The standard ΛCDM model has successfully depicted most of the astronomical observations. However, the model faces several question marks such as, what was the cause of the Big Bang singularity, what is the physics behind dark matter? The origin of dark energy is still unclear. The present theory, CBU, standing for the Continuously Breeding Universe, has been developed along with known principles of physics. The theory incorporates important ideas from the past. The universe is a complex emerging system, which starts from the single fluctuation of a positron-electron pair. Expansion is driven by the emersion of new pairs. The gravitational parameter G is inversely proportional to the Einsteinian curvature radius r. The Planck length and Planck time tP are dependent of the curvature and accordingly by the size of the universe. It is shown that the solution to the Schrodinger equation of the initial positron-electron fluctuation includes an exponential function parameter equal to the Planck length of the initial event. The existence of a wave function provides a link between quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity. The fast change of momentum increases the Heisenberg uncertainty window thereby enhancing the positron-electron pair production, especially strong in the early universe. When these findings are introduced in the energy-momentum tensor of Einstein’s Field Equation, the equation acquires a simple configuration without G and a cosmological constant. The universe is a macroscopic manifestation of the quantum world.
{"title":"Quantum Fluctuations and Variable G Return Einstein’s Field Equation to Its Original Formulation","authors":"J. Eriksson","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"The standard ΛCDM model has successfully depicted most of the astronomical observations. However, the model faces several question marks such as, what was the cause of the Big Bang singularity, what is the physics behind dark matter? The origin of dark energy is still unclear. The present theory, CBU, standing for the Continuously Breeding Universe, has been developed along with known principles of physics. The theory incorporates important ideas from the past. The universe is a complex emerging system, which starts from the single fluctuation of a positron-electron pair. Expansion is driven by the emersion of new pairs. The gravitational parameter G is inversely proportional to the Einsteinian curvature radius r. The Planck length and Planck time tP are dependent of the curvature and accordingly by the size of the universe. It is shown that the solution to the Schrodinger equation of the initial positron-electron fluctuation includes an exponential function parameter equal to the Planck length of the initial event. The existence of a wave function provides a link between quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity. The fast change of momentum increases the Heisenberg uncertainty window thereby enhancing the positron-electron pair production, especially strong in the early universe. When these findings are introduced in the energy-momentum tensor of Einstein’s Field Equation, the equation acquires a simple configuration without G and a cosmological constant. The universe is a macroscopic manifestation of the quantum world.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82643717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper is focused on the behavior of different junctions under the effect of internal pressure and temperature variation. The main junctions studied are of the T-junction and Y-junction type. The goal being to calculate the stress fields coupled to the temperature variation. This coupling realistically defines the thermo-mechanical behavior of the junction and in particular at the intersection where high stress concentrations are observed. The junction is an element widely used in industrial installations such as the cooling circuits of nuclear power plants which are subject to temperature fluctuations due to the mixture of hot fluids and cold these are called mixing zones. These fluctuations can lead to thermal or mechanical fatigue damage and cracking in the circuits causing leaks. Numerical modelling is carried out on the ANSYS calculation code based on the finite element method.
{"title":"Numerical Study of the Thermo-mechanical Behavior of 304L Stainless Steel Pipeline Junctions","authors":"H. Laribou, A. Elbasset","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-3-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-3-3","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper is focused on the behavior of different junctions under the effect of internal pressure and temperature variation. The main junctions studied are of the T-junction and Y-junction type. The goal being to calculate the stress fields coupled to the temperature variation. This coupling realistically defines the thermo-mechanical behavior of the junction and in particular at the intersection where high stress concentrations are observed. The junction is an element widely used in industrial installations such as the cooling circuits of nuclear power plants which are subject to temperature fluctuations due to the mixture of hot fluids and cold these are called mixing zones. These fluctuations can lead to thermal or mechanical fatigue damage and cracking in the circuits causing leaks. Numerical modelling is carried out on the ANSYS calculation code based on the finite element method.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88925241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The structural and dynamical attributes of C60 chains inserted inside Single Walled carbon Nanotubes (SWNT) have been investigated by x-ray and neutron refraction, and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). The mensuration have been performed on a large mass of a very high quality carbon peapods sample. We showed that powder refraction could hardly give definitive response on the way the C60s are bonded inside SWNT. However, the comparison of the neutron-derived generalized compression of states (GDOS) of the inserted C60 peas with the GDOS of the same objects derived from lattice dynamics computations led to unambiguous results. The witnessing of excitations in the 8-15 meV span is a clear evidence for the presence strong bonds among C60s in the sample. In the same time, the witnessing of a very weak quasi-elastic signal may be relevant to rotational motions of C60 monomers inside the SWNT. These results suggest that peapods are built of a mixed phase of C60 monomers and C60 n-mers.
