Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530175
Alexander Wiese, Garrett Williams, G. Lecakes, M. Morley, Tae Won Kim, Amanda Almon, S. Mandayam
Surgical education for residents is provided through observership and participation with attending surgeons, cadaveric sessions and use of textbook illustrations. This paper describes the development of virtual medical instruments as a flexible, safe, and scalable learning option that can provide real-time feedback for the resident and increase entrustability by the attending surgeon when the resident is in the operating room. In orthopedic surgery, total hip arthroplasty (THA) is reproducible and hence was chosen as the simulated training surgery. The virtual medical instruments developed for this research is set in a fully immersive 3D virtual environment that can allow for innovative ways to train students and provide a new way of experiential education. With the goal of making the training anatomically accurate, users can interact with the virtual operating environment in real-time to ensure proper instrument usage. The virtual procedure also provides realistic visualization of the surrounding operating room and anatomical environment around the surgery site, marking important landmarks to the surgeon to enable effective surgical training.
{"title":"Virtual Medical Instruments for Orthopedic Surgery Training: A Hip Arthroplasty Application","authors":"Alexander Wiese, Garrett Williams, G. Lecakes, M. Morley, Tae Won Kim, Amanda Almon, S. Mandayam","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530175","url":null,"abstract":"Surgical education for residents is provided through observership and participation with attending surgeons, cadaveric sessions and use of textbook illustrations. This paper describes the development of virtual medical instruments as a flexible, safe, and scalable learning option that can provide real-time feedback for the resident and increase entrustability by the attending surgeon when the resident is in the operating room. In orthopedic surgery, total hip arthroplasty (THA) is reproducible and hence was chosen as the simulated training surgery. The virtual medical instruments developed for this research is set in a fully immersive 3D virtual environment that can allow for innovative ways to train students and provide a new way of experiential education. With the goal of making the training anatomically accurate, users can interact with the virtual operating environment in real-time to ensure proper instrument usage. The virtual procedure also provides realistic visualization of the surrounding operating room and anatomical environment around the surgery site, marking important landmarks to the surgeon to enable effective surgical training.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125157532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530020
2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.
{"title":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS 2021) Proceedings","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530020","url":null,"abstract":"2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123439086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530156
Philipp Stelzer, Andreas Strasser, C. Steger, Simon Maximilian Waldhuber, Johannes Wiesmeier, L. Niedermueller, N. Druml
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are increasingly being installed in vehicles. The aim is to make the car highly automated. Thus, the demands on such ADAS or systems that are necessary for these ADAS are increasing analogously. The systems must be fault-tolerant and reliable. For this purpose, it is necessary that the individual systems themselves are continuously checked by monitors. But even such monitors can fail. It is therefore important that the monitors are also constantly checked. For example, faults can be intentionally injected into the system in order to observe the subsequent reaction of the monitor. For highly automated vehicles, it is obviously necessary to apply more and more sophisticated fault injection methods in order to detect faults in the system at an early stage and accordingly replace components before a possible failure. In case, preventive maintenance is no longer possible, the system should be able to provide at least part of its functionality - fail-operational - or be shut down completely - fail-safe. In this publication, an architecture with corresponding fault injection modules for MEMS-based LiDAR systems is proposed. The architecture has been implemented in an FPGA prototyping platform to demonstrate its feasibility and evaluate its performance.
{"title":"Towards Fault Injection Modules for Functionality Checks in MEMS-based LiDAR Systems","authors":"Philipp Stelzer, Andreas Strasser, C. Steger, Simon Maximilian Waldhuber, Johannes Wiesmeier, L. Niedermueller, N. Druml","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530156","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are increasingly being installed in vehicles. The aim is to make the car highly automated. Thus, the demands on such ADAS or systems that are necessary for these ADAS are increasing analogously. The systems must be fault-tolerant and reliable. For this purpose, it is necessary that the individual systems themselves are continuously checked by monitors. But even such monitors can fail. It is therefore important that the monitors are also constantly checked. For example, faults can be intentionally injected into the system in order to observe the subsequent reaction of the monitor. For highly automated vehicles, it is obviously necessary to apply more and more sophisticated fault injection methods in order to detect faults in the system at an early stage and accordingly replace components before a possible failure. In case, preventive maintenance is no longer possible, the system should be able to provide at least part of its functionality - fail-operational - or be shut down completely - fail-safe. In this publication, an architecture with corresponding fault injection modules for MEMS-based LiDAR systems is proposed. The architecture has been implemented in an FPGA prototyping platform to demonstrate its feasibility and evaluate its performance.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115351463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530174
A. Căilean, Sebastian-Andrei Avatamanitei, Cătălin Beguni, V. Popa, M. Dimian
Wireless communication technologies have the potential to significantly contribute toward a safer and more efficient road network. In this area, Visible Light Communications (VLC) are on the way of making the transition from an emerging technology to a confirmed technology. In the upper mentioned context, this paper presents the results of an experimental demonstration of Infrastructure-to- Vehicle VLC link in outdoor conditions. For these field tests, a commercial traffic light has been used as a VLC emitter, whereas a photodiode-based VLC receiver has been used to transform the optical beam into an electrical signal. The experimental results demonstrate a communication range of up to 188 meters at a BER of 10–3, with BERs as low as 10–6 for distances below 170 meters. As far as we know, this is the longest I2V VLC link based on standard road side unit equipment reported. Thus, the 188 m I2V VLC link delivered in this paper provides extremely encouraging evidence concerning the use of the VLC technology in automotive applications.
