This paper demonstrates that the pitch angle of a spiral galaxy can be calculated from the spiral arm simulation based on the new ROTASE model for the formation of spiral arms of galaxies, the new spiral equations from the model are more universal than other spiral formulas. A spiral arm length weighed average method is proposed to more fairly calculate the average pitch angle for the entire galaxy. The spiral patterns of the galaxy J101652.52, the galaxy NGC 4314 and NGC 210 are nicely simulated by the ROTASE model and their average pitch angles are calculated. The spiral patterns of the galaxy J101652.52 is a Sbc type galaxy with well-defined short arms; the spiral pattern of NGC 4314 is made of two identical rings, each ring is made of a half small inner ring and a half large outer ring, each ring crosses other ring twice with chain-link style, the quality of the spiral arm decreases along the spiral arm line due to aging of X-matter stream. The NGC 210 shows a nice spiral-ring pattern. The special spiral patterns of galaxies NGC 4314 and NGC 210 fully match the ROTASE model. Total of 15 pitch angles of galaxies are calculated and listed in this paper. The size of the spiral arms may not be limited by 4/1 Lindblad resonance due to the possible non-gravitational/anti-gravitational property of the X-matter. The results show that the average pitch angle of the galaxy heavily depends on the length of the spiral arms and decreases quickly within the one loop of spiral arm winding range, the age of the spiral arms and the quality of the galactic disc have strong impact on the length of the spiral arms and on the value of the average pitch angle of the galaxies. If the spiral pattern of a galaxy can be well simulated by a formula, then the pitch angle obtained from the simulation will be more accurate than other methods with automated computer signal picking from images which have substantial interarm signals and strong background and foreground signals. The new findings in this study indicates that the correlation between the average pitch angle of the spiral arms and the mass of central supermassive black hole may be unreliable due to the heavy dependence of pitch angle on the length of the spiral arm. Spiral patterns with central symmetry can only be initiated/started at the galactic centers, any non-central spiral arm initiators cannot produce such patterns. The density waves proposed for the spiral arm formation do not exist in the disc galaxies. A completely new mechanism has to be adopted to describe the formation of the spiral arms. The ROTASE model is just the first attempt in this direction, but certainly not the last, other different models may come up in the future.
{"title":"Pitch Angle Calculation of Spiral Galaxies Based on the ROTASE Model","authors":"H. Pan","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates that the pitch angle of a spiral galaxy can be calculated from the spiral arm simulation based on the new ROTASE model for the formation of spiral arms of galaxies, the new spiral equations from the model are more universal than other spiral formulas. A spiral arm length weighed average method is proposed to more fairly calculate the average pitch angle for the entire galaxy. The spiral patterns of the galaxy J101652.52, the galaxy NGC 4314 and NGC 210 are nicely simulated by the ROTASE model and their average pitch angles are calculated. The spiral patterns of the galaxy J101652.52 is a Sbc type galaxy with well-defined short arms; the spiral pattern of NGC 4314 is made of two identical rings, each ring is made of a half small inner ring and a half large outer ring, each ring crosses other ring twice with chain-link style, the quality of the spiral arm decreases along the spiral arm line due to aging of X-matter stream. The NGC 210 shows a nice spiral-ring pattern. The special spiral patterns of galaxies NGC 4314 and NGC 210 fully match the ROTASE model. Total of 15 pitch angles of galaxies are calculated and listed in this paper. The size of the spiral arms may not be limited by 4/1 Lindblad resonance due to the possible non-gravitational/anti-gravitational property of the X-matter. The results show that the average pitch angle of the galaxy heavily depends on the length of the spiral arms and decreases quickly within the one loop of spiral arm winding range, the age of the spiral arms and the quality of the galactic disc have strong impact on the length of the spiral arms and on the value of the average pitch angle of the galaxies. If the spiral pattern of a galaxy can be well simulated by a formula, then the pitch angle obtained from the simulation will be more accurate than other methods with automated computer signal picking from images which have substantial interarm signals and strong background and foreground signals. The new findings in this study indicates that the correlation between the average pitch angle of the spiral arms and the mass of central supermassive black hole may be unreliable due to the heavy dependence of pitch angle on the length of the spiral arm. Spiral patterns with central symmetry can only be initiated/started at the galactic centers, any non-central spiral arm initiators cannot produce such patterns. The density waves proposed for the spiral arm formation do not exist in the disc galaxies. A completely new mechanism has to be adopted to describe the formation of the spiral arms. The ROTASE model is just the first attempt in this direction, but certainly not the last, other different models may come up in the future.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79715829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interpretations of the delayed-choice experiments suggest that photons i°retroactively decidei± to travel as particles or as waves from the time of its emission. To test the interpretations thoroughly, we propose and perform novel extended-delayed-choice experiments. The experiments are designed for easier to set up, carry out and reach meaningful results without ambiguity. The experimental results show the following: (A) The present does not decide the past retroactively, i.e., the causality holds; (B) Bohri¯s complementarity principle is challenged; (C) photons behave as particle before striking on a double-slit/cross-double-slit; (D) Particle nature is intrinsic.
