Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.20944/preprints202109.0004.v1
H. Pan
This paper extends the application of the ROTASE model for the formation of spiral arms of disc galaxies, questions and confusions from readers about this model are addressed. The optical trail effect behind the spiral arm rotation is the natural consequence of the model. The morphologies of ring-galaxies are classified into four categories: type I: single ring; type II: 8-shaped double ring; type III: 8-shaped double ring wrapped by a larger outer ring; type IV: single ring without spiral and bar. All four types of ring galaxies can be described by the ROTASE model. The ROTASE model predicts that the false impression of spiral arm rotating ahead of the galactic bar in the galaxy MCG+00-04-051 will change with time, it will look like a normal galaxy with about 30° to 40° bar rotation in the future and the galactic bar ends will look like rotating ahead of the spiral arms with further 10 ° to 15 °bar rotation. The formation of one arm galaxies is due to X-matter at one side of supermassive black hole is much stronger than other side. More evidence is found to support the explanation of the formation and the evolution of the Hoag’s object. The possible evolution of spiral pattern of galaxies is illustrated by UGC 6093. The winding of the Milky Way could be tighter in the future based on the ROTASE model.
{"title":"Spirals and Rings in Barred Galaxies by the ROTASE Model","authors":"H. Pan","doi":"10.20944/preprints202109.0004.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202109.0004.v1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper extends the application of the ROTASE model for the formation of spiral arms of disc galaxies, questions and confusions from readers about this model are addressed. The optical trail effect behind the spiral arm rotation is the natural consequence of the model. The morphologies of ring-galaxies are classified into four categories: type I: single ring; type II: 8-shaped double ring; type III: 8-shaped double ring wrapped by a larger outer ring; type IV: single ring without spiral and bar. All four types of ring galaxies can be described by the ROTASE model. The ROTASE model predicts that the false impression of spiral arm rotating ahead of the galactic bar in the galaxy MCG+00-04-051 will change with time, it will look like a normal galaxy with about 30° to 40° bar rotation in the future and the galactic bar ends will look like rotating ahead of the spiral arms with further 10 ° to 15 °bar rotation. The formation of one arm galaxies is due to X-matter at one side of supermassive black hole is much stronger than other side. More evidence is found to support the explanation of the formation and the evolution of the Hoag’s object. The possible evolution of spiral pattern of galaxies is illustrated by UGC 6093. The winding of the Milky Way could be tighter in the future based on the ROTASE model.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73738672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to the standard model the CMB radiation is a relict of the Big Bang. Even if the temperature has varied over the years, we now have an accurate figure, 2,72548 K. The radiation exhibits an almost perfect black body spectrum, which causes some confusion, the number of photons required does not match the number available at a distant moment in the past. Several scattering mechanisms have been suggested to give the photon number the necessary gain. It is assumed that the last scattering at ca 380.000 yr after the big bang has left the radiation pattern we now observe. Some notable physicists have expressed doubts about the last scattering and emphasized that the photons originate from positron-electron (e+-e-) annihilations and that scattering would not preserve the black body spectrum. Based on known laws of physics a theory, CBU for the Continuously Breeding Universe, has been developed. The theory incorporates important ideas from the past. The universe is a complex emerging system, which starts from the single quantum fluctuation of a positron-electron pair. Expansion is driven by the emersion of new pairs. Typically, the gravitational parameter G is inversely proportional to the radius. The theory predicts correctly the radius of the observable universe, the Hubble parameter, the energy content and gives a plausible explanation to dark energy. The CBU theory postulates that the primordial universe undergoes a transition from a black hole to a photon filled universe. After the transition one half of the energy is bound to a great multitude of ‘small’ black holes, while the other half propagate as the CMB radiation in the free space. It is presumed that the CMB photons are due to e+-e- annihilations. The frequency-energy (hf) of the photons decreases according to ac2, where ac is the scale factor of the transition. As a characteristic feature the CMB photons are pairwise entangled and in a state of superposition. If we assume that photons in a superposition cannot give off energy, they compensate the hf loss by increasing the number of photons. As they move in all directions the gain will be 1/ac3. In addition, when the photons enter the observable universe at afl (first light), the Doppler effect lengthens the wavelength, whereby the 1-dimensional photon ray to be observed on Earth gets a number gain of 1/afl in compensation, the total gain being 1/afl ac3. The gain effect and the half-energy at the CMB transition result in an energy density of 4,173·10-14 J/m3, equal to BT04, where B is the Stefan-Boltzmann black body energy density constant.
