Using Density functional theory, I report the effects of adsorption and substitution of boron atoms on structural and electrical properties of a (10,0) carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By considering formation energy, I found that the substitution process is an exothermic process. On the opposite the adsorption process has positive formation energy. When CNT was contaminated by boron atoms, boron atoms behave as acceptors. Boron will turn the semiconducting (10,0) CNT into a metallic nanostructure. Boron induced high polarization on the tube. When boron atoms substitute with carbon atoms, the polarization is stronger in comparison when they adsorb with CNT.
{"title":"Simulating of Boron Atoms Interacting with a (10,0) Carbon Nano Tube: A DFT Study","authors":"Ahad Khan Pyawarai","doi":"10.12691/IJP-8-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-8-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"Using Density functional theory, I report the effects of adsorption and substitution of boron atoms on structural and electrical properties of a (10,0) carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By considering formation energy, I found that the substitution process is an exothermic process. On the opposite the adsorption process has positive formation energy. When CNT was contaminated by boron atoms, boron atoms behave as acceptors. Boron will turn the semiconducting (10,0) CNT into a metallic nanostructure. Boron induced high polarization on the tube. When boron atoms substitute with carbon atoms, the polarization is stronger in comparison when they adsorb with CNT.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83408096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Nti, Jacob Nene Nanor, Obed Baa-Yanney, S. Adjibolosoo, Isaac Prosper Agbeko
Educational assessment is considered as one of the most important aspects of higher education and most educational institutions rely on tests to determine students’ performance, achievements and certification. However, extensive literature reviewed indicates that no study has been conducted to determine the effects of frequent testing on female students’ performance in Physics. This study investigated the effect of frequent testing on the performance of female students in some selected Physics concepts. The study used quantitative research approach and action research design. Fifty (50) second year female science students formed the study participants. Data was collected using tests. The experimental data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and one-sample t-test. The mean score for each student for the six week-period was determined. The overall mean score for the entire students was determined to give an idea of students’ general performance in the frequent tests after both reading assignments and teaching of concepts. The results of the study showed that the mean scores obtained by students after teaching concepts (μ=6.35) was better than mean scores of students after reading assignment (μ=2.74). In addition, the results clearly showed a statistically significant difference in the performance of students after the teaching concepts (p<0.05). These results further suggest that frequent testing after teaching constitutes an effective way of improving the performance of female students in Physics. The study recommends that science teachers in general, and Physics teachers in particular, should employ frequent testing in their teaching and learning process as testing makes students learn ahead which in effect affect their performance in Physics positively.
{"title":"Effect of Frequent Testing On Female Students Performance in Some Selected Physics Concepts at the Senior High School in Ghana","authors":"Daniel Nti, Jacob Nene Nanor, Obed Baa-Yanney, S. Adjibolosoo, Isaac Prosper Agbeko","doi":"10.12691/IJP-8-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-8-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"Educational assessment is considered as one of the most important aspects of higher education and most educational institutions rely on tests to determine students’ performance, achievements and certification. However, extensive literature reviewed indicates that no study has been conducted to determine the effects of frequent testing on female students’ performance in Physics. This study investigated the effect of frequent testing on the performance of female students in some selected Physics concepts. The study used quantitative research approach and action research design. Fifty (50) second year female science students formed the study participants. Data was collected using tests. The experimental data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and one-sample t-test. The mean score for each student for the six week-period was determined. The overall mean score for the entire students was determined to give an idea of students’ general performance in the frequent tests after both reading assignments and teaching of concepts. The results of the study showed that the mean scores obtained by students after teaching concepts (μ=6.35) was better than mean scores of students after reading assignment (μ=2.74). In addition, the results clearly showed a statistically significant difference in the performance of students after the teaching concepts (p<0.05). These results further suggest that frequent testing after teaching constitutes an effective way of improving the performance of female students in Physics. The study recommends that science teachers in general, and Physics teachers in particular, should employ frequent testing in their teaching and learning process as testing makes students learn ahead which in effect affect their performance in Physics positively.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81717212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is an analysis of current theory of the gravitational time dilatation in different stationary reference frames.This new approach leads us to a new vision of relativity because we find the time dependence relativeto the universal density of potential energy at placeand that density this varies from one reference frame to another reference frame. The time in each location varies in the inverse proportion of the square root of the respectiveuniversal density of potential energy. With the universal expansion the universal density of potential energy decreases and will cause the contraction of the time in the Earth reference.