{"title":"Present Does Not Decide Past Retroactively---Novel Delayed-Choice Experiments","authors":"Hui Peng","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-1-6","url":null,"abstract":"The interpretations of the delayed-choice experiments suggest that photons i°retroactively decidei± to travel as particles or as waves from the time of its emission. To test the interpretations thoroughly, we propose and perform novel extended-delayed-choice experiments. The experiments are designed for easier to set up, carry out and reach meaningful results without ambiguity. The experimental results show the following: (A) The present does not decide the past retroactively, i.e., the causality holds; (B) Bohri¯s complementarity principle is challenged; (C) photons behave as particle before striking on a double-slit/cross-double-slit; (D) Particle nature is intrinsic.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74228104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding black hole eruptions, how they are the cradle of stars and planets is essential to go forward in understanding the Fermionic condensation of superfast (relativistic) neutrons in the just-born mantle of planets from nearby nascent stars in these black hole eruptions, and how these Fermionic condensates (in the black hole eruption in which the Earth, the Sun and the rest of our solar system was formed i.e. the “Big Bang”) have for instance produced Italy, Great Britain, Japan and many other areas of low natural radioactivity, nearby depressions from the mantle rebound post impact, and this explains as well for instance the surprisingly perfect triangular organization of the Olympus Mons and of the volcanoes nearby on Mars. Other strange phenomena, for instance the periodicity of volcanism of the Stromboli and of the Sakurajima can also be understood thanks to that.
{"title":"Fermionic Condensation Explains the Formation of Subcontinents and Small Volcanic Islands around Them - General Geophysical Rules","authors":"F. Pirot","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding black hole eruptions, how they are the cradle of stars and planets is essential to go forward in understanding the Fermionic condensation of superfast (relativistic) neutrons in the just-born mantle of planets from nearby nascent stars in these black hole eruptions, and how these Fermionic condensates (in the black hole eruption in which the Earth, the Sun and the rest of our solar system was formed i.e. the “Big Bang”) have for instance produced Italy, Great Britain, Japan and many other areas of low natural radioactivity, nearby depressions from the mantle rebound post impact, and this explains as well for instance the surprisingly perfect triangular organization of the Olympus Mons and of the volcanoes nearby on Mars. Other strange phenomena, for instance the periodicity of volcanism of the Stromboli and of the Sakurajima can also be understood thanks to that.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79363674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dielectric and Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Aminopropane and 2-Ethoxyethanol in Different Non Polar Liquids at Microwave frequency","authors":"N. S. R. N. S. Ramteke, Tjprc","doi":"10.24247/IJPRJUN20211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24247/IJPRJUN20211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77120601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shielding Properties of 316 Stainless Steel with Multi-Layered Barriers for Spent Fuel Drycasks","authors":"Zeinab Y. Alsmadi, Tjprc","doi":"10.24247/IJPRJUN20212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24247/IJPRJUN20212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77019038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Orthogonal Mechanical Model of Stable Nuclei","authors":"Dana George Cottrell","doi":"10.12691/ijp-9-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-9-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74635829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To understand the rotation of galaxies, the idea of the existence of dark matter was created. Through a better observation of reality, analyzing the distribution of matter, we conclude that this distribution is very close to that proportional to the radius cube, thus remembering the spherical distribution. With the appearance of the accretion disk, it retained a large part of the matter that gravitated the gravitational sphere of the galaxy, maintaining its distribution proportional to the cube of the radius, part of the total matter will be contained in the Accretion Disc and the rest will continue to gravitate to the galaxy. Given the large size of the galaxy, the latter may be practically printable given its dispersion in the total volume of the galaxy. We conclude that the idea of the existence of dark matter is not necessary to justify the rotation of the galaxy.