{"title":"On the Origin of the CMB Radiation","authors":"J. Eriksson","doi":"10.12691/ijp-9-5-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-9-5-3","url":null,"abstract":"According to the standard model the CMB radiation is a relict of the Big Bang. Even if the temperature has varied over the years, we now have an accurate figure, 2,72548 K. The radiation exhibits an almost perfect black body spectrum, which causes some confusion, the number of photons required does not match the number available at a distant moment in the past. Several scattering mechanisms have been suggested to give the photon number the necessary gain. It is assumed that the last scattering at ca 380.000 yr after the big bang has left the radiation pattern we now observe. Some notable physicists have expressed doubts about the last scattering and emphasized that the photons originate from positron-electron (e+-e-) annihilations and that scattering would not preserve the black body spectrum. Based on known laws of physics a theory, CBU for the Continuously Breeding Universe, has been developed. The theory incorporates important ideas from the past. The universe is a complex emerging system, which starts from the single quantum fluctuation of a positron-electron pair. Expansion is driven by the emersion of new pairs. Typically, the gravitational parameter G is inversely proportional to the radius. The theory predicts correctly the radius of the observable universe, the Hubble parameter, the energy content and gives a plausible explanation to dark energy. The CBU theory postulates that the primordial universe undergoes a transition from a black hole to a photon filled universe. After the transition one half of the energy is bound to a great multitude of ‘small’ black holes, while the other half propagate as the CMB radiation in the free space. It is presumed that the CMB photons are due to e+-e- annihilations. The frequency-energy (hf) of the photons decreases according to ac2, where ac is the scale factor of the transition. As a characteristic feature the CMB photons are pairwise entangled and in a state of superposition. If we assume that photons in a superposition cannot give off energy, they compensate the hf loss by increasing the number of photons. As they move in all directions the gain will be 1/ac3. In addition, when the photons enter the observable universe at afl (first light), the Doppler effect lengthens the wavelength, whereby the 1-dimensional photon ray to be observed on Earth gets a number gain of 1/afl in compensation, the total gain being 1/afl ac3. The gain effect and the half-energy at the CMB transition result in an energy density of 4,173·10-14 J/m3, equal to BT04, where B is the Stefan-Boltzmann black body energy density constant.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88989356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Superluminal movements are subject of discussion since many decades. The present work investigates how an electrical charged real matter particle can traverse the energy barrier at the speed of light in vacuum. Here, parity reflexion takes place with respect to space, time, and mass. It is postulated this traversal can occur by a jump-over supported by electrical attraction between the subluminal particle and its virtual superluminal co-particle producing an electrical field opposite in sign. The jump over the light barrier implies a zero in time and here the particle becomes undetectable in position and mass. The result of the calculation shows two exclusive speeds where light-barrier crossing can occur from a sub- to a superluminal state or reverse. This leads to three different kinds of objects, where the first is denoted a subluminal mono-particle Bradyon, the second a superluminal mono-particle Tachyon, and the third a luminal twin Luxon consisting of two parts absolutely complementary in their states alternating between the both speeds, those touch the light-barrier, and traveling with an average of light-speed. A relation between the distance of a subluminal particle to its superluminal co-particle and the wave-length of the system can be manifested. The constant in speed of light is discussed.
{"title":"Superluminality and Finite Potential Light-Barrier Crossing","authors":"T. G. Gerlitz","doi":"10.12691/ijp-9-5-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-9-5-2","url":null,"abstract":"Superluminal movements are subject of discussion since many decades. The present work investigates how an electrical charged real matter particle can traverse the energy barrier at the speed of light in vacuum. Here, parity reflexion takes place with respect to space, time, and mass. It is postulated this traversal can occur by a jump-over supported by electrical attraction between the subluminal particle and its virtual superluminal co-particle producing an electrical field opposite in sign. The jump over the light barrier implies a zero in time and here the particle becomes undetectable in position and mass. The result of the calculation shows two exclusive speeds where light-barrier crossing can occur from a sub- to a superluminal state or reverse. This leads to three different kinds of objects, where the first is denoted a subluminal mono-particle Bradyon, the second a superluminal mono-particle Tachyon, and the third a luminal twin Luxon consisting of two parts absolutely complementary in their states alternating between the both speeds, those touch the light-barrier, and traveling with an average of light-speed. A relation between the distance of a subluminal particle to its superluminal co-particle and the wave-length of the system can be manifested. The constant in speed of light is discussed.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86819051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper generalizes and extends the 5 parameters of qualia required to generate subjective experience to physics. It presents the localization parameter and its relation to the collapse of the wave function to arrive at the plausible nature of physical universe and information field. Alternative interpretations and their merits are discussed with the merit of Information Field interpretation presented in this paper. Few important quantum experiments are reviewed in to substantiate and support the information field quantum interpretation. Finally, 8 postulates of information field are developed and enumerated towards the end of the paper. Alternate perspectives proposed historically about the nature of reality are discussed comprehensively. This paper exclusively discusses a new interpretation of non-relativistic quantum physics which does not by any means impact any of the already existing formulations of quantum mechanics.