无线通信技术有潜力为更安全和更有效的道路网络作出重大贡献。在这一领域，可见光通信(VLC)正处于从新兴技术向确认技术过渡的过程中。在上述背景下，本文介绍了室外条件下基础设施到车辆VLC链路的实验演示结果。在这些现场测试中，商用交通灯被用作VLC发射器，而基于光电二极管的VLC接收器被用于将光束转换为电信号。实验结果表明，在误码率为10-3时，通信距离可达188米，在170米以下的距离，误码率可低至10-6。据我们所知，这是基于标准路侧单元设备报道的最长的I2V VLC链路。因此，本文提供的188 m I2V VLC链路为VLC技术在汽车应用中的应用提供了非常令人鼓舞的证据。
{"title":"Experimental Demonstration of a 188 meters Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Visible Light Communications Link in Outdoor Conditions","authors":"A. Căilean, Sebastian-Andrei Avatamanitei, Cătălin Beguni, V. Popa, M. Dimian","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530174","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless communication technologies have the potential to significantly contribute toward a safer and more efficient road network. In this area, Visible Light Communications (VLC) are on the way of making the transition from an emerging technology to a confirmed technology. In the upper mentioned context, this paper presents the results of an experimental demonstration of Infrastructure-to- Vehicle VLC link in outdoor conditions. For these field tests, a commercial traffic light has been used as a VLC emitter, whereas a photodiode-based VLC receiver has been used to transform the optical beam into an electrical signal. The experimental results demonstrate a communication range of up to 188 meters at a BER of 10–3, with BERs as low as 10–6 for distances below 170 meters. As far as we know, this is the longest I2V VLC link based on standard road side unit equipment reported. Thus, the 188 m I2V VLC link delivered in this paper provides extremely encouraging evidence concerning the use of the VLC technology in automotive applications.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116523872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530032
Martijn Schouten, C. Spaan, D. Kosmas, R. Sanders, G. Krijnen
We have investigated an entirely 3D printed capacitive sensor. Using a combination of 4 variable capacitors it allows to simultaneously measure shear and normal forces. To guide the design and analysis the behavior of the sensor has been modeled using both finite element method (FEM) simulations and an analytical model. The sensor was tested in a mechanical test setup by means of a linear actuator, loading the sensor with a force from various angles. The sensor showed it was able to measure both the normal and shear force components with a maximum noise floor of 1.5 N.
{"title":"3D printed capacitive shear and normal force sensor using a highly flexible dielectric","authors":"Martijn Schouten, C. Spaan, D. Kosmas, R. Sanders, G. Krijnen","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530032","url":null,"abstract":"We have investigated an entirely 3D printed capacitive sensor. Using a combination of 4 variable capacitors it allows to simultaneously measure shear and normal forces. To guide the design and analysis the behavior of the sensor has been modeled using both finite element method (FEM) simulations and an analytical model. The sensor was tested in a mechanical test setup by means of a linear actuator, loading the sensor with a force from various angles. The sensor showed it was able to measure both the normal and shear force components with a maximum noise floor of 1.5 N.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128385619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530027
B. Andò, S. Baglio, S. Castorina, S. Graziani, Lombardo Claudio, V. Marletta, C. Trigona
The ash fall-out following explosion activity of volcanoes represents serious hazard for both road and air traffic. In this paper the development of a low-cost vision system for the monitoring of ash fall-out phenomena by measuring ash granulometry is reported. The proposed methodology is based on a suitable image processing paradigm that has been implemented in Python/Open CV on an embedded, single board computer architecture, Raspberry Pi 4 Model B and a Pi Camera module v2.1. The design and realization of a prototype are reported. Experimental investigations have been performed using reference images.