{"title":"The Relativity of the Time with the Universal Density of Potential Energy at Different Stationary Reference Frames","authors":"J. L. Fernandes","doi":"10.12691/IJP-8-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-8-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"This article is an analysis of current theory of the gravitational time dilatation in different stationary reference frames.This new approach leads us to a new vision of relativity because we find the time dependence relativeto the universal density of potential energy at placeand that density this varies from one reference frame to another reference frame. The time in each location varies in the inverse proportion of the square root of the respectiveuniversal density of potential energy. With the universal expansion the universal density of potential energy decreases and will cause the contraction of the time in the Earth reference.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80636800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mixed convection is numerically studied in a baffled vented cavity with constant heat flux from a uniformly heated left vertical wall. An external airflow enters the cavity through the inlet opening in the right vertical wall and exits from the outlet opening in the opposite wall. The two-dimensional mathematical model includes a system of five governing partial differential equations of continuity, linear momentum and energy, discretized by the finite difference method, and solved by the Thomas algorithm and the Gauss Seidel Method. Flow and thermal fields are investigated by numerical simulations of air cooling with a Reynolds number in the range 10 ≤ Re ≤ 200, and Rayleigh number: 104 ≤ Ra ≤ 106. Three different locations of the two heated baffles are used in the configurations to analyze the effect of heat transfer in terms of streamlines, local Nusselt number, velocity and isotherms within the three configurations. The results show that the locations of the heated baffles along the horizontal walls enable to create simultaneously the isolated zone and the heated zone in the baffled vented cavity.
{"title":"Numerical Study of Mixed Convection in Baffled Vented Cavity","authors":"Yawovi Nougbléga, Koffi Sagna, K. Atchonouglo","doi":"10.12691/IJP-8-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-8-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed convection is numerically studied in a baffled vented cavity with constant heat flux from a uniformly heated left vertical wall. An external airflow enters the cavity through the inlet opening in the right vertical wall and exits from the outlet opening in the opposite wall. The two-dimensional mathematical model includes a system of five governing partial differential equations of continuity, linear momentum and energy, discretized by the finite difference method, and solved by the Thomas algorithm and the Gauss Seidel Method. Flow and thermal fields are investigated by numerical simulations of air cooling with a Reynolds number in the range 10 ≤ Re ≤ 200, and Rayleigh number: 104 ≤ Ra ≤ 106. Three different locations of the two heated baffles are used in the configurations to analyze the effect of heat transfer in terms of streamlines, local Nusselt number, velocity and isotherms within the three configurations. The results show that the locations of the heated baffles along the horizontal walls enable to create simultaneously the isolated zone and the heated zone in the baffled vented cavity.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73196481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Local cosmological phenomena, such as the systematic and constant Moon distancing of 3.82+-0.07 cm, per year, from the Earth, Ref. [11]” informed by NASA, and the systematic distancing of the 60 moons of Jupiter and 40 moons of Saturn from its planets, “Ref. [14]”, and the constant value of the velocity of light “C”, as well, the variation of time in the inverse square root ratio of Universal density of potential Energy at local, “Ref. [1]”, requires a review of the local universe and the laws govern. The value of the Universal Gravitational Constant is called into question, concluding that it is variable and that its value is proportional to the expansion of the universe, that is, inversely proportional to the universal density of potential energy at the local. In the solar system, the increasing of the distance of the moons relative to their planets is only possible if G-Universal Gravitational Constant increases in the same proportion as this increase in distance, this increase at a constant value of G is proportional to the systematic and constant removal of the Moon from Earth. To understand the reason for the increase in G, we look at the Constant Velocity of Light propose by Einstein and we conclude that the increase in G is inversely proportional to the Universal Density of Potential Energy at local and is inversely proportional to the expansion of the Universe, then G is proportional to the expansion of the Universe. If G is proportional to the increase at a constant value of the gravitational radius, and proportional to the expansion of the Universe, then the Universal expansion also occurs at a constant value. (This study will be based on our Earth reference and considering it with actual characteristics, such as mass, time, speed of light, etc.)