{"title":"Quantum Interpretation (Physics) - Information Field","authors":"Abhijit Manohar","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-5-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-5-1","url":null,"abstract":"The paper generalizes and extends the 5 parameters of qualia required to generate subjective experience to physics. It presents the localization parameter and its relation to the collapse of the wave function to arrive at the plausible nature of physical universe and information field. Alternative interpretations and their merits are discussed with the merit of Information Field interpretation presented in this paper. Few important quantum experiments are reviewed in to substantiate and support the information field quantum interpretation. Finally, 8 postulates of information field are developed and enumerated towards the end of the paper. Alternate perspectives proposed historically about the nature of reality are discussed comprehensively. This paper exclusively discusses a new interpretation of non-relativistic quantum physics which does not by any means impact any of the already existing formulations of quantum mechanics.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73640132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experiments using Logger Pro-aided observation of single-slit diffraction patterns have been performed to determine coefficients of linear thermal expansion of metals. The sample metals were iron and brass. The calculation involves weighted linear regression analysis of 1/z against temperature, where z is the distance between the end to the center of the central bright line, and a computer-aided χ2 goodness of fit test. From the χ2 goodness of fit test, it is concluded that the relation between 1/z and temperature is linear, in agreement with theory. The coefficients of linear thermal expansion for iron obtained agree well with the reference value, while that for brass is close to the reference values.
{"title":"Logger Pro for the Observation of Single-Slit Diffraction in the Determination of Metal Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion","authors":"Raden Oktova","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-4-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-4-5","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments using Logger Pro-aided observation of single-slit diffraction patterns have been performed to determine coefficients of linear thermal expansion of metals. The sample metals were iron and brass. The calculation involves weighted linear regression analysis of 1/z against temperature, where z is the distance between the end to the center of the central bright line, and a computer-aided χ2 goodness of fit test. From the χ2 goodness of fit test, it is concluded that the relation between 1/z and temperature is linear, in agreement with theory. The coefficients of linear thermal expansion for iron obtained agree well with the reference value, while that for brass is close to the reference values.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84531071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Luc, Derra Moumouni, K. Karim, O. Cisse, F. Zougmore
The market gardening in developing countries plays a huge important socioeconomic role in confronting the challenge of eradicating hunger, improving food security and the social daily life of the population. However, the quality of agricultural soils and irrigation is important to guarantee a good quality of market garden products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of metals (Cr, Pb, As and Hg) in irrigation water and soils from Loumbila, Goudrin et Paspanga, and simulate concentration evolution over the time in soil, in order to evaluate the potential impact of irrigation water. The research was conducted in four sites characterized by intensive market gardening performed. The results show that the concentrations of Cr, Pb, As and Hg in soils were lower than the recommended limit. The average heavy metals concentration in the irrigation waters from Loumbila was 0.116 ± 0.028 mg/L for Cr, 0.272 ± 0.004 mg/L for Pb, 0.016 ± 0.004 mg/L for As and 0.034 ± 0.002 mg/L for Hg. The average concentrations of the irrigation waters of Paspanga 1 were 0.016 ± 0.004 mg/L for Cr, and 0.092 ± 0.001 mg/L for Pb. The concentrations of Cr, Pb, As and Hg detected in the waters of Paspanga 2 were below the limit accepted by FAO. In Goudrin irrigation water only lead was detected with average concentrations of 0.086 ± 0.006 mg/L. The average concentrations of Cr, and Hg in irrigation water from Loumbila were above the accepted limit established by the FAO. The heavy metal concentration in irrigation water contribute to increases the heavy metal concentration in soil.