{"title":"Structure and Dynamics of Carbon Buckyballs Encapsulated to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes","authors":"Mohammad Daud Ahmadzai","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"The structural and dynamical attributes of C60 chains inserted inside Single Walled carbon Nanotubes (SWNT) have been investigated by x-ray and neutron refraction, and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). The mensuration have been performed on a large mass of a very high quality carbon peapods sample. We showed that powder refraction could hardly give definitive response on the way the C60s are bonded inside SWNT. However, the comparison of the neutron-derived generalized compression of states (GDOS) of the inserted C60 peas with the GDOS of the same objects derived from lattice dynamics computations led to unambiguous results. The witnessing of excitations in the 8-15 meV span is a clear evidence for the presence strong bonds among C60s in the sample. In the same time, the witnessing of a very weak quasi-elastic signal may be relevant to rotational motions of C60 monomers inside the SWNT. These results suggest that peapods are built of a mixed phase of C60 monomers and C60 n-mers.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74353780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Young’s double slit experiments, which represent the mystery of quantum mechanics, have been interpreted by quantum probability waves and by de Broglie-Bohm trajectories/pilot waves. Computer simulations of Bohm’s theory predict that (1) trajectories cannot cross, and (2) there is a triangle-shape area behind the double slit, in which there is no trajectory, i.e., no photons. In this article, we report the observations of novel comprehensive double slit experiments, which show that trajectories exist and cross in the triangular area. We show new phenomena that, in 2D cross double slit experiments and which way 2D cross double slit experiments, photons propagate along trajectories in the far field, and behave as particle and distribute as wave.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Bohm’s Trajectory Theory --- Comprehensive Double Slit Experiments (2)","authors":"Hui Peng","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-3-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-3-1","url":null,"abstract":"Young’s double slit experiments, which represent the mystery of quantum mechanics, have been interpreted by quantum probability waves and by de Broglie-Bohm trajectories/pilot waves. Computer simulations of Bohm’s theory predict that (1) trajectories cannot cross, and (2) there is a triangle-shape area behind the double slit, in which there is no trajectory, i.e., no photons. In this article, we report the observations of novel comprehensive double slit experiments, which show that trajectories exist and cross in the triangular area. We show new phenomena that, in 2D cross double slit experiments and which way 2D cross double slit experiments, photons propagate along trajectories in the far field, and behave as particle and distribute as wave.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75752711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An energy attraction system (EAS) composed of a carbon nanotube (CNT) with nested buckyballs is put forward for energy excess during impact owing to the outstanding mechanical attributes of both CNTs and buckyballs. Here we perform a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the energy attraction capabilities of several different EASs based on a diversity of design parameters. For example, the effects of impact energy, the number of nested buckyballs, and of the size of the buckyballs are analyzed to optimize the energy attraction capability of the EASs by tuning the pertinent design parameters. Simulation results indicate that the energy attraction capability of the EAS is closely associated with the deformation characteristics of the confined buckyballs. A low impact energy leads to retrievable deformation of the buckyballs and the dissipated energy is mainly converted to thermal energy. However, a high impact energy yields non-retrievable deformation of buckyballs and thus the energy dissipation is dominated by the strain energy of the EAS. The simulation results also reveal that there exists an optimum value of the number of buckyballs for an EAS under a given impact energy. Larger buckyballs are able to disfigure to a larger degree yet also need less impact energy to induce plastic deformation, therefore performing with a better overall energy attraction ability. Overall, the EAS in this study shows a remarkably high energy attraction density of 2 kJ g-1, it is a promising candidate for mitigating impact energy and sheds light on the research of buckyball filled CNTs for another applications.