{"title":"An Embedded Vision Tool for Volcanic Ash Analysis","authors":"B. Andò, S. Baglio, S. Castorina, S. Graziani, Lombardo Claudio, V. Marletta, C. Trigona","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530027","url":null,"abstract":"The ash fall-out following explosion activity of volcanoes represents serious hazard for both road and air traffic. In this paper the development of a low-cost vision system for the monitoring of ash fall-out phenomena by measuring ash granulometry is reported. The proposed methodology is based on a suitable image processing paradigm that has been implemented in Python/Open CV on an embedded, single board computer architecture, Raspberry Pi 4 Model B and a Pi Camera module v2.1. The design and realization of a prototype are reported. Experimental investigations have been performed using reference images.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126679305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530134
L. Verdenelli, L. Montalto, L. Scalise, S. David, G. Loudos, D. Rinaldi, N. Paone
In nuclear medicine, the gamma camera is one of the more used imaging devices for radionuclide imaging. Gamma camera provide an image of the target organ, with high spatial resolution and sensitivity; gamma cameras use collimators. This paper presents a simple and customizable collimator to be used in radionuclide imaging for preclinical studies, using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. A numerical analysis, based on GATE Monte Carlo toolkit (vGate 8.2), has been conducted to simulate different configurations of an already working collimator used as reference. In addition to the standard collimator geometry with alternatives materials, we also propose a new concept of collimator to be easily 3D printed, using different 3D printing technologies. We have simulated collimators with square apertures of 1.5 mm and septa of 0.4 mm of thickness, source was Tc99m. The materials simulated were standard tungsten, a PLA doped with tungsten (Rapid 3D Shield Tungsten Filament - Virtual Foundry), a classical PLA filament and P A2200 for the new concept. The results show a similar behavior for what concern the spatial resolution, while for the sensitivity a reduction of about 45% of entries is reported. This is due mainly since the extruded pixel, made of PLA or PA2200, have higher density $(approx$ 1.24 g/cm^3 for PLA and $approx 0,95$ g/cm^3 for PA2200) with respect to air $(approx$ 0,0012 g/cm^J). Further studies are necessary to explore optimization of the used design to reduce the impact of material density.
{"title":"New opportunities in the design of gamma-camera collimators for medical imaging","authors":"L. Verdenelli, L. Montalto, L. Scalise, S. David, G. Loudos, D. Rinaldi, N. Paone","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530134","url":null,"abstract":"In nuclear medicine, the gamma camera is one of the more used imaging devices for radionuclide imaging. Gamma camera provide an image of the target organ, with high spatial resolution and sensitivity; gamma cameras use collimators. This paper presents a simple and customizable collimator to be used in radionuclide imaging for preclinical studies, using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. A numerical analysis, based on GATE Monte Carlo toolkit (vGate 8.2), has been conducted to simulate different configurations of an already working collimator used as reference. In addition to the standard collimator geometry with alternatives materials, we also propose a new concept of collimator to be easily 3D printed, using different 3D printing technologies. We have simulated collimators with square apertures of 1.5 mm and septa of 0.4 mm of thickness, source was Tc99m. The materials simulated were standard tungsten, a PLA doped with tungsten (Rapid 3D Shield Tungsten Filament - Virtual Foundry), a classical PLA filament and P A2200 for the new concept. The results show a similar behavior for what concern the spatial resolution, while for the sensitivity a reduction of about 45% of entries is reported. This is due mainly since the extruded pixel, made of PLA or PA2200, have higher density $(approx$ 1.24 g/cm^3 for PLA and $approx 0,95$ g/cm^3 for PA2200) with respect to air $(approx$ 0,0012 g/cm^J). Further studies are necessary to explore optimization of the used design to reduce the impact of material density.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130575169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530133
Vinay S. Palaparthy, Jobish John, M. Baghini
Integrated precise irrigation management is one of the efficient methods to improve the crop productivity and also helps in water conservation where soil moisture sensors are widely used. Out of available soil-moisture sensors, the dual-probe heat-pulse (DPHP) sensor is the potential candidate due to its optimum price and better accuracy. A DPHP sensor has the heater probe kept at a distance from the temperature sensor probe. Heater probe consist of nichrome wire as the heating element, which is embedded in the stainless-steel tube. In this paper, we examine the acceptable tolerance in the heater resistance across 25 DPHP sensors, for the accurate soil moisture measurement. For this purpose, we used in-house developed 25 DPHP sensors where heater resistance is about 56 $Omega$ with $pm$ 5% tolerance. Under laboratory condition, we observed that difference in the measured volumetric water content (VWC) is within $pm$ 3 % (VWC) when compared with standard gravimetric method. For the field measurements, we developed the automated-self sustained system and deployed 3 systems on the rooftop of the building. Under field conditions, we observed that difference in the measured VWC from the 3 systems is within $pm$ 3 % (VWC) when benchmarked with standard gravimetric method.