{"title":"The Galaxies and the Dark Matter","authors":"J. L. Fernandes","doi":"10.12691/ijp-9-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-9-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"To understand the rotation of galaxies, the idea of the existence of dark matter was created. Through a better observation of reality, analyzing the distribution of matter, we conclude that this distribution is very close to that proportional to the radius cube, thus remembering the spherical distribution. With the appearance of the accretion disk, it retained a large part of the matter that gravitated the gravitational sphere of the galaxy, maintaining its distribution proportional to the cube of the radius, part of the total matter will be contained in the Accretion Disc and the rest will continue to gravitate to the galaxy. Given the large size of the galaxy, the latter may be practically printable given its dispersion in the total volume of the galaxy. We conclude that the idea of the existence of dark matter is not necessary to justify the rotation of the galaxy.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82286002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electromagnetoelastic actuator have been used successfully to nanodisplacement for mechatronics systems in nanotechnology, electronic engineering, microelectronics, nanobiology, power engineering, astronomy. Linear structural-parametric model, parametric structural schematic diagram, transfer functions of the simple electromagnetoelastic actuator nanodisplacement for the mechatronics systems are obtained. For calculation of the mechatronics system with piezoactuator the parametric structural schematic diagram and the transfer functions of the piezoactuator are obtained. A generalized parametric structural schematic diagram and transfer functions of the piezoactuator are constructed. This work describes the linear structural-parametric model of the simple piezoactuator for the mechatronic in the static and dynamic operation modes in contrast solving its electrical equivalent circuit.
{"title":"Structural-Parametric Model Electromagnetoelastic Actuator Nanodisplacement for Mechatronics","authors":"S. Afonin","doi":"10.12691/IJP-5-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-5-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetoelastic actuator have been used successfully to nanodisplacement for mechatronics systems in nanotechnology, electronic engineering, microelectronics, nanobiology, power engineering, astronomy. Linear structural-parametric model, parametric structural schematic diagram, transfer functions of the simple electromagnetoelastic actuator nanodisplacement for the mechatronics systems are obtained. For calculation of the mechatronics system with piezoactuator the parametric structural schematic diagram and the transfer functions of the piezoactuator are obtained. A generalized parametric structural schematic diagram and transfer functions of the piezoactuator are constructed. This work describes the linear structural-parametric model of the simple piezoactuator for the mechatronic in the static and dynamic operation modes in contrast solving its electrical equivalent circuit.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74243774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Astronomers looking at the Nebulae, which stands far away from the Earth, see that the spectral lines shift to the red color and this shift is analog of the distance the Nebulae have from the Earth. This shift of the spectral lines led the scientists to believe that the Universe expands. In addition, scientists assure us, that at the beginning, the whole Universe was concentrated in a small sphere the “Singularity” that was spinning at a tremendous speed. The Thesis of the author is that the “Singularity”, as it was rotating, constituted a spinning sphere and its motion was obeying to the laws of the rotating spheres. So also the “Singularity” was rotated [relatively slowly according to its main rotation Nutation of the axis of the main rotation -] around of an axis that was passing from a point of its main rotation axis. After the Big Bang happen, this motion gave the rotational movement from the west to the east to all celestial bodies [Nebulae, stars, planets etc.] as well as to the whole Universe, which rotates around of an axis. This movement increases the distance we see the Nebulae against the real one they have. Using Pythagorean Theorem the author proves this by a simple mathematical way and we see that the distances of the Nebulae are increasing analog to the real distance they have from the Earth. This apparent increase of the distance shifts the spectral lines to the red color. It is up to the experts to calculate the speed our Galaxy has while moving around of the axis of the Universe, where is the center of the Universe and possibly the distance from the center of the Universe that our Galaxy stands.