{"title":"Influence of Arsenic, Chromium, Mercury and Lead Concentrations in Irrigation Water on the Evolution of Heavy Metals Concentration in Soil","authors":"B. Luc, Derra Moumouni, K. Karim, O. Cisse, F. Zougmore","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"The market gardening in developing countries plays a huge important socioeconomic role in confronting the challenge of eradicating hunger, improving food security and the social daily life of the population. However, the quality of agricultural soils and irrigation is important to guarantee a good quality of market garden products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of metals (Cr, Pb, As and Hg) in irrigation water and soils from Loumbila, Goudrin et Paspanga, and simulate concentration evolution over the time in soil, in order to evaluate the potential impact of irrigation water. The research was conducted in four sites characterized by intensive market gardening performed. The results show that the concentrations of Cr, Pb, As and Hg in soils were lower than the recommended limit. The average heavy metals concentration in the irrigation waters from Loumbila was 0.116 ± 0.028 mg/L for Cr, 0.272 ± 0.004 mg/L for Pb, 0.016 ± 0.004 mg/L for As and 0.034 ± 0.002 mg/L for Hg. The average concentrations of the irrigation waters of Paspanga 1 were 0.016 ± 0.004 mg/L for Cr, and 0.092 ± 0.001 mg/L for Pb. The concentrations of Cr, Pb, As and Hg detected in the waters of Paspanga 2 were below the limit accepted by FAO. In Goudrin irrigation water only lead was detected with average concentrations of 0.086 ± 0.006 mg/L. The average concentrations of Cr, and Hg in irrigation water from Loumbila were above the accepted limit established by the FAO. The heavy metal concentration in irrigation water contribute to increases the heavy metal concentration in soil.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82926645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
About 78% to 80% of power energy imported from neighboring countries in Afghanistan. Roughly 70% of the population don’t have access to electricity, and 90% of those without electricity live in rural areas. reduction of energy resources, increasing use of fossil fuels and unrefined coal for home heating, cooking is a major problem in the world and even a serious challenge to environmental pollution specially for whom who lives in Afghanistan. In this research we have introduce new sources of energy, which is renewable energy, as an alternative to fossil energy. Nowadays, due to the gradual reduction of fossil energy sources and increase of air pollution and environmental damages has forced scientists to look for a sustainable and clean energy to be cheap and economically and be friendly with environment. This research shows that renewable energy is more appropriate compared to the fossil fuels in order to decrease air pollution and would be economically for people.
{"title":"Research and Investigate of Renewable Energy in Afghanistan","authors":"Chamanshah Alamy, M. Sultani","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"About 78% to 80% of power energy imported from neighboring countries in Afghanistan. Roughly 70% of the population don’t have access to electricity, and 90% of those without electricity live in rural areas. reduction of energy resources, increasing use of fossil fuels and unrefined coal for home heating, cooking is a major problem in the world and even a serious challenge to environmental pollution specially for whom who lives in Afghanistan. In this research we have introduce new sources of energy, which is renewable energy, as an alternative to fossil energy. Nowadays, due to the gradual reduction of fossil energy sources and increase of air pollution and environmental damages has forced scientists to look for a sustainable and clean energy to be cheap and economically and be friendly with environment. This research shows that renewable energy is more appropriate compared to the fossil fuels in order to decrease air pollution and would be economically for people.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79990512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern understanding of light has fluctuated between particle and wave theory. The classic double slit experiment provided seemingly conclusive support for wave theory of light with its resultant fringe patterns thought to only be due to wave interference. However, interference junctures of light have never been directly visualized. We investigated the double slit experiment and its fringe pattern through novel techniques of direct visualization of light propagation in the free space after slit exit in order to validate this interference principle. A cloud chamber and gel media were developed to visualize otherwise invisible light pathways. Coherent light was observed in these environments in settings of diffraction, refraction, and reflection. Experimental generation of distinct, isolated light strands after diffraction through double slits were visualized. Discrete light strands, not waves, were noted as light propagated through free space. Light strands were visualized directly creating the pseudo-interference fringe pattern, counter to the concept of wave interference. Novel visualization of light strands supports the particle theory of light and provides an alternative to wave theory. The finding that diffractive fringe patterns and other observations of light can be explained in some situations by the phenomena of discrete radiating strands, not wave interference, may have implications in physics, quantum mechanics, and technology.