{"title":"Investigating Heater Resistance Tolerance of the Heat-Pulse Sensor for Accurate Soil Moisture Measurements on Vadose Zone Soil","authors":"Vinay S. Palaparthy, Jobish John, M. Baghini","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530133","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated precise irrigation management is one of the efficient methods to improve the crop productivity and also helps in water conservation where soil moisture sensors are widely used. Out of available soil-moisture sensors, the dual-probe heat-pulse (DPHP) sensor is the potential candidate due to its optimum price and better accuracy. A DPHP sensor has the heater probe kept at a distance from the temperature sensor probe. Heater probe consist of nichrome wire as the heating element, which is embedded in the stainless-steel tube. In this paper, we examine the acceptable tolerance in the heater resistance across 25 DPHP sensors, for the accurate soil moisture measurement. For this purpose, we used in-house developed 25 DPHP sensors where heater resistance is about 56 $Omega$ with $pm$ 5% tolerance. Under laboratory condition, we observed that difference in the measured volumetric water content (VWC) is within $pm$ 3 % (VWC) when compared with standard gravimetric method. For the field measurements, we developed the automated-self sustained system and deployed 3 systems on the rooftop of the building. Under field conditions, we observed that difference in the measured VWC from the 3 systems is within $pm$ 3 % (VWC) when benchmarked with standard gravimetric method.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127885611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530182
Marco Giordano, Raphael Fischer, M. Crabolu, G. Bellusci, M. Magno
Assessing power tools usage helps to prolong their life cycle, as well as indicate targeted maintenance interventions after a particular series of events, e.g. drops. In this work, we propose a low power multi-sensors hardware-software co-design for extremely long shelf life, and a long operating lifecycle. The designed device is based on a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) system on chip (SoC) to exchange data with a gateway. NFC has been chosen to wake up the device without adding any additional power consumption. The system on a chip includes an ARM Cortex-M4F core to further process the information achieving low latency and high energy efficiency. The device hosts a temperature and humidity sensor used to monitor the storage conditions, and an accelerometer is used for condition and activity monitoring. This paper provides a proof-of-concept approach to continuously assess the usage of a power tool and detect potential mis-usages, e.g., drops. The architecture, thought to be flexible, can host both traditional signal processing and novel tiny machine learning workloads, offering a future-proof platform for several application scenarios. Experimental results highlight the advanced processing capabilities at low power consumption enabling a long lifetime of up to 4 years with a small coin battery.
{"title":"SmartTag: An Ultra Low Power Asset Tracking and Usage Analysis IoT Device with Embedded ML Capabilities","authors":"Marco Giordano, Raphael Fischer, M. Crabolu, G. Bellusci, M. Magno","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530182","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing power tools usage helps to prolong their life cycle, as well as indicate targeted maintenance interventions after a particular series of events, e.g. drops. In this work, we propose a low power multi-sensors hardware-software co-design for extremely long shelf life, and a long operating lifecycle. The designed device is based on a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) system on chip (SoC) to exchange data with a gateway. NFC has been chosen to wake up the device without adding any additional power consumption. The system on a chip includes an ARM Cortex-M4F core to further process the information achieving low latency and high energy efficiency. The device hosts a temperature and humidity sensor used to monitor the storage conditions, and an accelerometer is used for condition and activity monitoring. This paper provides a proof-of-concept approach to continuously assess the usage of a power tool and detect potential mis-usages, e.g., drops. The architecture, thought to be flexible, can host both traditional signal processing and novel tiny machine learning workloads, offering a future-proof platform for several application scenarios. Experimental results highlight the advanced processing capabilities at low power consumption enabling a long lifetime of up to 4 years with a small coin battery.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126395400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530093
Arian Nowbahari, L. Marchetti, M. Azadmehr
The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is mainly enabled by wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which are continuously gaining attention, due to their multidisciplinary applications. To enhance the WSNs energy efficiency, different solutions have been proposed. One of them is the integration of wakeup receivers (WuRxs), which activate the sensor nodes through an identity-based approach. In this work a low power oscillator-based WuRx architecture is presented, and verified by simulations in TSMC-180nm CMOS process. The WuRx sequentially verifies if the received signal resembles the wake-up call (WuC) one by means of oscillators, counters and logic gates. It consumes $16.1mu mathbf{W}$ when detecting a 1.6ms WuC signal, and 1.2nW in idle mode.
{"title":"An Oscillator-Based Wake-Up Receiver for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Arian Nowbahari, L. Marchetti, M. Azadmehr","doi":"10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530093","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is mainly enabled by wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which are continuously gaining attention, due to their multidisciplinary applications. To enhance the WSNs energy efficiency, different solutions have been proposed. One of them is the integration of wakeup receivers (WuRxs), which activate the sensor nodes through an identity-based approach. In this work a low power oscillator-based WuRx architecture is presented, and verified by simulations in TSMC-180nm CMOS process. The WuRx sequentially verifies if the received signal resembles the wake-up call (WuC) one by means of oscillators, counters and logic gates. It consumes $16.1mu mathbf{W}$ when detecting a 1.6ms WuC signal, and 1.2nW in idle mode.","PeriodicalId":224327,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132502346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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