{"title":"Molecular Dynamics Research of a Carbon Nanotube-buckyball Enabled Energy Attraction System","authors":"Mohammad Daud Ahmadzai","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-2-7","url":null,"abstract":"An energy attraction system (EAS) composed of a carbon nanotube (CNT) with nested buckyballs is put forward for energy excess during impact owing to the outstanding mechanical attributes of both CNTs and buckyballs. Here we perform a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the energy attraction capabilities of several different EASs based on a diversity of design parameters. For example, the effects of impact energy, the number of nested buckyballs, and of the size of the buckyballs are analyzed to optimize the energy attraction capability of the EASs by tuning the pertinent design parameters. Simulation results indicate that the energy attraction capability of the EAS is closely associated with the deformation characteristics of the confined buckyballs. A low impact energy leads to retrievable deformation of the buckyballs and the dissipated energy is mainly converted to thermal energy. However, a high impact energy yields non-retrievable deformation of buckyballs and thus the energy dissipation is dominated by the strain energy of the EAS. The simulation results also reveal that there exists an optimum value of the number of buckyballs for an EAS under a given impact energy. Larger buckyballs are able to disfigure to a larger degree yet also need less impact energy to induce plastic deformation, therefore performing with a better overall energy attraction ability. Overall, the EAS in this study shows a remarkably high energy attraction density of 2 kJ g-1, it is a promising candidate for mitigating impact energy and sheds light on the research of buckyball filled CNTs for another applications.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87499920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Young‘s double slit experiments, which represent the mystery of quantum mechanics, have been interpreted by quantum probability waves and pilot waves. In this article, to study the mystery, we introduce the ―virtual box‖ which represents the slide of double-slit and its right-hand neighborhood. Within, and only within, the ―virtual box‖ the standard wave interference patterns are formed. We propose and carry out ―comprehensive double slit experiments‖ that show that, first, light travelling from a laser source towards the slides of double slit and/or cross-double slit behaves as particle (postulate-1), and second, after leaving the "virtual box" zone and being directed towards the detector, the light behaves as a stream of photons (postulate-2) with no further interference due to the slits. On the one hand, the interference patterns do exist in the comprehensive-double slit experiments. On the other hand, we show four novel phenomena: (1) the fringes of the interference patterns are formed independently; (2) the fringes of the interference patterns can be formed partially; (3) the longitudinal shields do not disturb the interference patterns; and (4) the range of the virtual box is less than one inch. These novel phenomena indicate that photons behave as particles, and would not be expected if photons behave as waves created by the double slit and/or cross double slit. The comprehensive-double slit experiments show the coexistence of wave distribution and particle nature of photons in the same experiment, which violates complementarity principle and thus, seems a paradox. We suggest an interpretation to address the paradox. All observations of the comprehensive-double slit experiments are consistent. Progress in studying the mystery of the double slit experiment is presented.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Mystery of Double Slit --- Comprehensive Double Slit Experiments","authors":"Hui Peng","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-2-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-2-6","url":null,"abstract":"Young‘s double slit experiments, which represent the mystery of quantum mechanics, have been interpreted by quantum probability waves and pilot waves. In this article, to study the mystery, we introduce the ―virtual box‖ which represents the slide of double-slit and its right-hand neighborhood. Within, and only within, the ―virtual box‖ the standard wave interference patterns are formed. We propose and carry out ―comprehensive double slit experiments‖ that show that, first, light travelling from a laser source towards the slides of double slit and/or cross-double slit behaves as particle (postulate-1), and second, after leaving the \"virtual box\" zone and being directed towards the detector, the light behaves as a stream of photons (postulate-2) with no further interference due to the slits. On the one hand, the interference patterns do exist in the comprehensive-double slit experiments. On the other hand, we show four novel phenomena: (1) the fringes of the interference patterns are formed independently; (2) the fringes of the interference patterns can be formed partially; (3) the longitudinal shields do not disturb the interference patterns; and (4) the range of the virtual box is less than one inch. These novel phenomena indicate that photons behave as particles, and would not be expected if photons behave as waves created by the double slit and/or cross double slit. The comprehensive-double slit experiments show the coexistence of wave distribution and particle nature of photons in the same experiment, which violates complementarity principle and thus, seems a paradox. We suggest an interpretation to address the paradox. All observations of the comprehensive-double slit experiments are consistent. Progress in studying the mystery of the double slit experiment is presented.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81217990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alloman Joseph Popouen, K. Djagouri, Djama Djoman Alfred Agbo, A. A. Koua, Alain Georges Monnehan
Concentration levels of PM2.5, PM10 and Black Carbon were assessed in the industrial zone of Yopougon, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire over twelve months. The particle mass for the two fractions was carried out by the gravimetric method. The sampled filters were also analyzed to determine the levels of Black Carbon concentration using the black smoke method. The fine and coarse particles black carbon fractions, as well as the PM2.5/PM10 ratio were determined. The mass concentrations determined for these fractions were respectively between [40.50; 158.17] µg/m3 with an average of 77.34 µg/m3 for PM10 and [17.25; 161.00] µg/m3 with an average of 48.83 µg/m3 for PM2.5. Compared to the Ivorian standards and the WHO guidelines, these results indicate that there is a strong need for mitigation actions on atmospheric emissions in order to protect the population living in this area against the harmful effects of air pollution.