{"title":"The Universal Gravitational Variable","authors":"J. L. Fernandes","doi":"10.12691/ijp-8-1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-8-1-6","url":null,"abstract":"Local cosmological phenomena, such as the systematic and constant Moon distancing of 3.82+-0.07 cm, per year, from the Earth, Ref. [11]” informed by NASA, and the systematic distancing of the 60 moons of Jupiter and 40 moons of Saturn from its planets, “Ref. [14]”, and the constant value of the velocity of light “C”, as well, the variation of time in the inverse square root ratio of Universal density of potential Energy at local, “Ref. [1]”, requires a review of the local universe and the laws govern. The value of the Universal Gravitational Constant is called into question, concluding that it is variable and that its value is proportional to the expansion of the universe, that is, inversely proportional to the universal density of potential energy at the local. In the solar system, the increasing of the distance of the moons relative to their planets is only possible if G-Universal Gravitational Constant increases in the same proportion as this increase in distance, this increase at a constant value of G is proportional to the systematic and constant removal of the Moon from Earth. To understand the reason for the increase in G, we look at the Constant Velocity of Light propose by Einstein and we conclude that the increase in G is inversely proportional to the Universal Density of Potential Energy at local and is inversely proportional to the expansion of the Universe, then G is proportional to the expansion of the Universe. If G is proportional to the increase at a constant value of the gravitational radius, and proportional to the expansion of the Universe, then the Universal expansion also occurs at a constant value. (This study will be based on our Earth reference and considering it with actual characteristics, such as mass, time, speed of light, etc.)","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79490646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to improve students' high order thinking skills (HOTS) specifically in Statistics Method I subject by implementing the "what-if" learning strategy. This research is a two-cycle classroom action research. The subjects of this study were as many as 16 students in the 2018/2019 academic year as semester IIA students from the Mathematics Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar. Techniques for collecting data used interviews, observations, and essay tests. This research used two methods for data analysis, i.e. qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis uses methods such as mathematical models and analyses that are performed by conducting explanations restricted to data management techniques. Moreover, the quantitative analysis used a simple level calculation to determine the average value and completeness level of students' high order thinking skills. The study results showed an increase in the students' high order thinking skills from the first cycle to the second cycle. The average score of the students' high order thinking skills only exceeded 71.125 with completeness level 62.5 percent in the first cycle.
{"title":"Implementing “what-if” learning strategy to improve high order thinking skills (HOTS) of students in statistics method i subject","authors":"I. P. A. A. Payadnya, I. M. D. Atmaja","doi":"10.31295/IJPM.V3N1.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31295/IJPM.V3N1.115","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to improve students' high order thinking skills (HOTS) specifically in Statistics Method I subject by implementing the \"what-if\" learning strategy. This research is a two-cycle classroom action research. The subjects of this study were as many as 16 students in the 2018/2019 academic year as semester IIA students from the Mathematics Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar. Techniques for collecting data used interviews, observations, and essay tests. This research used two methods for data analysis, i.e. qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis uses methods such as mathematical models and analyses that are performed by conducting explanations restricted to data management techniques. Moreover, the quantitative analysis used a simple level calculation to determine the average value and completeness level of students' high order thinking skills. The study results showed an increase in the students' high order thinking skills from the first cycle to the second cycle. The average score of the students' high order thinking skills only exceeded 71.125 with completeness level 62.5 percent in the first cycle.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78546047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By using electron beam gun and thermal evaporation techniques in the vacuum range 6 x10-5mbar (V.R. Technology Bangalore Make). The pure materials of 99.99% purity of Cobalt and aluminium multilayers films were produced on glass substrates at room temperature in the following multilayered [Co10A/AL10A]N where N= 1,3,6,9 and 12 labeled as ( CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4 and CA5). The low temperature (4.2K to 300K) resistance of these samples was measured by using four probe method at UGC-DAE Consortium Indore later resistivity and conductivity calculated and temperature co-efficient of resistance (TCR), residual resistivity ratio (RRR) and activation energy (Ea) were also calculated. The resistivity behavior shown that the resistivity is increased with increasing the n value it means it increased with increasing number of layers. The data belonging to metallic region has been analyzed using the conventional power law’s it is for the first time that a set of multilayered films in the present configurations have been explored for resistivity at low temperature.
