-inhaler triple therapies available on the US market: …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Collaboration with adolescent girls can help overcome the structural barriers to good nutrition, say Noor ul Emam and Yashfa Abid Good health and nutrition go beyond knowing what to eat. We must make a conscious choice to eat well and have the means and opportunities to access healthy food options. Poor food choices—of items of low quality and nutritional value—and their harmful consequences affect people of all ages and communities. However, low income communities and those with limited awareness about prioritising healthy eating, are especially vulnerable. A 2022 Unicef report shows that two thirds of children aged under 5 years (around 475 million) in low and middle income countries experience food poverty, lacking access to a nutritious and diverse diet.1 Young people, particularly girls from communities and backgrounds like ours in Lakhwal, a suburban locality of Islamabad where access to facilities is limited, face multiple challenges to good health and nutrition. They are constrained by gender norms, financial limitations, a lack of information about healthy eating, and an environment where unhealthy food is both …
{"title":"The voice of young people is important in promoting healthy eating habits among adolescents","authors":"Noor ul Eman, Yashfa Abid","doi":"10.1136/bmj.r401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r401","url":null,"abstract":"Collaboration with adolescent girls can help overcome the structural barriers to good nutrition, say Noor ul Emam and Yashfa Abid Good health and nutrition go beyond knowing what to eat. We must make a conscious choice to eat well and have the means and opportunities to access healthy food options. Poor food choices—of items of low quality and nutritional value—and their harmful consequences affect people of all ages and communities. However, low income communities and those with limited awareness about prioritising healthy eating, are especially vulnerable. A 2022 Unicef report shows that two thirds of children aged under 5 years (around 475 million) in low and middle income countries experience food poverty, lacking access to a nutritious and diverse diet.1 Young people, particularly girls from communities and backgrounds like ours in Lakhwal, a suburban locality of Islamabad where access to facilities is limited, face multiple challenges to good health and nutrition. They are constrained by gender norms, financial limitations, a lack of information about healthy eating, and an environment where unhealthy food is both …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
### What you need to know A 55 year old woman presents to her general practitioner reporting several episodes of faecal soiling over the past few months. Most of the time, she feels the urge to defaecate before doing so but says she cannot make it to the toilet on time, resulting in her passing stool unintentionally. Usually, this occurs when her stools are softer or liquid in consistency. The episodes have become more frequent recently, and have started to affect her social life. As a result, she hesitates to go out in case she has an accident. Faecal incontinence is the recurrent, involuntary passage of stool. Patients often find it difficult to seek help, partly because of anxiety about the possible underlying cause and because symptoms can be so distressing that they are embarrassed to talk about them. Being faecally incontinent can have substantial social, psychological, and employment related consequences for patients, and can affect their relationships with others, including partners and children. Definitions vary relating to timing of symptoms and stool characteristics. The international Rome Foundation requires patients to have had symptoms for at least three months before being diagnosed,1 but in the definition proposed by the …
{"title":"Diagnosis and management of faecal incontinence in primary care","authors":"Angelos Pazidis, Mairi Scot, Carolyn Davie, Dorin Ziyaie","doi":"10.1136/bmj-2024-079980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-079980","url":null,"abstract":"### What you need to know A 55 year old woman presents to her general practitioner reporting several episodes of faecal soiling over the past few months. Most of the time, she feels the urge to defaecate before doing so but says she cannot make it to the toilet on time, resulting in her passing stool unintentionally. Usually, this occurs when her stools are softer or liquid in consistency. The episodes have become more frequent recently, and have started to affect her social life. As a result, she hesitates to go out in case she has an accident. Faecal incontinence is the recurrent, involuntary passage of stool. Patients often find it difficult to seek help, partly because of anxiety about the possible underlying cause and because symptoms can be so distressing that they are embarrassed to talk about them. Being faecally incontinent can have substantial social, psychological, and employment related consequences for patients, and can affect their relationships with others, including partners and children. Definitions vary relating to timing of symptoms and stool characteristics. The international Rome Foundation requires patients to have had symptoms for at least three months before being diagnosed,1 but in the definition proposed by the …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efforts to reduce nutritional inequity among adolescent girls in South Asia need to be reinforced by legal frameworks, argue Zivai Murira and colleagues Good nutrition is essential for health, education, and economic prosperity. However, adolescent girls across South Asia continue to experience poorer nutritional outcomes than their male peers,1 Despite ongoing policy and programming efforts2 stronger, more decisive action is urgently needed. Law represents a critical yet underused tool to address this issue.3 Law can support adolescent girls’ nutrition by ensuring their rights to food, dismantling patriarchal and societal barriers that prevent their access to the social support systems needed for good nutrition, and by creating environments that empower them to make nutritious food choices for themselves and their families. In this article, part of a BMJ collection on adolescent girls’ nutrition in South Asia, we describe how different forms of law, such as international treaties and agreements, national constitutions, statutes and regulations, and case law, have been used to address adolescent girls’ nutrition in the context of both undernutrition and overweight in the region. We highlight some of the challenges within existing legal frameworks and offer recommendations for strengthening them. One in five adolescent girls in South Asia are undernourished and more than half are anaemic.1 Addressing undernutrition in South Asia will require legal frameworks that integrate social protection, girls’ rights to food, and gender equality. International agreements such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which all South Asian countries have ratified, provide a legal basis for developing national laws that address gender inequities in nutrition. National laws may include legally mandated social protection systems, including food and cash transfers, which can provide a critical lifeline for adolescent girls experiencing food insecurity or malnutrition, particularly those who …
{"title":"Strengthening legal measures to support access to nutritious foods and healthy food environments for adolescent girls in South Asia","authors":"Zivai Murira, Abner Daniel, Kathryn Backholer, Kinley Dorji, SubbaRao Gavaravarapu, Vani Sethi","doi":"10.1136/bmj-2024-080361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-080361","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts to reduce nutritional inequity among adolescent girls in South Asia need to be reinforced by legal frameworks, argue Zivai Murira and colleagues Good nutrition is essential for health, education, and economic prosperity. However, adolescent girls across South Asia continue to experience poorer nutritional outcomes than their male peers,1 Despite ongoing policy and programming efforts2 stronger, more decisive action is urgently needed. Law represents a critical yet underused tool to address this issue.3 Law can support adolescent girls’ nutrition by ensuring their rights to food, dismantling patriarchal and societal barriers that prevent their access to the social support systems needed for good nutrition, and by creating environments that empower them to make nutritious food choices for themselves and their families. In this article, part of a BMJ collection on adolescent girls’ nutrition in South Asia, we describe how different forms of law, such as international treaties and agreements, national constitutions, statutes and regulations, and case law, have been used to address adolescent girls’ nutrition in the context of both undernutrition and overweight in the region. We highlight some of the challenges within existing legal frameworks and offer recommendations for strengthening them. One in five adolescent girls in South Asia are undernourished and more than half are anaemic.1 Addressing undernutrition in South Asia will require legal frameworks that integrate social protection, girls’ rights to food, and gender equality. International agreements such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which all South Asian countries have ratified, provide a legal basis for developing national laws that address gender inequities in nutrition. National laws may include legally mandated social protection systems, including food and cash transfers, which can provide a critical lifeline for adolescent girls experiencing food insecurity or malnutrition, particularly those who …","PeriodicalId":22388,"journal":{"name":"The BMJ","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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