{"title":"Concentration levels of PM 2.5 , PM 10 and Black Carbon in the Industrial Area of Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"Alloman Joseph Popouen, K. Djagouri, Djama Djoman Alfred Agbo, A. A. Koua, Alain Georges Monnehan","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"Concentration levels of PM2.5, PM10 and Black Carbon were assessed in the industrial zone of Yopougon, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire over twelve months. The particle mass for the two fractions was carried out by the gravimetric method. The sampled filters were also analyzed to determine the levels of Black Carbon concentration using the black smoke method. The fine and coarse particles black carbon fractions, as well as the PM2.5/PM10 ratio were determined. The mass concentrations determined for these fractions were respectively between [40.50; 158.17] µg/m3 with an average of 77.34 µg/m3 for PM10 and [17.25; 161.00] µg/m3 with an average of 48.83 µg/m3 for PM2.5. Compared to the Ivorian standards and the WHO guidelines, these results indicate that there is a strong need for mitigation actions on atmospheric emissions in order to protect the population living in this area against the harmful effects of air pollution.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87290052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Now we can deduct the variation of the atomic radius with the universal density of potential energy. We can look here and at “Ref. [4]”. In the same way as a lower ρ, gravitational radiation occurs more easily, so does electromagnetic radiation. With the decrease of ρ due to the expansion of the universe, the magnetic permeability of the vacuum U increases. Applying quantum mechanics, it turns out that the atomic radius varies in the inverse proportion of U, that is, in the inverse proportion of the expansion of the universe. Since all matter is made up of atoms, we conclude that matter in the future will shrink. This notion associated with the increase in G allows us to better understand the universal formation. The centers of mass due to the increase in G move away and the large amounts of mass made up of larger atoms shrink giving rise to the protostars that over time gave rise to the stars and their ignition as well as greater regiment to the planets and moons. The contraction of the rotating celestial bodies, among them the Earth, justifies the fact that the day is currently shorter, since the angular momentum will always be constant. Keeping the angular momentum indicates that if a mass that turns one day a day shrinks by half it will start to turn four times a day. The average increased surface speed of rotation will be proportional to the expansion of the universe. Heating of stars and universal heating. Now that we know about the contraction of atoms and, consequently, the contraction of celestial bodies, we have to admit that this process leads to its heating. Assuming that the temperature increases in proportion to the kinetic energy.
{"title":"From the Contraction of Celestial Bodies to Their Shortest Rotation Period until the Heating of the Stars and the Universe Global Theory","authors":"J. L. Fernandes","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"Now we can deduct the variation of the atomic radius with the universal density of potential energy. We can look here and at “Ref. [4]”. In the same way as a lower ρ, gravitational radiation occurs more easily, so does electromagnetic radiation. With the decrease of ρ due to the expansion of the universe, the magnetic permeability of the vacuum U increases. Applying quantum mechanics, it turns out that the atomic radius varies in the inverse proportion of U, that is, in the inverse proportion of the expansion of the universe. Since all matter is made up of atoms, we conclude that matter in the future will shrink. This notion associated with the increase in G allows us to better understand the universal formation. The centers of mass due to the increase in G move away and the large amounts of mass made up of larger atoms shrink giving rise to the protostars that over time gave rise to the stars and their ignition as well as greater regiment to the planets and moons. The contraction of the rotating celestial bodies, among them the Earth, justifies the fact that the day is currently shorter, since the angular momentum will always be constant. Keeping the angular momentum indicates that if a mass that turns one day a day shrinks by half it will start to turn four times a day. The average increased surface speed of rotation will be proportional to the expansion of the universe. Heating of stars and universal heating. Now that we know about the contraction of atoms and, consequently, the contraction of celestial bodies, we have to admit that this process leads to its heating. Assuming that the temperature increases in proportion to the kinetic energy.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82574046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is shown that using the inertia-free process of transferring angular momentum, which was introduced by Maxwell in the model of luminiferous ether, it is possible to explain many physical phenomena, most of them have had no physical explanation as yet. Such phenomena are, in particular: spin supercurrent supporting the “stiffness” of spin part of the order parameter in superfluid 3 He-B; quantum correlations between any quantum entities of both zero rest mass (photons) and non-zero rest mass; the vector magnetic potential; the generation of energy in a rotating nonlinear magnetic field; the energy of cavity structures. The inertia-free process may spread at the speed higher than the speed of light and this does not contradict Special Relativity as the latter postulates the speed limit only for an inertial process; besides, the inertia-free process is not characterized by kinetic energy and does not take part in gravitational interactions.