{"title":"Low Temperature Conductivity Behaviour for Multilayered Thin Films","authors":"S. Pawar, S. Kori, R. M. Sangshetty","doi":"10.12691/IJP-7-4-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-7-4-5","url":null,"abstract":"By using electron beam gun and thermal evaporation techniques in the vacuum range 6 x10-5mbar (V.R. Technology Bangalore Make). The pure materials of 99.99% purity of Cobalt and aluminium multilayers films were produced on glass substrates at room temperature in the following multilayered [Co10A/AL10A]N where N= 1,3,6,9 and 12 labeled as ( CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4 and CA5). The low temperature (4.2K to 300K) resistance of these samples was measured by using four probe method at UGC-DAE Consortium Indore later resistivity and conductivity calculated and temperature co-efficient of resistance (TCR), residual resistivity ratio (RRR) and activation energy (Ea) were also calculated. The resistivity behavior shown that the resistivity is increased with increasing the n value it means it increased with increasing number of layers. The data belonging to metallic region has been analyzed using the conventional power law’s it is for the first time that a set of multilayered films in the present configurations have been explored for resistivity at low temperature.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78708064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new gravitation theory, Planck gravitation theory. Gravitation is a quantum force in 4-dimensional space. Gravitation is not actually related to the mass of particles. Every quantum particle produces the same strength of gravitation, regardless of the type of particle. The origin of gravitation is quantum, and gravitation is already a quantum force. In 4-dimensional space, gravitation is inversely proportional to the cubic of distance, not square of distance. The strength of gravitation is entirely determined by the Planck Length. The Planck Length is the identification constant of gravitation. The author's earlier projection gravitation theory is only a derivation of the Planck gravitation theory. Planck gravitation is separated into two different patterns in 3-dimensional space. For particles with rest mass, Planck gravitation translates into projection gravitation, which is inversely proportional to the square of distance. The Newton gravitation is a low-speed approximation of the projection gravitation. For particles with zero rest mass, gravitation is inversely proportional to the cubic of distance. For example, the gravitation of photons is inversely proportional to the cubic of distance. Every quantum particle is an empty hole in space, and the radius of empty hole is Planck Length. This brings the effect of the quantization of space-time. Planck gravitation theory can solve the problem of ultraviolet divergence in quantum field theory without the need for renormalization. If the Planck gravitation theory is true, human need to rethink the gravitation, and need to rethink the way of gravitation quantization. The author finally discusses the projection action, which is the key to human understanding of the truth about gravitation.