{"title":"Light Strands: Visualization of Free Space in Double Slit Diffraction","authors":"S. Dutt, N. Dutt, A. Dutt","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-4-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-4-2","url":null,"abstract":"Modern understanding of light has fluctuated between particle and wave theory. The classic double slit experiment provided seemingly conclusive support for wave theory of light with its resultant fringe patterns thought to only be due to wave interference. However, interference junctures of light have never been directly visualized. We investigated the double slit experiment and its fringe pattern through novel techniques of direct visualization of light propagation in the free space after slit exit in order to validate this interference principle. A cloud chamber and gel media were developed to visualize otherwise invisible light pathways. Coherent light was observed in these environments in settings of diffraction, refraction, and reflection. Experimental generation of distinct, isolated light strands after diffraction through double slits were visualized. Discrete light strands, not waves, were noted as light propagated through free space. Light strands were visualized directly creating the pseudo-interference fringe pattern, counter to the concept of wave interference. Novel visualization of light strands supports the particle theory of light and provides an alternative to wave theory. The finding that diffractive fringe patterns and other observations of light can be explained in some situations by the phenomena of discrete radiating strands, not wave interference, may have implications in physics, quantum mechanics, and technology.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76190493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnetic field is one of the most used sciences in today's industry, which is applied in many cases such as electromagnets, electric motors, and generators, electric transformers, electromagnetic wave propagation in antennas, magnetic levitation, etc. that has led to many types of research in this field. Therefore, correct calculation of magnetic force is one of effective and important discussions in this field. One of the subsets of the force calculation is between two coils. The purpose of this research is to implement and simulate two cylindrical coaxial coils with uniform current. We calculate the axial magnetic force of the cylindrical coil by simulating and implementing two coils and applying numerical integration methods, parametric integration, and finite element method in MATLAB software. The results show that the implemented codes are able to calculate the force between two coils quickly, with small error, and with high accuracy. These results will help to implement a proper system with real term and very high accuracy by choosing the best method that fits your system's constraints, conditions, and type.
{"title":"Simulation of Magnetic Force between Two Coaxial Coils with Air Core and Uniform Flow in MATLAB","authors":"A. Jebelli, A. Mahabadi, H. Chaoui, M. Yagoub","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-4-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic field is one of the most used sciences in today's industry, which is applied in many cases such as electromagnets, electric motors, and generators, electric transformers, electromagnetic wave propagation in antennas, magnetic levitation, etc. that has led to many types of research in this field. Therefore, correct calculation of magnetic force is one of effective and important discussions in this field. One of the subsets of the force calculation is between two coils. The purpose of this research is to implement and simulate two cylindrical coaxial coils with uniform current. We calculate the axial magnetic force of the cylindrical coil by simulating and implementing two coils and applying numerical integration methods, parametric integration, and finite element method in MATLAB software. The results show that the implemented codes are able to calculate the force between two coils quickly, with small error, and with high accuracy. These results will help to implement a proper system with real term and very high accuracy by choosing the best method that fits your system's constraints, conditions, and type.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75077650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the paper non-stationary 3D incompressible viscous fluid flow over the point, the infinite line, the plane, the rectangular prism and the octahedron are studied. The corresponding Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) with the appropriate initial-boundary conditions are considered. NSE is a very important equation and has various applications in Plasma Physics, Astrophysics, magma physics, geophysical fluids, biophysics, nanofluids, etc. NSE describes significant characteristics of different fluids. The exact solutions are obtained in a very few cases and especially in 2D. In the paper the novel exact non-smooth solutions blow-up in time are obtained for the specific pressure and initial conditions by means of the methods of mathematical physics (the main result). Besides, the solutions for the turbulent flows are given. Those solutions are new and are applied to solving of the problem of some substance transportation in the space by means of the turbulent flow. The profiles of the velocity and substance distribution are constructed by means of “Maple” for the different parameters. The results have applications to the description of atmospheric and ocean currents, nanosciences.
{"title":"On the Non-Smooth Solutions of 3D Navier-Stokes Equations for the Incompressible Fluid Flows","authors":"Khatiashvili Nino","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-3-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-3-5","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper non-stationary 3D incompressible viscous fluid flow over the point, the infinite line, the plane, the rectangular prism and the octahedron are studied. The corresponding Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) with the appropriate initial-boundary conditions are considered. NSE is a very important equation and has various applications in Plasma Physics, Astrophysics, magma physics, geophysical fluids, biophysics, nanofluids, etc. NSE describes significant characteristics of different fluids. The exact solutions are obtained in a very few cases and especially in 2D. In the paper the novel exact non-smooth solutions blow-up in time are obtained for the specific pressure and initial conditions by means of the methods of mathematical physics (the main result). Besides, the solutions for the turbulent flows are given. Those solutions are new and are applied to solving of the problem of some substance transportation in the space by means of the turbulent flow. The profiles of the velocity and substance distribution are constructed by means of “Maple” for the different parameters. The results have applications to the description of atmospheric and ocean currents, nanosciences.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86788741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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