{"title":"James Clerk Maxwell and Inertia-Free Physics","authors":"L. Boldyreva","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that using the inertia-free process of transferring angular momentum, which was introduced by Maxwell in the model of luminiferous ether, it is possible to explain many physical phenomena, most of them have had no physical explanation as yet. Such phenomena are, in particular: spin supercurrent supporting the “stiffness” of spin part of the order parameter in superfluid 3 He-B; quantum correlations between any quantum entities of both zero rest mass (photons) and non-zero rest mass; the vector magnetic potential; the generation of energy in a rotating nonlinear magnetic field; the energy of cavity structures. The inertia-free process may spread at the speed higher than the speed of light and this does not contradict Special Relativity as the latter postulates the speed limit only for an inertial process; besides, the inertia-free process is not characterized by kinetic energy and does not take part in gravitational interactions.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78720795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
--The DS18B20 sensor calibration has been conducted using a fluke hart with a temperature chamber at the center for meteorology, climatology, and geophysics region III Denpasar. The calibration process is done by stabilizing the temperature in the chamber, then the temperature on the DS18B20 sensor and the standard thermometer in the chamber are read and compared. The setpoints used were 10 C, 20 C, 30 C and 40 C each set point was read four times. The results of the calculation of the standard deviation at each setpoint are ± 0,39 C, ± 0,12 C, ± 0,00 C, ± 0,00 C and the results of the uncertainty for each setpoint are 0,65 C, ± 0,20 C, ± 0,18 C, ± 0,18 C. The results of the DS18B20 sensor calibration using a fluke hart with a temperature chamber obtained the highest standard deviation value of ±0,39 C and the highest uncertainty value was 0,65 C. This value indicates that the DS18B20 sensor calibrated with a standard tool at the 10 C set point has not met the standard value applied by WMO, which is ±0.3 C. Keywords---calibration, DS18B20 sensor, fluke hart, temperature chamber.
{"title":"DS18B20 sensor calibration compared with fluke hart scientific standard sensor","authors":"Asep Nata Permana, I. M. S. Wibawa, I. K. Putra","doi":"10.31295/IJPM.V4N1.1225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31295/IJPM.V4N1.1225","url":null,"abstract":"--The DS18B20 sensor calibration has been conducted using a fluke hart with a temperature chamber at the center for meteorology, climatology, and geophysics region III Denpasar. The calibration process is done by stabilizing the temperature in the chamber, then the temperature on the DS18B20 sensor and the standard thermometer in the chamber are read and compared. The setpoints used were 10 C, 20 C, 30 C and 40 C each set point was read four times. The results of the calculation of the standard deviation at each setpoint are ± 0,39 C, ± 0,12 C, ± 0,00 C, ± 0,00 C and the results of the uncertainty for each setpoint are 0,65 C, ± 0,20 C, ± 0,18 C, ± 0,18 C. The results of the DS18B20 sensor calibration using a fluke hart with a temperature chamber obtained the highest standard deviation value of ±0,39 C and the highest uncertainty value was 0,65 C. This value indicates that the DS18B20 sensor calibrated with a standard tool at the 10 C set point has not met the standard value applied by WMO, which is ±0.3 C. Keywords---calibration, DS18B20 sensor, fluke hart, temperature chamber.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82014666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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