{"title":"Planck Gravitation Theory","authors":"Xiaolin Li","doi":"10.12691/IJP-7-4-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-7-4-2","url":null,"abstract":"A new gravitation theory, Planck gravitation theory. Gravitation is a quantum force in 4-dimensional space. Gravitation is not actually related to the mass of particles. Every quantum particle produces the same strength of gravitation, regardless of the type of particle. The origin of gravitation is quantum, and gravitation is already a quantum force. In 4-dimensional space, gravitation is inversely proportional to the cubic of distance, not square of distance. The strength of gravitation is entirely determined by the Planck Length. The Planck Length is the identification constant of gravitation. The author's earlier projection gravitation theory is only a derivation of the Planck gravitation theory. Planck gravitation is separated into two different patterns in 3-dimensional space. For particles with rest mass, Planck gravitation translates into projection gravitation, which is inversely proportional to the square of distance. The Newton gravitation is a low-speed approximation of the projection gravitation. For particles with zero rest mass, gravitation is inversely proportional to the cubic of distance. For example, the gravitation of photons is inversely proportional to the cubic of distance. Every quantum particle is an empty hole in space, and the radius of empty hole is Planck Length. This brings the effect of the quantization of space-time. Planck gravitation theory can solve the problem of ultraviolet divergence in quantum field theory without the need for renormalization. If the Planck gravitation theory is true, human need to rethink the gravitation, and need to rethink the way of gravitation quantization. The author finally discusses the projection action, which is the key to human understanding of the truth about gravitation.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86794387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, it is proposed that the magnetic field is an electric field that contracts in the direction of motion. This viewpoint is taken as the basic principle of analyzing the magnetic phenomena. The law of Lorentz force is proved by deduction, and any necessary correction is made. The law of electromagnetic induction is also proved by deduction, and the specific physical process of electromagnetic induction is clarified. The displacement current and Ampere circuit law is also proved by deduction. It is considered that the contraction of electric field in the direction of motion is the source of generation of magnetism, while the contraction of electric field in the direction of motion is fundamentally derived from the principle of constancy of light velocity. Since the magnetism has contributed the modern science and technology to the human beings, so it is convinced that the principle of constancy of light velocity is the most precious gift which the God has given to mankind. The motion with variable velocity of the electric field is also analyzed. It is pointed out that the generation of electric wave is essentially resulted from the distortion and contraction of the electric field caused by the propagation of the motion with variable velocity of the electron of the wave source at the velocity of light in its electric field. The electric field energy of the electric wave is propagated by the distortion of the electric field, while the magnetic field energy of the electric wave is propagated by the contraction of the electric field. The electric field energy is identically equal to the magnetic field energy. The electric field signal and the magnetic field signal are always in the same phase. The law of electromagnetic induction is derived from a distorted electric field. The common electromagnetic induction phenomenon is essentially a transmission and reception effect of electric waves. It is proved that the Ampere circuit law is derived from the displacement current, and that the displacement current is derived from the magnetic field, which is the electric field in motion. The propagation of electric wave is analyzed. It is pointed out that, if the propagation velocity of electric wave is greater than the velocity of light, the propagation effect of electric wave will be rapidly weakened. If the propagation velocity of electric wave is less than the velocity of light, the electromagnetic interference and radiation will be increased rapidly. Therefore, it is firmly believed that the actual velocity of light of about /s is the best propagation velocity of electric wave for mankind. It is considered that the actual velocity of light is another precious gift which the God has given to mankind.
{"title":"Essence of the Magnetism","authors":"Kexin Yao","doi":"10.12691/IJP-7-4-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-7-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, it is proposed that the magnetic field is an electric field that contracts in the direction of motion. This viewpoint is taken as the basic principle of analyzing the magnetic phenomena. The law of Lorentz force is proved by deduction, and any necessary correction is made. The law of electromagnetic induction is also proved by deduction, and the specific physical process of electromagnetic induction is clarified. The displacement current and Ampere circuit law is also proved by deduction. It is considered that the contraction of electric field in the direction of motion is the source of generation of magnetism, while the contraction of electric field in the direction of motion is fundamentally derived from the principle of constancy of light velocity. Since the magnetism has contributed the modern science and technology to the human beings, so it is convinced that the principle of constancy of light velocity is the most precious gift which the God has given to mankind. The motion with variable velocity of the electric field is also analyzed. It is pointed out that the generation of electric wave is essentially resulted from the distortion and contraction of the electric field caused by the propagation of the motion with variable velocity of the electron of the wave