{"title":"The Universe Revolves around of an Axis and does not Expand","authors":"Angelos Per. Psimopoulos","doi":"10.12691/ijp-9-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-9-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Astronomers looking at the Nebulae, which stands far away from the Earth, see that the spectral lines shift to the red color and this shift is analog of the distance the Nebulae have from the Earth. This shift of the spectral lines led the scientists to believe that the Universe expands. In addition, scientists assure us, that at the beginning, the whole Universe was concentrated in a small sphere the “Singularity” that was spinning at a tremendous speed. The Thesis of the author is that the “Singularity”, as it was rotating, constituted a spinning sphere and its motion was obeying to the laws of the rotating spheres. So also the “Singularity” was rotated [relatively slowly according to its main rotation Nutation of the axis of the main rotation -] around of an axis that was passing from a point of its main rotation axis. After the Big Bang happen, this motion gave the rotational movement from the west to the east to all celestial bodies [Nebulae, stars, planets etc.] as well as to the whole Universe, which rotates around of an axis. This movement increases the distance we see the Nebulae against the real one they have. Using Pythagorean Theorem the author proves this by a simple mathematical way and we see that the distances of the Nebulae are increasing analog to the real distance they have from the Earth. This apparent increase of the distance shifts the spectral lines to the red color. It is up to the experts to calculate the speed our Galaxy has while moving around of the axis of the Universe, where is the center of the Universe and possibly the distance from the center of the Universe that our Galaxy stands.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76960075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Universal Mathematical Field Theory (UMFT) is established and states that the combination of the operations of both gradient and divergence of vector fields, such as electric field and velocity field, create the curl of an axial vector field, such as magnetic field. Utilizing UMFT, Extended-Maxwell equations and the equation of Lorentz force are derived from the combination of Coulomb’s law and velocity of source mathematically, and new effects are predicted. For a source moving with non-spatially-varying velocity Extended-Maxwell equations reduce to Maxwell equations. This derivation mathematically explains how a moving electric charge creates magnetic field, and shows that there is no magnetic monopole charge. The duality between the Newton’s law and the Coulomb’s law leads us to derive Maxwell-type gravitational equations and Lorentz-type gravitational force by combining UMFT, the Newton’s law and velocity of gravitational source, denoted as Gravito-electromagnetic, which is dual of Electromagnetics. The benefits of the duality are that the effects and phenomena of Electromagnetics may be directly converted to that of gravity. The Gravito-Electromagnetics are employed to study the accelerating expansion of the universe, rotation curve, virial theorem, and gravitation radiation.
{"title":"Maxwell Equations Derived from Coulomb’ Law vs. Maxwell-type Gravity Derived from Newton’s Law","authors":"Hui Peng","doi":"10.12691/IJP-9-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-9-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"A Universal Mathematical Field Theory (UMFT) is established and states that the combination of the operations of both gradient and divergence of vector fields, such as electric field and velocity field, create the curl of an axial vector field, such as magnetic field. Utilizing UMFT, Extended-Maxwell equations and the equation of Lorentz force are derived from the combination of Coulomb’s law and velocity of source mathematically, and new effects are predicted. For a source moving with non-spatially-varying velocity Extended-Maxwell equations reduce to Maxwell equations. This derivation mathematically explains how a moving electric charge creates magnetic field, and shows that there is no magnetic monopole charge. The duality between the Newton’s law and the Coulomb’s law leads us to derive Maxwell-type gravitational equations and Lorentz-type gravitational force by combining UMFT, the Newton’s law and velocity of gravitational source, denoted as Gravito-electromagnetic, which is dual of Electromagnetics. The benefits of the duality are that the effects and phenomena of Electromagnetics may be directly converted to that of gravity. The Gravito-Electromagnetics are employed to study the accelerating expansion of the universe, rotation curve, virial theorem, and gravitation radiation.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75371035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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