source at the velocity of light in its electric field. The electric field energy of the electric wave is propagated by the distortion of the electric field, while the magnetic field energy of the electric wave is propagated by the contraction of the electric field. The electric field energy is identically equal to the magnetic field energy. The electric field signal and the magnetic field signal are always in the same phase. The law of electromagnetic induction is derived from a distorted electric field. The common electromagnetic induction phenomenon is essentially a transmission and reception effect of electric waves. It is proved that the Ampere circuit law is derived from the displacement current, and that the displacement current is derived from the magnetic field, which is the electric field in motion. The propagation of electric wave is analyzed. It is pointed out that, if the propagation velocity of electric wave is greater than the velocity of light, the propagation effect of electric wave will be rapidly weakened. If the propagation velocity of electric wave is less than the velocity of light, the electromagnetic interference and radiation will be increased rapidly. Therefore, it is firmly believed that the actual velocity of light of about /s is the best propagation velocity of electric wave for mankind. It is considered that the actual velocity of light is another precious gift which the God has given to mankind.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87170165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A rotating double-side sprinkle emission model is proposed to describe mechanism for the spiral arm formation of galaxies and various types of spiral patterns. The spiral galaxy can be treated as an ideal fluid system with a universal flat rotation curve; a rotating black hole is located at the center of the galaxy with rotating axis perpendicular to the galactic disc. Inside the black hole, the matter is transformed into new type of matter with anti-gravitational property and emitted by the black hole through two opposite directions in the galactic rotating plane similar to the lighthouse beams, it is then converted to non-gravitational matter. The new matter moves in straightly confined route for certain distance, and then it moves freely with its momentum combining the fluid rotation of the galaxy. The new matter will be transformed to hydrogens on its way of motion, increases the local hydrogen density, refuels the local stars and promotes young star formation, the luminosity of the area is temporarily enhanced, brighter than other areas, such enhanced luminosity area is what seen as the galactic bar and spiral arms. New formulas with one parameter and one variable are derived in three different cases. Different categories of theoretical spiral patterns have been produced and various real images of the spiral galaxies have been precisely simulated by the new formulas. This model seems a universal model and can be applied to most (if not all) spiral galaxies. Galaxies with special spiral patterns like Hoag’s object and arms not meeting the end of galactic bars can be naturally explained by this model. This model is the first attempt to think the spiral arm formation with the hydrogen originated from inside of the galactic center to outside. The proposed mechanism of the hydrogen production seems highly speculative, but the result of the simulations is very satisfactory, this indicates that the idea for the hydrogens originated from inside the bar is a promising approach, may lead us to re-think about the property of the black holes and hope to serve as a trigger to promote the future research in this direction.
{"title":"New Formulas and Mechanism for the Spiral Arm Formation of Galaxies","authors":"H. Pan","doi":"10.12691/IJP-7-3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-7-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"A rotating double-side sprinkle emission model is proposed to describe mechanism for the spiral arm formation of galaxies and various types of spiral patterns. The spiral galaxy can be treated as an ideal fluid system with a universal flat rotation curve; a rotating black hole is located at the center of the galaxy with rotating axis perpendicular to the galactic disc. Inside the black hole, the matter is transformed into new type of matter with anti-gravitational property and emitted by the black hole through two opposite directions in the galactic rotating plane similar to the lighthouse beams, it is then converted to non-gravitational matter. The new matter moves in straightly confined route for certain distance, and then it moves freely with its momentum combining the fluid rotation of the galaxy. The new matter will be transformed to hydrogens on its way of motion, increases the local hydrogen density, refuels the local stars and promotes young star formation, the luminosity of the area is temporarily enhanced, brighter than other areas, such enhanced luminosity area is what seen as the galactic bar and spiral arms. New formulas with one parameter and one variable are derived in three different cases. Different categories of theoretical spiral patterns have been produced and various real images of the spiral galaxies have been precisely simulated by the new formulas. This model seems a universal model and can be applied to most (if not all) spiral galaxies. Galaxies with special spiral patterns like Hoag’s object and arms not meeting the end of galactic bars can be naturally explained by this model. This model is the first attempt to think the spiral arm formation with the hydrogen originated from inside of the galactic center to outside. The proposed mechanism of the hydrogen production seems highly speculative, but the result of the simulations is very satisfactory, this indicates that the idea for the hydrogens originated from inside the bar is a promising approach, may lead us to re-think about the property of the black holes and hope to serve as a trigger to promote the future research in this direction.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85002648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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